Part 1: Citing in your text .uk



Harvard style: In-text citations crib sheetA citation should appear in the text of your assignment wherever you use a quote or incorporate an idea you have taken from another source. In the Harvard style, you usually include the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets. For each citation there should be a full reference at the end of your work, giving the full details of the source. This is your reference list or bibliography. This crib sheet provides advice on how to set out citations for a number of different scenarios. You can either look through the whole document or use the contents to go straight to the type of citation you want to use. Part 1: Citing in your text1. One author2. Two authors3. Three or more authors4. Multiple items by different authors5. Items from the same year by the same author(s)6. Citing an item referred to by another author7. Page numbersPart 2: Citing different items1. Chapters in edited books2. Book (e-book reader format e.g. Kindle)3. Citing a website4. Citing images, tables and diagrams5. Films, videos and broadcasts.Part 1: Citing in your text1. One authorWhen the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets.If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.54737050165Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 2011).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 2011).If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.54737051435Example:Jones (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.00Example:Jones (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.2. Two authorsIf a source has two authors all names should be given.When the authors' names are not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the authors' surnames and the date of publication in brackets.54927536196Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones and Baker, 2011).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones and Baker, 2011).If you have already named the authors in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.5397500Example:Jones and Baker (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.00Example:Jones and Baker (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.3. Three or more authorsIf a source has three or more authors it is usual for the name of the first author to be given followed by the phrase "et al." (meaning "and others"). When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author surname and the date of publication in brackets.547370101600Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2011).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2011).If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.54229017145Example:Jones et al. (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.00Example:Jones et al. (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.4. Multiple items by different authorsIf you need to refer to two or more sources at the same time, these can be listed, separated by semicolons (;). The sources should be ordered by year of publication with the most recent first.53276534290Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Roberts, 2005; Smith et al., 1998).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Roberts, 2005; Smith et al., 1998).If more than one item is published in the same year, they should be listed alphabetically by author surname.523240102235Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Salmon, 2001; Andrews, et al. 1998; Jones and Baker, 1998).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Salmon, 2001; Andrews, et al. 1998; Jones and Baker, 1998).You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.5. Items from the same year by the same author(s)If two or more sources have the same author(s) and are from the same year, they should be distinguished by adding a lower-case letter after the year (a, b, c, etc).54737050165Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998a). In a work published later that year Jones (1998b) proposed that...00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998a). In a work published later that year Jones (1998b) proposed that...547370410845Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998a; 1998b).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998a; 1998b).If you want to make a single reference to multiple sources from the same year by the same author, you can refer to the sources together using the lower-case letters.You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.6. Citing an item referred to by another authorYou should always try to track down the original work, but if this is not possible and you must quote the ideas of one author which you have found in the work of another, your in-text citation must include the author of the idea you are using, and the source you have found it in.53784536830Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998, cited in Carol, 2001, p.9).00Example:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998, cited in Carol, 2001, p.9).In your reference list or bibliography you should only give the details of the source that you found it in.7. Page numbersYou should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.54737015875Example:"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998, p.24).00Example:"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998, p.24).547370483235Example:"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998, no pagination).00Example:"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998, no pagination).If you are citing a source that has no page numbers, use (no pagination) in the in-text citation.When referencing a single page you should use p.; for a range of pages use pp.5568959525Example:p.7 or pp.20-29.00Example:p.7 or pp.20-29.Part 2: Citing different items1. Chapters in edited booksUse the author of the chapter in your citation, then give the full reference to the chapter in your bibliography (again, under the author of the chapter name).55689538100Example:In-text citation:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998).Bibliography:Jones, M. 1998. Citations in the text. In: Smith, T. ed. Citing and Referencing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.15-27.00Example:In-text citation:It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998).Bibliography:Jones, M. 1998. Citations in the text. In: Smith, T. ed. Citing and Referencing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.15-27.2. Book (e-book reader format e.g. Kindle)Cite sources from an e-book reader in exactly the same way as any other source, usually by the author's surname and year of publication.64262029210Example"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998).In your bibliography you need to indicate in your reference that you were using an e-book formatted for a particular e-reader.00Example"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 1998).In your bibliography you need to indicate in your reference that you were using an e-book formatted for a particular e-reader.3. Citing a website When citing material found on a website, you should cite it like any other source, usually the author surname in brackets and the date. Do not include the URL of the website in your citation. You may find that there is not always a personal author. In this case you should identify the corporate author. The publication date of websites can often be found at the bottom of a webpage.4. Citing images, tables and diagramsYou should provide an in-text citation for any photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. The citation would normally be given after the title of the figure, table, diagram, etc.63309595250Example:Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2008, p.54).00Example:Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2008, p.54).618490439420Example:(Jones, 2008, p.33)00Example:(Jones, 2008, p.33)A reference within the text to a table, graph, diagram, etc. taken from a source should include the author, date and page number to enable the reader to identify the data.If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such.618490-3175Example:(United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)00Example:(United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)618490417195We would suggest:Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22.00We would suggest:Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22.If you use a table/graph, etc from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment, you must make that clear in your reference.5. Films, videos and broadcasts. If you refer to a film, video or broadcast you should cite the title and the date.When the title is not mentioned in the text the citation consists of the title and the date in brackets:6184901905Example:The way the characters interact reveals... (The Godfather, 1972)00Example:The way the characters interact reveals... (The Godfather, 1972)If you have already named the title in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.63309534925Example:The way the characters interact in The Godfather (1972) reveals...00Example:The way the characters interact in The Godfather (1972) reveals... ................
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