Cause Connectors:
Cause Connectors:
In cause-and-effect essays, connectors create coherence by indicating the relationship between ideas in sentences.
Connectors Introducing a Clause
Use because or since to introduce a dependent clause. A dependent clause must be attached to a main clause to form a sentence.
When the dependent clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, it is followed by a comma. When it comes at the end of the sentence, no comma is used.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Because/since the traffic was heavy, we were late for class.
MAIN CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE
We were late for class because/since the traffic was heavy.
Connectors Introducing a Noun Phrase
Use due to, because of, or as a result of to introduce a noun phrase.
A noun phrase is formed by a noun and its modifiers; for example, heavy traffic.
It has no verb.
When the noun phrase comes at the beginning of a sentence, it is followed by a comma. When the noun phrase comes at the end of a sentence, no comma is used.
Due to the heavy traffic, we were late for class.
We were late for class due to the heavy traffic.
Using connectors to introduce a clause:
Combine each pair of sentences to show cause and effect. Use the connector in parentheses.
Example: There have been new advances in air and space technology. We are able to travel greater distances in less time. (because)
Because there have been new advances in air and space technology, we are able to travel greater distances in less time
1. People are living longer. They are receiving better medical treatment. (since)
2. Orchestra’s are trying to attract a younger audience. Reduced rates at concert halls are available for many high school students. (because)
3. Research has shown that it reduces stress. More and more individuals are exercising. (since)
4. Newspapers and magazines are losing subscribers. Readers obtain more up-to-date information from the Internet. (since)
Using connectors to introduce a noun phrase:
Combine each pair of sentences to show cause and effect. Use the connector in parentheses. You will need to change the first sentence into a noun phrase.
Example: Interest rates are low. More people are buying homes for the first time. (due to)
Due to lower interest rates, more people are buying homes for the first time.
1. The pollen count is high. My allergies are very bad this season. (as a result of)
2. My work was excellent. I received the highest grade in the class. (because of)
3. The fire was destructive. The building had to be demolished. (due to)
4. There is a great need for nurses. Many students are entering the profession. (due to)
Effect Connectors:
Use therefore, as a result of, or consequently to introduce effect clauses. Theses connectors always come between two main clauses. One clause shows a cause, and the other shows an effect.
When the clauses are joined into one sentence, the connector is always preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
CAUSE EFFECT
I studied all weekend for the test; as a result, I got an A.
The connector may also begin a separate sentence. If so, it is followed by a comma.
CAUSE EFFECT
I studied all weekend for the test. Consequently, I got an A.
Using connectors to show effect:
Combine each pair of sentences to show effect. Use the connector in parentheses.
Example: The picnic was canceled. The weather was bad. (therefore)
The weather was bad: therefore, the picnic was canceled.
1. The fire caused major damage to the school auditorium. We will have the performance in the town hall. (consequently)
2. Many people bought new homes. The economy began to improve. (as a result)
3. Flights no longer provide meals. Airlines have cut back services. (as a result)
4. The reviews were great. The theater added more performances. (therefore)
5. The exam was challenging. Many students failed. (therefore)[pic]
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