Coding Rules for Protest and Coercion Data



Codebook for European Protest and Coercion Data, 1980 through 1995

[for Korea, scroll down to South Korea]

Introduction and Overview

This project uses new methods to collect data on domestic conflicts in Europe from 1980 through 1995 (5,844 days). It was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9631229) and by General Research Fund grants of the University of Kansas. Thanks to Kathryn Graves and her reference staff in Watson library for their help in finding information for coding and cleaning the data.

These data were created because few other protest and coercion data have interval data with a long time-series. We attempted to generate interval data by extracting directly as much information as we could find in news reports about domestic conflict. We also found journalistic conventions that allowed inferences about information. These are reported below.

Data are country-specific; in the cases of Northern Ireland, the Czech and Slovakia Republics, and East and West Germany, data are regional as well. We maintained a different time series for each country or region. The cases for this project are 28 European countries:

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (with separated Northern Ireland).

Italicized countries have been coded or are now being coded.

Data Format

The coded data on the web are available to download. Files with the suffix “xls” are Microsoft Excel 97 files. Those with the suffix “txt” are ASCII text formatted and tab-delimited. This codebook is formatted in Microsoft Word 97 and is also available in an ASCII text version.

Coding Conventions

What is an Event?

We coded all reported protest and repressive events. No event was too small. Ongoing events, such as strikes, occupations, hunger strikes, and vigils are coded each day as a separate event. Protests that grow out of events are coded separately; for example, a violent confrontation attendant to a rally or a demonstration that emerges from a religious rally would be coded separately from each rally. We ignored reports of future plans for protest or strikes. Nor did we code bomb or strike threats alone. We coded only reported events for which we could identify a date and location.

Since we are coding European countries, we chose to code economic conflicts as well. First, many of our countries were communist for much of the time series. Second, many large companies in Europe from 1980 through 1995 were owned by governments. We opted to include economic strikes and conflicts because they related to politics.

Each Story Coded for each Day

We code the data for each day for each event. Coders compare different accounts of the same event to determine the most likely numbers for each variable. The data often have many events per day. Researchers who use the data in cross-sectional tests should note that different countries have different numbers of multiple events on each day. Cross-sectional tests should aggregate by the day or week in order to account for the differential frequency of events. A simple check of the number of Excel rows for each year will indicate how many multiple events there are in each country, but each country may have a different number of such events. For days when no event was reported, we indicate this status in the last column. We do not insert zeros in the number columns of these days to indicate that no events were reported. Users might wish to add these zeros for data continuity.

Machine-Assisted Coding

We use two methods of machine-assisted coding in this project. Most coders use the KEDS software to code the data. We then transfer the machine-assisted codes to an Excel spreadsheet, which is the primary coding document. We also code with multitasking. We use Word and Excel simultaneously, using Excel’s artificial intelligence to recognize each word in the column and to place suggestions while one is writing. Both of these methods speeded coding over previous methods.

Context Coding

We generally use only one coder per country. We attempt to use coders who know about the history of the country they code. Each coder learns about the protest organizations, the level of the state repression, and the important issues in the country. This context is valuable in the inevitable judgments that must be made in coding data.

Coding Variables: The following variables are the columns in the coding spreadsheets.

A. Event date

B. Day of the week

C. Action, i.e., type of protest, strike or coercive act

D. Protester, i.e., group or type

E. State or protest target

F. Target or government agent, e.g., police, court, ministry, military, company or organization

G. Event, a description of the protest or repressive event

H. Country

I. Location, the town, city, or region where the event took place; if it was in many cities, then we code it as the whole country

J. Issue, grievance topic of the protesters or the state

K. Link date, i.e., a previous date connected to the event that aid understanding, e.g., an anniversary of an historic event, a trial related to an arrest date, an action connected to a previous warning or the imposition of a major change such as martial law

L. Time, i.e., the time an event occurred, started and stopped if reported; we coded it in 24-hour time (7:00 pm = 19:00)

M. Number of protesters

N. Number of protesters arrested

O. Number of protesters injured

P. Number of protesters killed

Q. Property damage (dichotomous—yes or no)

R. State force involved in the conflict

S. Number of state force injured

T. Number of state force killed

U. Organizational strength of protesters, i.e., probable mobilizable strength based on membership data

V. Organizational strength of the state (in non-democratic regimes only)—mobilizable police, military, party forces

V. in democratic states, W. in coercive states: Source of the story

W. in democratic states, X. in nondemocratic states: Date of story source

X. in democratic states, Y. in non-democratic states: No event found (coded for days of no reported activity)

Actions Coded

We give coders latitude in selecting terms for protest, repression and accommodation actions. Nonetheless, almost all of the action terms are listed below. Others should be self-explanatory.

accede: state, company or authority accommodates dissident demand

adaptation: dissident change in tactic that precludes a state action

agreement: dissidents agree to state offer or compromise

appeal: dissident objects to ruling and goes to court or higher court

arrest: arrests and detainment related to protest (see also preempt)

arson: deliberate burning of a building for political reasons

assassination: political murder of state, corporate or group leaders

assault: group beating or assault

attack: direct military-style or violent group attack on symbols of the state, or of police against dissidents

beating: physical assault by police, between dissident groups or by a protest group

blockade: state seals off dissidents

bomb: report of the presence of an explosive device, whether detonated or not

boycott: politically based refusal to act, buy, or cooperate

break in: entering a building for protest or repression purposes

censor: state precludes or revises publications/speech of dissidents

closure: dissidents close office due to state or other dissident demands

convict: try and convict dissident in court

curfew: limit of citizens’ time to be on the streets

civil disobedience: non-violent purposeful violation of state laws

commitment: state decision to commit dissidents into insane asylums.

confiscate: state takes property from dissidents

confrontation: direct faceoff between two opposing groups

convoy: a line of vehicles of the state or dissidents for conflict

coup: a coup d’état, takeover (or attempted takeover) of the government by elites, usually the military

declare: public oral protest statements

demonstration: protest gathering that generally moves short distances or focuses on a specific target

deployment: allocation of state forces in location to prevent or resist protest

deport: state expels dissident from the country

destroy: to destroy or ruin property for political reasons

disband: a dissident organization dissolves

dismiss: to release an employee because of dissent

disrupt: to disturb or stop a rally, meeting, or a state event

escape: dissidents escape from state custody

exit: emigration or escape

expulsion: state forces dissidents outside an institution or the country

extort: make demand on threat of punishment if the demand is not accepted

extradite: to arrest and send a dissident to another country

fight: active conflict between state and dissidents or among dissidents

fine: to assess a financial penalty for dissent

force: state exerts force in opposition to dissent

general strike: strike across a city, region, industry or country

gunfight: battle between dissidents and state or dissident groups using guns

harass: low-level repression; constant surveillance, interference in living

hide: dissident goes underground to avoid arrest and/or repression

hijack: illegally taking over a vehicle

hostage: the taking of one or more hostages

hunger strike: refusal to accept food for political reasons; forced state feeding is reported

impeachment: legal removal of state official that was demanded by dissidents

intervention: state forces act to destroy a rally, obstruction, occupation and other dissident acts

kneecapping: shooting or hitting the knee with a club

lockout: state or company refuses to allow employees or students to work or study

march: group movement from one point to another for a political reason

martial law: state suspension of civil liberties and dictatorship control of the country

mobilization: activity designed to increase support of a movement

motorcade: protest on vehicles

murder: killing for political reasons other than assassination or bombing

negotiation bargaining between state and dissidents or between conflictual groups

obstruction: blocking space, e.g., roadblocks

occupation: occupying state buildings or workplaces

offer: a low-level compromise communication from the state to dissidents or dissidents to the state

ouster: police intervene in an occupation and remove dissidents

petition: formal petitions, letters and written statements of protest

preclude: state refusal to allow dissident free actions

preempt: state action that attempts to prevent protest, e.g., mass arrests before a demonstration

press conference: dissidents call in the press to make their case

proscribe: forbid the existence of a dissident group

raid: police attack on dissident dwellings or group building

rally: stationary protest gathering

refuse: dissidents resist state orders or commands

reject: dissidents spurn state or alternative dissident offer

regime transition: the changeover from one regime-type to another

release: to free a hostage or prisoner

repression: general action against dissidents

resign: withdrawal from a position as protest

riot: generally used for violent prison protests, but also applies to purposeful violence against police

robbery: protest group steals goods or money to support itself

sabotage: larger-scale harm or destruction of property by dissidents; no direct harm of people

search: state searches dissident’s body, property, or home or for a hostage

seizure: state seizes dissident property

shooting: state or dissidents using firearms, but one-sided shooting

slowdown: work-by-rule as a political protest

statement: a group makes a public statement

strike: withholding labor for economic or political reasons

suicide: suicide or attempted suicide for political reason

support: citizen or business assistance to dissidents

symbolic: street theatre, protest against symbols (e.g., statues), and symbolic action (e.g., clothes)

terror: use of terror tactics for political reasons

torture: systematic harm to dissidents by police or state force under the state’s control or by a rival group

trespass: illegally enter restricted areas

trial: state trials of dissidents for political reasons

ultimatum: threatening if an action is not done

unraveling: the dissolution of political organizations into parts (see Paul Johnson, “Unraveling in a Variety of Institutional Settings.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 8:3 (1996): 299-330).

vandalism: low-scale property destruction by dissidents or Skinheads; involves no injury or death

vigil: constant dissident presence, as at a shrine or grave of a martyr

withholding: refusal to provide funds

Abbreviations and Acronyms

We use a set of standard abbreviations to signal information to researchers:

b: beginning, e.g., of a strike.

c: continuation

e: end, e.g., of a strike.

nd: no death, used in bomb and hostage situations to indicate no fatalities

wd: with death, used in bomb and hostage situations to indicate fatalities.

See below for country-specific terms and abbreviations.

Inferential Coding Conventions

Journalists often use terms such as "scores," "hundreds," thousands," etc. instead of definite numbers. In such cases, we have found from multiple sources that three of whatever unit is described is the best conservative inference of the real number; e.g., "hundreds" would be coded "300;" hundreds of thousands would be coded "300,000." Code “dozens” as 36; “many” as 20 and “scores” as 60. To signal these inferences, we report the number with a final 1, e.g., 31, 301, 3001, and so forth. Also, when journalists write that “about 5,000 demonstrators were protesting”, we code 5001 to indicate that it is a reporter’s estimate. A report that “almost 5,000 protested” would be coded as 4,999.

When reports note that clubs, dogs, tear gas or water hoses are used against demonstrators, but do not specify injuries, we used 10 percent as a default number. The logic here comes from observation. With all of these repressive actions, at least 10 percent of dissidents in general protest get hit, scratched, certainly tear-gassed (tear gas stays in their clothes), or thrown down with water pressure.

Upon encountering authoritarian state denials of reports of arrests, requests to emigrate, injuries, or even whole demonstrations, we checked Western sources. If there are two or more authoritative reports in the Western press, we accepted them and disregarded the regime's denial.

General and commercial strikes: We coded both general and commercial strikes that had some support of the population. Because of demographically limited mobilization potential, we use 10 percent of each local population as participants in the absence of reported levels of participation.

Journalists often report police or government statistics for a period of time. For instance, in the last three months, 9,000 left the country . . . In these circumstances, we interpolate. Usually we choose the 15th day of the month, unless some other standard is shown in the context. Then on the 15th of each month, we would show that 3,000 citizens exited.

Country Notes:

Listed below are country-specific acronyms, names of organizations and sources used in coding and cleaning. In addition, protest sometimes surrounds elections, so we list the dates of free elections from 1980 through 1995.

South Korea (coded by Taehyun Nam)

General Sources and Source Abbreviations:

Cho-Sun Daily

Dae-Han Daily

Dong-A Daily

HKR: Han-Kye-Rae

Han-Kook Daily

Joong-Ang Daily

Kuk-Min Daily

Kyung-Hyang

Se-Ge Daily

Acronym:

ACIC: Alliance of City-Immigrants to Countries 대도시 지방이주자 충북연합회

AFFM: Ministry of Agriculture, Forest, and Fishery 농림수산부

AGRI: Association of Gwang-Joo Revolutionalries with Injuries 5ㆍ18광주민중항쟁 부상자동지회

AGRV: Association of Gwang-Joo Revolution Victms 5ㆍ18광주민중항쟁유족회

AKOM: Association of Korean Orietal Medicine 대한한의사협회

ALU: Alliance of 13 Labor Unions 13개 업종노동조합연맹 회의(업종회의)

APH: Association of Physicians for Humanism 인도주의실천의사협의회

APWV: Association for the Pacific War Victims 태평양전쟁 희생자유족회

ASAS: Alliance of Student Associations, Seoul (서총련: Su-Chong-Ryun)

ASA: Amry Security Agency 보안사

AWAP: Association of Widows of Armed Forces and Police 전몰군경 미망인회

CAJDP: Civial Alliance Against Jejoo Development Plan 제주도 개발 특별법제정반대 범도민회

CARPOS: National Minor Car-Service Centers’ Alliance 전국자동차경정비업연합회

CBS: Christian Broadcasting System

CC: Citizen’s Council 공안통치 분쇄와 민주정부 수립을 위한 국민회의 ((범국민대책회의 formed after the death of Kang, Kyung-Dae)

CCEJ: Citizen’s Coalition for Economic Justice 경실련

CCSM: Catholic Conference for Social Movements 천주교 사회운동협의회

CJP: Conference for Justice and Peace전국목회자 정의평화실천협의회

CLYO: Conference of Leaders of Youth Organizations

CMJ: Cathoric Ministers for Justice 천주교정의구현사제단

CPFPNK: Conference of People of Five Provinces in North Korea

CSASJ: Conference of Student Associations, South Julla Province, Nam-Dae-Hyun 남대협

CSANJ: Conference of Student Associations, North Julla Province

CSAPU: Conference of Student Associations, Pu-San and Ul-San

CTSP: Committee for the Truth of Sam-Chung Prison 삼청교육 전국투쟁위원회

DADC: Democratic Alliance Development Committee 민주연합추진위원회

DAGS: Democratic Alliance Gwang-Joo, South Julla 광주ㆍ전남 민주연합

DCS: Democracy and Constitution Studies 민주헌정연구회

DJP: Democratic Justice Party (Min-Jung Dang) 민정당

DLP: Democratic Liberal Party (Min-Ja Dang) 민자당

DSL: Democratic Students League 전국민주주의 학생연맹 약칭 전민학련

DP: Democratic Party (Min Joo Dang) 민주당

DRP: New Democratic Republic Party

DSAS: Democratic Students’ Alliance, Seoul (Su-Min-Hak-Ryun) 서민학련

FAWMD: Fighting Alliance of Workers for Mass Democracy민노투맹 민중민주주의 노동자투쟁동맹

FBWU: Federation of Boo-San Worker’s Union 부산노련

FCID: Family Conference for Implementation of Democratization (Min-Ga-Hyun 민주화실천가족운동협의회

민가협)

FEW: Federation of Expertised Workers 전국전문기술노련

FFWU: Federation of Financial Workers’ Union 금융노련

FIWU: Federation of Insurance Workers’ Union 보험노련

FKI: The Federation of Korean Industries 전경련

FKTU: Federation of Korean Trade Union (Han-Kuk-No-Chong) 한국노총

FKUWU: Federation of Korean United Workers’ Union (Yun-Hap No-Ryun) 연합노련

FMCWU: Federation of Ma-San & Chang-Won Workers’ Union (Ma-Chang No-Ryun) 마창노련

FTDU: Federation of Taxi Drivers’ Unions 택시노조

GADR: Group for Autonomy, Democracy and Reunification자주·민주·통일 그룹, 자민통

GEPC: Government Employees Pension Corporation 공무원연금관리공단

HUFS: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

ICW: In-Chun Conference of Workers 인노협

JJ: Je-Joo

JECS: Jaebul Employees’ Council For Solidarity‘연대를 위한 대기업 노동조합회의’(연대회의)

JSA: Joint Security Area 판문점

KAFF: Korean Advanced Farmers Federation

전국농어민후계자협의회⇒전국농어민후계자연합회⇒한국농어민후계자연합회⇒한국농어업경영인연합회⇒한국농업경영인연합회

KAPPD: Korea Association of People with Physical Disables

KBA: Korean Bar Association 대한변협

KBS: Korean Broadcasting System

KCAO: Korea Christian Action Organization한국기독교사회운동연합(기사련) ( 한국기독교사회선교협의회

KCUE: Korean Council For University Education 한국대학교육협의회

KDAHS: Korea Dentists’ Association For Healthy Society 건강사회를 위한 치과의사회 (1100)

KDVO: Korea Disabled Veterancs Organization상이군경회

KFCITUL: Korea Federation of Consturction Industry Trade Union전국건설일용노동조합 ( 전국건설산업노동조합연맹 (1999)

KG: Kyung-Gi Province

KITA: Korea International Trade Association Trade Union 한국무역협회노동조합

KLA: Korean Liberation Association 광복회

KLAC: Korean Legal Aid Corporation 대한법률 구조공단

KLC: Korea Land Corporation토지개발공사 (한국토지공사

KMA: Korea Masseur Association: 대한 안마사 협회

KNCC: National Council of Churches in Korea 한국기독교교회협의회

KNUE: Korea National University of Education한국교원대

KPAF: Korean People’s Arts Federation한국민족예술인총연합, 민예총

KPCMA: Korean Publishing Culture Movement Alliance

KPDS: Korean Pharmacists for Democratic Society 건강사회를 위한 약사회 (100)

KSDA: Korea Securities Dealers Association 대한증권업협회

KSIU: Korea Social Insurance Union 지역의료보험노조 전국협의회 ( 전국사회보험노동조합

KTG: Korea Tabacco and Ginseng Corp 한국담배인삼공사

KW: Kwang-Won Province

MAFO: Martime Affaris & Fisheries Office 수산청

MANW Movement Against Nuclear Waste in An-Myun Island 안면도 핵폐기물 반대 투쟁위원회

MBC: Munhwa Broadcasting Cooperation

MMAA: Military Mutual Aid Association 군인공제회

MOAK: Motion Pictures Association of Korea 한국 영화인 협의회

MST: Ministry of Science and Technology 과학기술처 ( 과학기술부

NA: National Alliance for the Dissolution of Liberal Democratic Party 민자당 1당독재 분쇄와 민중기본권쟁취 국민연합

NACF: National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (Nong-Hyun) 농협

NADR: National Alliance for Democracy and Reuniofication 민주주의 민족통일 전국연합 (약칭 전국연합) 전민련 전농 전교조 전대협 등 12개 재야 및 학생운동단체

NANCE: National Alliance of National Colleges of Education 전국국립사범대학연합

NAP: National Alliance of Peasants (Jun-Nong) 전농

NASS: National Alliance of Street-Sellers 전국노점상연합회

NCDJ: National Conference for Discharged Journalists 전국해직언론인 원상회복쟁취협의회

NCPD: National Conference of Professors for Democratization 민주화를 위한 전국교수협의회

NCSA: National Conference of Student Associations (Jun-Dae-Hyun: 전대협)

NCUE National Conference of University Employees 전국대학노조협의회

NCW: National Conference of Workers Jun-No-Hyun 전노협

NDA: National Democratic Alliance (Jun-Min-Ryun) 전민련

NDU: National Drivers’ Union 전국자동차노련

NHPLEB: National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Borad 한국의사국가시험원 ( 한국보건의료인국가시험원

NFW: National Federation of Workers (Jun-No-Ryun: 전노련)

NIC: National Intelligence Service 안기부 ( 국정원

NKDP: New Korea Democratic Party (Shin-Han-Kuk Dang) 신한국당

NLCF: Livestock Cooperative Federation (Chook-Hyun) 축협

NCYO: National Conference of Youth Organizations전국청년단체대표자협의회

NTS: National Tax Service 국세청

NTU: National Teachers’ Union (Jun-Gyo-Jo) 전교조

NUE: National Union of Entertainers한국방송연예인노조

NUM: National Union of Mediaworkers 전국언론 노동조합연맹

NK: North Kyung-Sang Province

NWC: National Writers’ Council

PARE: Parents’ Association for Real Education 참교육을 위한 전국학부모회

PBC: Pyung-hwa Broadcasting Company 평화방송

PCD: Professors’ Conference for Democratization민주화를 위한 전국교수협의회, 민교협

PDP: Peace and Democracy Party (Pyung-Min Dang) 평민당

PP: People’s Party 민중당

SASKW: South Korean Socialist Coalition of Workers 남한사회주의 노동자 동맹(사노맹)

SAD: Students’ Alliance for Democracy 민주주의 학생연맹(민학련)

SC: South Choong-Chung Province

SCS: Seoul Conference of Squatters 서울지역철거민협의회(서철협)

SJ: South Julla Province

SK: South Kyung-Sang Province

SNUGH: Seoul National University General Hospital 서울대 병원

UDP: Unification and Democracy Party (Min-Joo Dang) 민주당

UPARA: Urban Poor’s Alliance Against Regional Autonomy 도시빈민 지자제 공동대책위원회

WTO: World Trade Organization

Korean:

검찰청: Prosecutor’s Office

검찰총장: Prosecutor General

공업사: Gong-Up-Sa: Manufacture

공전 : Gong-Jun: Industrial College

공제회Mutual Aid Association

관광Leisure

교육감: Gyo-Yook-Gam: Superintendent

금융: Gum-Yoong: Finance

기업: Ki-Up: Company

노점상No-Jum-Sang: Street-Sellers

범민족대회: Pan-Korean Rally

시교위: Si-Gyo-We: Office of Education

이장, 동장: Local chief administrator

연합: Yun-Hap: Alliance

전자: Jun-Ja: Electrics

환경청: Environment protection agency

협의회: Hyup-Euy-Hoe: Conference

회의: Hoe-Eui: Council

Notes:

When I find that police stormed and arrested a long last occupation, I put the number of protests in previous dates as the arrested number of workers unless no specific previous reports were available.

2 division (about 200) of police are usually being sent to subdue small demonstrations in which 20-50 participate.

The merge of three parties: in January 22, 1990, three parties (DJP; UDP; and DRP) announce that they will form a new party, DLPthat would have 2/3 of seats.

The number of family members is assumed four.

The number of disabled people who are registered is 293467 as of year 1992

The population of residents is measured by “Gu” or “Goon”

The number of protester in case of “statement” is assumed 5 because of assumption that at least one digit number of people would participate in the process of preparing, writing, announcing a statement. When there are several organization that participated in the process, I count the number of organization and put it if the number exceed 5.

When an intelligency agency or police reports its arrest of dissident group members, I take the date of the announcement as the date of event, “arrest”, and the number of state actor is assumed to be 31.

An reported general number of the arrested is divided by the number of related events in a region with some weighting.

5/5 is Children's Day which is a national holiday; dissident leaders announced that they have no plan for rallies on this day despite the contious rallies due to the death of Kang, Kyung-Dae 1991

OSD

Teaching Assistants OSD is estimated as 3001 based on the fact that they have hard time to mobilize themselves because of their dependence on faculties and universities.

Truck driver’s OSD 47014 comes from the average daily traffic of all kinds of cars

광양제철의 자회사 (주)광양제철설비: 조합원 8백99명[세계일보] 1991-04-18

대동공업 노조(위원장 권영민·35) 조합원 8백50여 명[세계일보] 1991-06-21

대우정밀: 조합원 1천2백여명[조선일보] 1991-05-15

대우조선: 노조전체조합원 9천9백84명[대한매일] 1991-01-19

대우중공업 노조: 인천 안양 창원 영등포 등 4개 공장 노조원 4천3백58명[세계일보] 1991-05-14

대전시내 택시: 72개 회사에 2천7백94대[동아일보] 1991-06-05

(주)동국제강: 부산·인천·포항등 3개 공장 노조원 2천5명 [경향신문] 1991-07-14

서울지역 아파트노조(위원장 홍성부·38): 1백38개지부 총조합원 6천1백27명 [대한매일] 1991-01-19

서울지하철공사 노조(위원장 강진도·34): 총 조합원 7천2백28명[한 겨 레] 1991-06-15

㈜만도기계(대표 정동원) 노동조합(조합장 김수진·30): 하오 노조원 3천3백36명중[대한매일] 1991-02-28

울산 현대중공업 노조 전체 조합원총조합원 1만8천9백7명 [한국일보] 1991-03-16

‘인천지역 임금인상 공동투쟁본부’ 90개 노조 노조원 3만5천여명[한 겨 레] 1991-03-16

인천지역의료보험조합: 전체 조합원 2백44명[국민일보] 1991-05-11

전국자동차노동조합연맹 서울 버스지부: 2만3천여 조합원[한 겨 레] 1991-04-20

전국 택시노동조합연맹 광주지부(지부장 강성열·36): 택시 2천5백여대[국민일보] 1991-06-18

전국자동차노련 인천택지지부 소속 56개 회사56개 노조중 54개 단위노조 조합원 4천5백명[조선일보] 1991-06-21

전국택시노동조합 서울지부(지부장 정상기) 산하 2백38개 단위노조 조합원 3만6천6백77명 [한국일보] 1991-06-11

연합철강(대표 홍순철) 전체 조합원 1천5백60명[한국일보] 1991-06-17

원진레이온노조(위원장 김광표) 전체노조원 1천1백14명[세계일보] 1991-05-03

태평양화학: 3천3백여명[조선일보] 1991-05-15

한국방송연예노조(위원장 유인촌): 총 조합원 9백88명[세계일보] 1991-06-09

현대중공업조합원 1만8천7백19명[한 겨 레] 1991-08-28

한국중공업노조, 창원 (위원장 김창근·37) 조합원 3천5백여명[조선일보] 1991-12-28

호남에틸렌 노조(위원장 천중근·37) 전체노조원 1천21명 [국민일보] 1991-06-12

효성금속(대표 하영준) 노조: 전체 조합원 1천46명[한 겨 레] 1991-06-26

Get Killed in 1991

|Data |Description |Location |

|29-Apr-91 |Pak, Seung-Hi putting herself alit accusing the police for the death of Kang, |SJ, Gwang-Joo, Jun-Nam Univ. |

| |Kyung-Dae | |

|01-May-91 |Kim, Young-Kyoon put himself aflame accusing the police for the death of Kang, |NK, An-Dong, An-Dong Univ. |

| |Kyung-Dae | |

|03-May-91 |Chun, Se-Yong put himself on fire accusing the government for the death of students |KG, Sung-Nam, Kyung-Won Univ.|

|06-May-91 |union leader, Pak, Chang-Soo under arrest, jump out of a window of a hospital |KG, An-Yang |

|8-May-91 |Kim, Ki-Sul put himself on fire and jump off atop of building accusing the government |Seoul, Su-Gang Univ. |

| |for the death of students and union leader | |

|10-May-91 |Yoon, Yong-Ha put himself on fire and jump from a top of a building accusing the |SJ, Gwang-Joo, Jun-Nam Univ. |

| |government for the death of students and union leader; alive but in a serious | |

| |condition | |

|18-May-91 |Cha, Tae-Kwon burn himself commemorating Gwang-Joo Revolustion |SJ, Gwang-Joo |

|18-May-91 |Kim, Chul-Soo burn himself commemorating Gwang-Joo Revolustion |SJ, Bo-Sung |

|18-May-91 |Lee, Jung-Soon burn herself to death commemorating Gwang-Joo Revolustion |Seoul |

|22-May-91 |Jung, Sang-Soon burns himself and jumps off the roof accusing the government for the |SJ, Gwang-Joo |

| |death of students and union leader | |

|25-May-91 |Kim, Gui-Jung is killed under the file of students whom riot policemen are after |Seoul, Toe-Ge Ro |

|8/18/1991 |a student, Son, Suk-Yong kill himself opposing his conscripted miliary service |NK, Dae-Goo, Ge-Myung Univ. |

Episodes

The role of mass media: it sometimes works as a information dispatcher for dissident and maybe for the regime as well as the following example shows.

[한 겨 레] 1991-05-18 (사회) 뉴스 14면

“전국80곳 오늘 동시개최/2차국민대회/1백38개노조 하루 파업가세”

주요 지역의 국민대회 개최시간과 장소는 다음과 같다.

△서울 오후 4시 시청 앞 광장 △부산 〃 3시 남포동 부영극장 앞 △대구 〃 5시 시청 앞 광장 △인천 〃 4시 동인천역 광장 △울산 〃 3시 태화강 고수부지 △마산·창원 〃 2시 6호광장 △부천 〃 1시 부천역 광장 △포항 〃 4시 송도축구장 △제주 〃 6시 중앙로

[한국일보] 1991-09-02 (사회) 뉴스 23면

화염병 사용 등의 처벌에 관한 법률이 제정된 지난 89년 6월이후 지난 7월말까지 이 법이 적용돼 구속된 사람은 모두 1천8백26명으로 집계됐다.

1일 대검에 의하면 화염병사범 1천8백26명중 3백17명(17.4%)이 실형을 선고받았고 1천1백18명(61.2%)은 집행유예로 풀려났으며 3백91명(21.4%)에 대해서는 현재 수사가 진행중이다.

[조선일보] 1991-09-05 (사회)

노동부는 올들어 4일 현재 분규발생 건수는 총 2백6건으로 지난해 같은기간(2백93건) 보다 30%가 감소했으며,분규가 가장 극심했던 87년(3천7백49건)의 5% 수준에 머물렀다고 밝혔다.

더욱이 수개월 이상씩 끌어온 중소영세업체의 장기 미해결분규도 이날 현재 모두 정리됨으로써 6·29 이후 처음으로 단 1건의 분규발생 및 진행도 없는 「무분규일」을 기록했다고 노동부는 말했다.

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