SPANISH GRAMMAR CHEAT SHEET
[Pages:3]SPANISH GRAMMAR CHEAT SHEET
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
Personal Pronouns
I You (informal) He She You (formal) We You (plural) They (feminine) They (masculine)
Yo T? ?l Ella Usted Nosotros/Nosotras Ustedes Ellos Ellas
ser soy (I am) eres (you are) es (he is) es (she is) es (you are) somos (we are) son (you are) son (they are) son (they are)
TO BE
estar Estoy (I am) Est?s (you are) Est? (he is) Est? (she is) Est? (you are) Estamos (we are) Est?n (you are) Est?n (they are) Est?n (they are)
TO HAVE (Aux)
haber he (I have) has (you have) ha (he has) ha (she has) ha (you have) hemos (we have) han (you have) han (they have) han (they have)
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
PRESENTE
When: If you want to say: I walk, you walk, he walks, we walk, they walk
How: Drop the -ar, -er, -ir of the verb and replace with endings
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
camino
como
caminas
comes
camina
come
caminamos
comemos
caminan
comen
caminan
comen
ir verbs (vivir) vivo vives vive vivimos viven viven
GERUNDIO
When: What is happening right now >> I?m walking, you are walking, he is walking, we are walking, they are walking
Subject + Verb estar + verb drop -ar, -er, -ir + ando/iendo
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
Yo
estoy caminando
estoy comiendo
estoy viviendo
T?
est?s caminando
est?s comiendo
est?s viviendo
?l/Ella/Usted
est? caminando
est? comiendo
est? viviendo
Nosotros (as)
estamos caminando
estamos comiendo
estamos viviendo
Ustedes
est?n caminando
est?n comiendo
est?n viviendo
Ellos/Ellas
estan caminando
est?n comiendo
est?n viviendo
T? Usted Nosotros Ustedes
IMPERATIVO
When: Walk! (you) Let's walk! (we)
How: Drop the -ar, -er, -ir of the verb and replace with endings
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
camina
come
camine
coma
caminemos caminen
comamos coman
ir verbs (vivir) vive viva vivamos vivan
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
IMPERFECTO
When: Continuos actions in the past >> I walked, I was walking, I used to walk, while I walked
How: Drop the -ar, -er, -ir of the verb and replace with endings
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
caminaba
com?a
viv?a
caminabas
com?as
viv?as
caminaba
com?a
viv?a
caminabamos
com?amos
viv?amos
caminaban
com?an
viv?an
caminaban
com?an
viv?an
1
PRET?RITO
When: Actions in one specific point of time in the past >> I walked, you walked, she walked, we walked, they walked
How: Drop the -ar, -er, -ir of the verb and replace with endings
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
Yo
camin?
com?
viv?
T?
caminaste
comiste
viviste
?l/Ella/Usted
camin?
comi?
vivi?
Nosotros (as)
caminamos
comimos
vivimos
Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
caminaron caminaron
comieron comieron
vivieron vivieron
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
PRET?RITO PERFECTO
When: I have walked, you have walked, she has walked, we have walked, they have walked
How: Subject + Verb haber conjugated + participle of verb
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
he caminado
he comido
he vivido
has caminado
has comido
has vivido
ha caminado
ha comido
ha vivido
hemos caminado
hemos comido
hemos vivido
han caminado han caminado
han comido han comido
han vivido han vivido
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
PRET?RITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
When: I had walked, you had walked, she had walked, we had walked, they had walked
How: Subject + verb haber in imperfect + participle of verb
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
hab?a caminado
hab?a comido
hab?as caminado
hab?as comido
hab?a caminado
hab?a comido
hab?amos caminado
hab?amos comido
hab?an caminado
hab?an comido
hab?an caminado
hab?an comido
ir verbs (vivir) hab?a vivido hab?as vivido hab?a vivido hab?amos vivido hab?an vivido hab?an vivido
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
FUTURO CERCANO
When: I'm/you are/she is/we are/they are - going to walk
How: Subject + verb ir conjugated + a + verb in infinitive form
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
voy a caminar
voy a comer
vas a caminar
vas a comer
va a caminar
va a comer
vamos a caminar
vamos a comer
van a caminar
van a comer
van a caminar
van a comer
ir verbs (vivir) voy a vivir vas a vivir va a vivir vamos a vivir van a vivir van a vivir
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
FUTURO LEJANO
When: I will walk, you will walk, she will walk, we will walk, they will walk
How: add the endings to the verb in infinitive
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
caminar?
comer?
vivir?
caminar?s
comer?s
vivir?s
caminar?
comer?
vivir?
caminaremos
comeremos
viviremos
caminar?n caminar?n
comer?n comer?n
vivir?n vivir?n
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
CONDICIONAL
When: I/you/she/we/they- would walk
How: add the endings to the verb in infinitive
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
caminar?a
comer?a
caminar?as
comer?as
caminar?a
comer?a
caminar?amos
comer?amos
caminar?an caminar?an
comer?an comer?an
ir verbs (vivir) vivir?a vivir?as vivir?a vivir?amos vivir?an vivir?an
2
Yo T? ?l/Ella/Usted Nosotros (as) Ustedes Ellos/Ellas
CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
When: I/you/she/we/they- would have walked
How: Verb haber in conditional + participle
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
habr?a caminado
habr?a comido
habr?as caminado
habr?as comido
habr?a caminado
habr?a comido
habr?amos caminado
habr?amos comido
habr?an caminado habr?an caminado
habr?an comido habr?an comido
ir verbs (vivir) habr?a vivido habr?as vivido habr?a vivido habr?amos vivido habr?an vivido habr?an vivido
PRESENTE SUBJUNTIVO
When: To express wishes, hypothesis, doubt, probabilities, suggestions, etc. Situations that are not real.
Que yo Que t? Que ?l/ella/usted Que nosotros (as) Que ustedes Que ellos/ellas
How: (Main clause in present) + que + (subordinate clause)
Subject + Verb1 in present + que + subject 2 + Verb2
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
camine
coma
camines
comas
camine
coma
caminemos
comamos
caminen
coman
caminen
coman
ir verbs (vivir) viva vivas viva vivamos vivan vivan
IMPERFECTO SUBJUNTIVO
When: Main clause is in the past or conditional, or subordinate clause is in the past
How: Conjugation in preterite of 3rd person plural (ustedes), drop -ron and replace for endings
Ex: ustedes caminaron >> camin-
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
Que yo
caminara/caminase
comiera/comiese
viviera/viviese
Que t?
caminaras/caminases
comieras/comieses
vivieras/vivieses
Que ?l/ella/usted
caminara/caminase
comiera/comiese
viviera/viviese
Que nosotros (as)
camin?ramos/camin?semos comi?ramos/comi?semos vivi?ramos/vivi?semos
Que ustedes
caminaran/caminasen
comieran/comiesen
vivieran/vivieses
Que ellos/ellas
caminaran/caminasen
comieran/comiesen
vivieran/vivieses
PRESENTE PERFECTO DEL SUBJUNTIVO
When: To express emotion, doubt, possibility for past actions. >> I can't believe something had happened
How: Conjugation of haber + participle
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
Que yo
haya caminado
haya comido
haya vivido
Que t?
hayas caminado
hayas comido
hayas vivido
Que ?l/ella/usted
haya caminado
haya comido
haya vivido
Que nosotros (as)
hayamos caminado
hayamos comido
hayamos vivido
Que ustedes Que ellos/ellas
hayan caminado hayan caminado
hayan comido hayan comido
hayan vivido hayan vivido
Que yo Que t? Que ?l/ella/usted Que nosotros (as) Que ustedes Que ellos/ellas
PLUSCUAMPERFECTO SUBJUNTIVO
When: To express hypothesis in the past and wander what would have happened if...
How: Conjugation of haber + participle
ar verbs (caminar)
er verbs (comer)
ir verbs (vivir)
hubiera/hubiese caminado
hubiera/hubiese comido
hubiera/hubiese vivido
hubieras/hubieses caminado hubieras/hubieses comido hubieras/hubieses vivido
hubiera/hubiese caminado
hubiera/hubiese comido
hubiera/hubiese vivido
hubi?ramos/hubi?semos ca mi nado hubi?ramos/hubi?semos comido hubi?ramos/hubi?semos vi vido
hubieran/hubiesen caminado hubieran/hubiesen comido hubieran/hubiesen vivido
hubieran/hubiesen caminado hubieran/hubiesen comido hubieran/hubiesen vivido
3
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