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[Pages:801]STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

SIXTH EDITION

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STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

SIXTH EDITION

ANDREW S. TANENBAUM

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

TODD AUSTIN

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Executive Editor: Tracy Johnson (Dunkelberger) Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Director of Marketing: Christy Lesko Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Senior Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Director of Production: Erin Gregg Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Associate Managing Editor: Robert Engelhardt Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Anthony Gemmellaro Cover Illustrator: Jason Consalvo Manager, Rights and Permissions: Michael Joyce Media Editor: Daniel Sandin Media Project Manager: Renata Butera Printer/Binder: Courier/Westford Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear in the Credits section in the end matter of this text.

Copyright ? 2013, 2006, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tanenbaum, Andrew S., Structured computer organization / Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Todd Austin. -- 6th ed.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-291652-3 ISBN-10: 0-13-291652-5 1. Computer programming. 2. Computer organization. I. Austin, Todd. II. Title.

QA76.6.T38 2013 005.1--dc23

2012021627

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-291652-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-291652-3

AST: Suzanne, Barbara, Marvin, Aron and Nathan TA: To Roberta, who made space (and time) for me to finish this project.

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

xix

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 2 1.1.1 Languages, Levels, and Virtual Machines 2 1.1.2 Contemporary Multilevel Machines 5 1.1.3 Evolution of Multilevel Machines 8

1.2 MILESTONES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 13 1.2.1 The Zeroth Generation--Mechanical Computers (1642?1945) 13 1.2.2 The First Generation--Vacuum Tubes (1945?1955) 16 1.2.3 The Second Generation--Transistors (1955?1965) 19 1.2.4 The Third Generation--Integrated Circuits (1965?1980) 21 1.2.5 The Fourth Generation--Very Large Scale Integration (1980??) 23 1.2.6 The Fifth Generation--Low-Power and Invisible Computers 26

1.3 THE COMPUTER ZOO 28 1.3.1 Technological and Economic Forces 28 1.3.2 The Computer Spectrum 30 1.3.3 Disposable Computers 31 1.3.4 Microcontrollers 33 1.3.5 Mobile and Game Computers 35 1.3.6 Personal Computers 36 1.3.7 Servers 36 1.3.8 Mainframes 38

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