Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to ...

[Pages:256]Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

DCAP502/DCAP206

Editor Dr. Manmohan Sharma

lpude.in DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE/INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Edited By Dr. Manmohan Sharma

ISBN: 978-93-87034-67-9 Printed by

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CONTENTS

Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

1

Anuj Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Unit 2: Devices Used in Digital Electronics

23

Sahil Rampal, Lovely Professional University

Unit 3: Data Representation and Data Transfer

43

Yadwinder Singh, Lovely Professional University

Unit 4: Computer Organization I

65

Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University

Unit 5: Computer Organization II

81

Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University

Unit 6: Control Unit

95

Pooja Gupta, Lovely Professional University

Unit 7: Central Processing Unit

111

Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Unit 8: Addressing Modes

125

Ajay Kirani Khuswaha, Lovely Professional University

Unit 9: Computer Arithmetic I

143

Sarabjit Kumar, Lovely Professional University

Unit 10: Computer Arithmetic II

155

Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University

Unit 11: Input/Output Organization

165

Ajay Kumar Bansal, Lovely Professional University

Unit 12: Memory Organization Concepts

185

Pooja Gupta, Lovely Professional University

Unit 13: Multiprocessors

205

Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Unit 14: Introduction to Parallel Processing

229

Yadwinder Singh, Lovely Professional University

SYLLABUS Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to

Computer Organization and Architecture

Objectives: The objectives of this course are: To understand how computers are constructed out of a set of functional units To understand how these functional units operate, interact and communicate To understand the factors and trade-offs that affect computer performance To understand concrete representation of data at the machine level To understand how computations are actually performed at the machine level To understand how problems expressed by humans are expressed as binary strings in a machine

DCAP502 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Sr. No. 1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

Description

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics: Codes, logic gates, flip flops, registers, counters, multiplexer, demultiplexer, decoder, and encoder.

Integers Representation: Signed Magnitude, 1s & 2s Complement) & Real numbers (Fixed point & Floating Point representation), Register Transfer and Micro operations: Register transfer language Bus & memory transfer, logic micro operation, shift micro operation, Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit

Basic Computer Organization: Instruction codes, computer instructions, timing & control, instruction cycles

Memory reference instruction, Input/output & interrupts, Design of basic computer Control Unit: Hardwired vs. micro programmed control unit, Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Micro program Sequencer

Central Processing Unit: General register organization, stack organization, instruction format, Addressing Modes Data transfer & manipulation, program control, RISC, CISC.

Introduction to Parallel Processing: Pipelining, Instruction pipeline, RISC Pipeline, Vector Processing

Computer Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division Algorithm(s),

Decimal arithmetic units & Operations.

Input-Output Organization: Peripheral devices, I/O interface, data transfer schemes, program control, interrupt, DMA transfer, I/O Processor

Memory Organization Concepts: Cache & Virtual memory

Multiprocessors: Characteristics, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor Communication and synchronization

DCAP206 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

Sr. No. 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

Description

Tools for course understanding: Awareness of ISA bus interface, a popular bus architecture used in IBM and compatible personal computer systems.

Digital Logic Circuits: Digital computers, Logic gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplification, Half Adder, Full Adder, Flip flops ? SR, JK, D, T, Edge triggered flip flops, Sequential Circuits

Digital Components: Integrated circuits, Decoders ? NAND gate decoder, Encoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Registers, Shift registers, Bidirectional Register with parallel load, Binary counters, Memory Unit ? RAM, ROM, Types of ROMs

Data Representation: Number systems ? decimal, octal, hexadecimal, Complement ? (r-1)'s complement, r's complement, Fixed point representation, floating point representation, Gray code, Decimal codes, alphanumeric codes, Error detection codes

Register Transfer and Micro-operations: Register transfer language, Register transfer, Bus and memory transfers ? three state bus buffers, Arithmetic micro-operations ? binary adder, binary adder subtractor, binary incrementer, arithmetic circuit

Logic micro-operations and its hardware implementation, Shift micro-operations and hardware implementation, Arithmetic Logic Shift unit, Hardware description languages

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction Codes, Stored program organization, Computer registers, Common bus system, Computer instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction cycle, Memory reference instructions, Input output and interrupt, complete design of basic computer

Central Processing Unit: General register organization, control word, Stack organization, register stack, memory stack, Instruction formats ? three address, two address, one address, zero address instructions, Addressing modes, Data transfer and manipulation, arithmetic, logical, bit manipulation, Program control, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), CISC characteristics

Input-Output Organization: Input output interface, I/O bus and interface modules, I/O vs memory bus, Isolated vs Memory mapped I/O

Asynchronous data transfer, handshaking, Programmed I/O, Interrupt-initiated I/O, Priority Interrupt ? Daisy chaining, parallel priority, priority encoder, interrupt cycle, DMA controller and transfer

Memory Organization: Memory hierarchy, RAM, ROM chips, memory address map, Associative memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware

Anuj Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Notes

Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

CONTENTS

Objectives

Introduction

1.1 Codes in Digital Electronics

1.1.1 Classification of Binary Codes

1.2 Logic Gates

1.3 Summary

1.4 Keywords

1.5 Self Assessment

1.6 Review Questions

1.7 Further Readings

Objectives

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

? Discuss the codes in digital electronics ? List the functions of different logic gates ? Discuss the truth table for all the logic gates

Introduction

Digital electronics is a field of computer science. It deals with devices that are used to carry out computer applications.

In digital electronics, we use two-state or binary logic. The two logic states are "0" (low) and "1" (high).

Computer uses binary number system for its operations. Digital electronics represents the two binary numbers, 1 and 0, using two voltage levels in a device called a logic gate. Sometimes the two states can also be represented using Boolean logic functions, "true" or "false" states, or using an "on" or "off" state.

Logic gates are important components of a digital circuit. A logic gate takes two inputs and generates a single output. In this unit we will discuss about the basic logic gates and their corresponding truth tables.

1.1 Codes in Digital Electronics

Basically, digital data is represented, stored, and transmitted as groups of binary digits which are called bits. The group of bits is known as binary code. Binary codes are used in computers as they allow computers to perform complex calculations quickly and efficiently. Binary codes are used in financial, commercial, and industrial applications. To understand how binary codes are applied in these fields, we first have to understand the classification of binary codes.

1.1.1 Classification of Binary Codes

Binary codes can be represented as numbers and letters of the alphabets as well as many special characters and control functions. They are classified as numeric or alphanumeric codes. Numeric codes are used to represent numbers, whereas alphanumeric codes are used to represent alphabetic letters and numerals.

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