Computer Organization and …
[Pages:256]Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
DCAP502/DCAP206
Editor Dr. Manmohan Sharma
lpude.in DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE/INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Edited By Dr. Manmohan Sharma
ISBN: 978-93-87034-67-9 Printed by
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CONTENTS
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics
1
Anuj Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Unit 2: Devices Used in Digital Electronics
23
Sahil Rampal, Lovely Professional University
Unit 3: Data Representation and Data Transfer
43
Yadwinder Singh, Lovely Professional University
Unit 4: Computer Organization I
65
Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University
Unit 5: Computer Organization II
81
Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University
Unit 6: Control Unit
95
Pooja Gupta, Lovely Professional University
Unit 7: Central Processing Unit
111
Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Unit 8: Addressing Modes
125
Ajay Kirani Khuswaha, Lovely Professional University
Unit 9: Computer Arithmetic I
143
Sarabjit Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Unit 10: Computer Arithmetic II
155
Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University
Unit 11: Input/Output Organization
165
Ajay Kumar Bansal, Lovely Professional University
Unit 12: Memory Organization Concepts
185
Pooja Gupta, Lovely Professional University
Unit 13: Multiprocessors
205
Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Unit 14: Introduction to Parallel Processing
229
Yadwinder Singh, Lovely Professional University
SYLLABUS Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to
Computer Organization and Architecture
Objectives: The objectives of this course are: To understand how computers are constructed out of a set of functional units To understand how these functional units operate, interact and communicate To understand the factors and trade-offs that affect computer performance To understand concrete representation of data at the machine level To understand how computations are actually performed at the machine level To understand how problems expressed by humans are expressed as binary strings in a machine
DCAP502 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Sr. No. 1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Description
Review of Basics of Digital Electronics: Codes, logic gates, flip flops, registers, counters, multiplexer, demultiplexer, decoder, and encoder.
Integers Representation: Signed Magnitude, 1s & 2s Complement) & Real numbers (Fixed point & Floating Point representation), Register Transfer and Micro operations: Register transfer language Bus & memory transfer, logic micro operation, shift micro operation, Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
Basic Computer Organization: Instruction codes, computer instructions, timing & control, instruction cycles
Memory reference instruction, Input/output & interrupts, Design of basic computer Control Unit: Hardwired vs. micro programmed control unit, Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Micro program Sequencer
Central Processing Unit: General register organization, stack organization, instruction format, Addressing Modes Data transfer & manipulation, program control, RISC, CISC.
Introduction to Parallel Processing: Pipelining, Instruction pipeline, RISC Pipeline, Vector Processing
Computer Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division Algorithm(s),
Decimal arithmetic units & Operations.
Input-Output Organization: Peripheral devices, I/O interface, data transfer schemes, program control, interrupt, DMA transfer, I/O Processor
Memory Organization Concepts: Cache & Virtual memory
Multiprocessors: Characteristics, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor Communication and synchronization
DCAP206 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE
Sr. No. 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Description
Tools for course understanding: Awareness of ISA bus interface, a popular bus architecture used in IBM and compatible personal computer systems.
Digital Logic Circuits: Digital computers, Logic gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplification, Half Adder, Full Adder, Flip flops ? SR, JK, D, T, Edge triggered flip flops, Sequential Circuits
Digital Components: Integrated circuits, Decoders ? NAND gate decoder, Encoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Registers, Shift registers, Bidirectional Register with parallel load, Binary counters, Memory Unit ? RAM, ROM, Types of ROMs
Data Representation: Number systems ? decimal, octal, hexadecimal, Complement ? (r-1)'s complement, r's complement, Fixed point representation, floating point representation, Gray code, Decimal codes, alphanumeric codes, Error detection codes
Register Transfer and Micro-operations: Register transfer language, Register transfer, Bus and memory transfers ? three state bus buffers, Arithmetic micro-operations ? binary adder, binary adder subtractor, binary incrementer, arithmetic circuit
Logic micro-operations and its hardware implementation, Shift micro-operations and hardware implementation, Arithmetic Logic Shift unit, Hardware description languages
Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction Codes, Stored program organization, Computer registers, Common bus system, Computer instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction cycle, Memory reference instructions, Input output and interrupt, complete design of basic computer
Central Processing Unit: General register organization, control word, Stack organization, register stack, memory stack, Instruction formats ? three address, two address, one address, zero address instructions, Addressing modes, Data transfer and manipulation, arithmetic, logical, bit manipulation, Program control, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), CISC characteristics
Input-Output Organization: Input output interface, I/O bus and interface modules, I/O vs memory bus, Isolated vs Memory mapped I/O
Asynchronous data transfer, handshaking, Programmed I/O, Interrupt-initiated I/O, Priority Interrupt ? Daisy chaining, parallel priority, priority encoder, interrupt cycle, DMA controller and transfer
Memory Organization: Memory hierarchy, RAM, ROM chips, memory address map, Associative memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware
Anuj Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics
Notes
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics
CONTENTS
Objectives
Introduction
1.1 Codes in Digital Electronics
1.1.1 Classification of Binary Codes
1.2 Logic Gates
1.3 Summary
1.4 Keywords
1.5 Self Assessment
1.6 Review Questions
1.7 Further Readings
Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
? Discuss the codes in digital electronics ? List the functions of different logic gates ? Discuss the truth table for all the logic gates
Introduction
Digital electronics is a field of computer science. It deals with devices that are used to carry out computer applications.
In digital electronics, we use two-state or binary logic. The two logic states are "0" (low) and "1" (high).
Computer uses binary number system for its operations. Digital electronics represents the two binary numbers, 1 and 0, using two voltage levels in a device called a logic gate. Sometimes the two states can also be represented using Boolean logic functions, "true" or "false" states, or using an "on" or "off" state.
Logic gates are important components of a digital circuit. A logic gate takes two inputs and generates a single output. In this unit we will discuss about the basic logic gates and their corresponding truth tables.
1.1 Codes in Digital Electronics
Basically, digital data is represented, stored, and transmitted as groups of binary digits which are called bits. The group of bits is known as binary code. Binary codes are used in computers as they allow computers to perform complex calculations quickly and efficiently. Binary codes are used in financial, commercial, and industrial applications. To understand how binary codes are applied in these fields, we first have to understand the classification of binary codes.
1.1.1 Classification of Binary Codes
Binary codes can be represented as numbers and letters of the alphabets as well as many special characters and control functions. They are classified as numeric or alphanumeric codes. Numeric codes are used to represent numbers, whereas alphanumeric codes are used to represent alphabetic letters and numerals.
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