Chapter 2: Earth's Structure - Mrs. Weisenbach's Biology Cabin

Earth¡¯s Structure

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Heat escaping from Earth¡¯s

internal layers constantly

changes the planet¡¯s

surface.

1 1.e, 1.f, 2.a, 7.c

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Landforms

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>???`i> Forces

LESSON

inside and outside Earth

produce,i>`??}

Earth¡¯s diverse

landforms. iV?

2 2.c, 6.b, 6.c, 7.e

Minerals and Rocks

LESSON

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The solid

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Earth is made of minerals

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and rocks.

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LESSON

3

1.b, 4.c, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g

Earth¡¯s

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>?? Interior

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>???`i> Earth¡¯s

interior

has a layered

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structure.

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Now

ow

did that h

happen?

appen?

`i> how

Imagine the results of a fender bender

between

,i>`??}two cars. The fenders of each are a crumpled mass of metal. When

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two continents

collide, the results are similar¡ªthe rocks become crumpled

and broken. The photo shows folded rock layers near Lulworth in the United

Kingdom. They are the result of a collision between the African and European

plates hundreds of kilometers away.

-V?i?Vi??+PVSOBM Describe what an auto collision might look like in slow

motion.

74

Martin Bond/Photo Researchers

Start-Up Activities

How can you model

landscapes?

Imagine you are hiking

through a natural area

such as Yosemite Valley,

California. Make a list of

the landscape features

you think you would see.

Procedure

Earth¡¯s Layers Make the

following Foldable to show

Earth¡¯s layers.

STEP 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half

lengthwise. Make the back edge about 2 cm

longer than the front edge.

STEP 2 Fold into thirds.

1. Identify features on your list that are the

highest and the lowest in elevation.

2. What makes each feature unique? Were

some flat, or peaked on the top?

3. Stack several pieces of artfoam in layers,

one on top of another. Put your hands on

both ends of the stack, and shape the

layered artfoam into different terrains.

STEP 3 Unfold and cut along the folds of

the top flap to make three flaps.

Think About This

? Explain What did you do to the artfoam

that might indicate how a landscape

would form in nature?

? Examine the side of the model you made.

What might the layers represent?

STEP 4 Label as shown.

1.a, 7.e

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ELA6: R 2.4

Visit ca6. to:

?

?

?

?

Clarify As you read this chapter, identify

Earth¡¯s layers on the tabs. Under each tab,

explain the features and describe the

energy in that layer.

view

explore Virtual Labs

access content-related Web links

take the Standards Check

75

Matt Meadows

Get Ready to Read

Identify the Main Idea

ELA6: R 2.3

Learn It!

Main ideas are the most

important ideas in a paragraph, a lesson, or a chapter.

Supporting details are facts or examples that explain the

main idea. Understanding the main idea allows you to

grasp the whole picture.

Practice It!

Read the following paragraph. Draw a graphic organizer like the one below to

show the main idea and supporting details.

The wearing away of soil and rock is called erosion.

Water does most of this work. Rivers and streams

carry rock fragments as the water flows downhill.

Over long periods of time, this action changes the

landscape. Mountains are worn down to flat plains.

As rivers flow toward lakes or oceans, they carve

valleys and steep-sided canyons.

¡ªfrom page 80

Main Idea

Apply It! Pick a paragraph

from another lesson of this chapter and

diagram the main idea as you did above.

76

Target Your Reading

en the

ea is oft

d

i

n

ph

i

a

The m

paragra

a

n

i

e

c

n

te

f irst sen

always.

but not

Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter.

Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements

1

below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper.

? Write an A if you agree with the statement.

? Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

2

After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if

you¡¯ve changed your mind about any of the statements.

? If any of your answers changed, explain why.

? Change any false statements into true statements.

? Use your revised statements as a study guide.

Before You Read

A or D

Statement

After You Read

A or D

1 Energy from the Sun changes Earth¡¯s landscapes.

2 Earth¡¯s internal energy pushes up the land; surface

processes wear it down.

3 Most of Earth, including its interior, is composed

of rock.

4 Hardness and color are the two main characteristics

of gems used in jewelry.

5 Matter and energy move from Earth¡¯s interior toward

the surface.

Print a worksheet of

this page at

ca6. .

6 Heat is always escaping from Earth¡¯s interior.

7 Humans have drilled holes and collected samples to

about 500 km deep in Earth.

8 There is one type of crust near Earth¡¯s surface, and it

is found on the continents.

9 The thickest of Earth¡¯s layers is the core.

10 Seismic waves do not penetrate Earth¡¯s layers.

77

LESSON 1

Science Content

Standards

1.e Students know major geologic events,

such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,

and mountain building, result from plate

motions.

1.f Students know how to explain major

features of California geology (including

mountains, faults, volcanoes) in terms of

plate tectonics.

2.a Students know water running

downhill is the dominant process in shaping

the landscape, including California¡¯s

landscape.

7.c Construct appropriate graphs from

data and develop qualitative statements

about the relationships between variables.

Reading Guide

¨‹

What You¡¯ll Learn

Classify landforms.

¨‹

Explain how landforms are

produced.

¨‹

Relate your knowledge of

landforms to California

landscapes.

Why It¡¯s Important

Landforms

>???`i> Forces inside and outside Earth produce Earth¡¯s

diverse landforms.

Real-World Reading Connection Imagine you¡¯re making a

sculpture by piling up sand near the shore. Suddenly, a

wave comes and washes away part of your new artwork.

Through different and slower processes, landforms are constantly

>?? being?} built up and worn down on Earth¡¯s surface.

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How

do landscapes form?

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You live on the surface of Earth. Look out the window at

this surface, or look at a photograph or drawing of a landscape. Figure 1 is an example. There are tall mountains,

deep valleys, and flat plains. Why does the landscape have

different shapes and forms?

An endless interaction of forces reshapes Earth¡¯s topography. The transfer of matter and energy from Earth¡¯s interior builds mountains. Forces on the surface continuously

wear down the mountains. These forces are caused by

uneven heating of the surface by the Sun. In turn, this

energy is transferred to the atmosphere. This makes

weather that constantly bombards surface material and

erodes it away, especially in higher areas. Without these

competing forces, the planet¡¯s surface would be a flatter

and less exciting place to live.

You¡¯ll appreciate landforms

around you as you discover

how they form and change.

Vocabulary

landform

uplift

erosion

Review Vocabulary

weather: current condition

of the atmosphere;

temperature, wind speed and

direction, humidity, and air

pressure (Grade 5)

78 Chapter 2 ? Earth¡¯s Structure

What is the source of energy for Earth¡¯s weather?

Figure 1

Earth¡¯s landscape is the

result of internal and external forces

constantly acting upon the surface.

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