LDC Representation in Non-Legislative Drafting of ...
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES’ REPRESENTATION IN THE NON-LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW
Mateo Goldman
Main Issue: To what degree do different drafting methods affect the representation of least developed nations’ interest in international contract law?
I. Trends in International Contract Law
a. UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods-CISG (1981)
i. Drafted by UNCITRAL
1. Covers only sale of goods
2. Does not apply to service contracts, etc.
ii. Typical treaty requiring conventional ratification
1. More than 1/3 of all participants were from “third world nations”
2. Convention is still being ratified by new nations today
b. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (1994)
i. Drafted by a committee of 15 members, which required no ratification (Soft Law)
1. Rules cover all forms of contracts
2. Participation minimal by LDCs
3. Unclear the method which members of drafting committee are selected
ii. Recent Use as Hard Law
1. Parties agree that the Principles will be governing law of a contract (lex contractus)
2. International Arbiters use of Principles when governing law is unclear
a. Justified by calling the Principles an example of lex mercatoria
b. And by arbiters inability to use forum law as default
II. Effect on LDCs Ability to Assure their Interests are Represented
a. Typical Method of Protection
i. Choice of ratification
1. Countries can ratify with reservations
2. Or not ratify at all
ii. Democratic effect on drafters to assure all interests are met
b. New Scenario
i. Ratification no longer available because the Principles do not require it
ii. Drafters may not have same sense of accountability
III. Identification of LDC Interests in International Contract Law
i. Arguments Made during Drafting
1. Will look what arguments LDCs made during the drafting of the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles
2. Possible consideration of LDC arguments in other international commercial treaties
ii. General Contract Principles in Favor of LDCs
1. Civil v. Common law
2. Academic analysis considering which international contract principles are best for LDCs
IV. UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
a. Procedures
i. Number of delegates to the convention
ii. Other procedures used to assure participation
b. Substance:
i. How many provisions favored LDC interests?
ii. How many compromises were made by LDCs?
V. UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts
a. Procedures
i. Number of represenatives from LDCs
ii. Other procedures used to assure participation
b. Substance:
i. How many provisions favored LDC interests?
ii. How man compromises were made by LDCs?
VI. Comparison and Analysis
a. To what degree did LDCs secure more or less of its desired provisions in either of the international instruments?
b. If there was a difference, to what degree can that be attributed to the greater democratic protections afforded in the CISG?
c. To what degree are any differences between the treaties a result of the different subject matter of the agreements (i.e. a treaty concerning only goods versus a treaty concerning all contracts)
d. If there was no difference, what general conclusions can be made about the need for democratic assurances in the drafting of international commercial treaties?
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