Ga. Milestone Preparation for Life Science



Ga. Milestone Preparation for Life ScienceName___________________________ = 250ptsParent Signature _____________________________Due: Tuesday 4/11/2017Genetics1. In humans, the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eyes (b). What is the probability that two heterozygous brown-eyed parents will have a child with blue eyes??BbB??b??A.0%B.75%C.25%D.50%Classifying Organisms2. A scientist finds a new life form and determines that it is single-celled. Which of the 6 kingdoms could it belong to? Select the list that contains all the possible kingdoms. A.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, and FungiB.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and PlantaeC.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and FungiD.Protista and FungiEvolution3. Peppered moths use the adaptation of camouflage as protection from predators. They may have a variety of colors or shades, but before the Industrial Revolution, they were typically white with black speckles. The Industrial Revolution in the 1880s introduced large-scale pollution into the environment. The pollution resulted in widespread, dark-colored staining of buildings and trees.Which of the following was the most likely effect of the Industrial Revolution on peppered moths in cities? A.The peppered moths adapted an improved sense of sight and smell.B.Over time, the white, speckled moths were outnumbered by plain white moths.C.The population of light-colored moths decreased and the population of dark-colored moths increased.D.The peppered moths developed a tolerance to smog and chemical waste.Evolution4. What does the fossil record reveal about new species of organisms? A.They changed into warm-blooded organisms.B.They evolved over time from older species.C.They developed without any relation to other organisms.D.They became larger over time.Ecosystems5. Look at the diagram above of a food web. What would happen to the food chain if a drought occurred, and the vegetation did not grow? A.The fox would not survive.B.The fox would only be able to live off of energy from the sun.C.The caterpillar, partridge, and rabbit would not survive.D.All of the animals in this web would starve.Human Body Systems6. Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, IntestinesWhich organ system do the organs above belong to? A.musculoskeletalB.digestiveC.cardiovascularD.endocrineGenetics7. Each person receives genes from his/her father and mother. Each of those parents received genes from his/her own parents. What fraction of a person's genes comes from each grandparent? A.1/4B.3/4C.1/6D.1/2Classification8. Which is the smallest classification group? A.familyB.speciesC.classD.kingdomBiomes9. Which of the following bodies of water are included in the freshwater biome? I.riversII.oceansIII.lakesIV.streamsA.I, III, and IV onlyB.II onlyC.I and IV onlyD.II and III onlyClassifying Organisms10. Which kingdom consists only of complex multicellular, eukaryotic organisms which must consume or ingest other organisms for nutrition? A.EubacteriaB.AnimaliaC.PlantaeD.FungiGenetics11. There are two types of pea plants: those that produce round seeds and those that produce wrinkled seeds. A single gene controls which type of seed a pea plant will produce.An experiment shows that pea plants containing an allele for wrinkled seeds may still produce round seeds. Based on this information, we can conclude that the allele for wrinkled seeds in pea plants is?_______. A.recessiveB.dominantC.heterozygousD.homozygousEvolution12. What information do fossils provide about plants and animals? A.Animals and plants have not developed together.B.Animals and plants have changed only recently.C.Animals and plants have changed over time.D.Animals and plants have not changed over time.Relationships13. snake : mouse :: bear : ________ A.eagleB.fishC.sharkD.snakeBiomes14. Succulent plants store water. Given this characteristic, which biome would they be best suited to live in? A.freshwaterB.tundraC.desertD.salt waterCells15. Nutrients enter cells through the?_____. A.endoplasmic reticulumB.plasma membraneC.nucleusD.ribosomesEcosystems16. A mite is a tiny organism that may "ride" on top of an insect such as beetle in order to move quickly from place to place.This relationship between the mite and the beetle would be an example of parasitism if A.the mite protects the beetle from predators.B.the beetle is unable to catch prey because it is slowed down by the mite.C.the beetle eats the mite.D.the beetle is neither harmed nor helped by the mite.Genetics17. In humans, the ability to roll one's tongue follows the dominant/recessive pattern of inheritance. The allele for tongue-rolling is dominant to the allele for non-tongue-rolling. If two homozygous parents can roll their tongues, what is the probability that their child will also be able to?Hint: Use the Punnett Square below to help you.?RRR??R??A.100%B.0%C.75%D.50%Human Body Systems18. Brain, Spinal CordWhich organ system do the organs above belong to? A.excretoryB.nervousC.musculoskeletalD.cardiovascularEcosystems19. A bird builds its nest on the branch of a tree. This relationship between the bird and the tree is an example of?_______. mensalismB.petitionD.parasitismCells20. Most of the activities of a cell, including growth and division, are carried out by A.the production of proteins.B.the movement of fats.C.the use of carbohydrates.D.the storage of water.Classifying Organisms21. Use the following dichotomous key to identify an irregular blue flower with five petals and a fruit that is a ripened flower ovary or follicle. Dichotomous Key of Ranunculaceae#1.a. Fruit is a group of akenes.(go to step 2)b. Fruit is a group of follicles.(go to step 4)#2.a. Petals are not present.(go to step 3)b. Petals are present.(Ranunculus)#3.a. The flower has 4 sepals.(Clematis)b. The flower has 5 sepals.(Anemone)#4.a. The flowers are regular.(Aquilegia)b. The flowers are irregular.(Delphinium)The flower is a: A.AnemoneB.ClematisC.RanunculusD.DelphiniumEvolution22. Scientists know that organisms that are more closely related will have DNA sequences more similar to each other than organisms that are distantly related. Which two organisms below would most likely have the fewest similar nucleotide sequences in a given gene? A.orangutan and howler monkeyB.lion and horseC.scorpion and tarantulaD.alligator and earthwormClassifying Organisms23. The following chart summarizes the traits of various types of beans.Kyle is making a dichotomous key to represent this information. Step 4 of his dichotomous key is shown below. Has Kyle made an error?4a.The bean is black.Black Bean</b.4b.The bean is reddish-brown.Kidney BeanA.Yes; "The bean is black" should be "The bean is round."B.Yes; the space that contains "Black Bean" should contain "Go to step 5" instead.C.Yes; the space that contains "Kidney Bean" should contain "Pinto Bean" instead.D.No; this part of the dichotomous key has been written correctly.Ecosystems24. As a bee feeds upon the nectar produced by a flower, the bee may become coated with the flower's pollen. As the bee flies from flower to flower, some of this pollen may contact a flower's pistil, resulting in pollination. This relationship between the bee and the flower is an example of?_______. A.mensalismD.parasitismGenetics25. All organisms need instructions to specify their traits. The instructions, or code, that is responsible for all the inherited traits of an organism A.is passed from the offspring to the parent.B.is held in genetic material called DNA.C.is formed after an organism is fully-grown.D.is stored within the mitochondria of cells.Classifying Organisms26. What is a dichotomous key used to do? A.Divide data into two equal levelsB.Separate coarse and fine particlesC.Classify organismsD.Define terms related to plantsGenetics27. In humans, the allele for attached ear lobes (e) is recessive to the allele for free ear lobes (E). If both of Lisa's parents have attached ear lobes, then A.Lisa may have either attached ear lobes or free ear lobes.B.Lisa must have free ear lobes.C.Lisa must have her ears pierced.D.Lisa must have attached ear lobes.Biomes28. A rodent hibernates to escape the long, cold winter months of this biome. Which biome does the rodent live in? A.tropical rain forestB.fresh waterC.coniferous forestD.desertLab Safety/Metrics29. A graduated cylinder (pictured below) is used to measureA.meters.B.grams.C.volume.D.mass.Cells30. Which of the following types of organelles are most important in providing a cell with energy? A.vacuolesB.cell membranesC.mitochondriaD.nucleiScientific Method31. Why is it important to accurately report procedures and results from an experiment? A.So that others can repeat the experiment to see if they get similar resultsB.So that others can check that the experiment was done correctlyC.So that others can disprove the results of the experimentD.So that others can admire your workClassifying OrganismsTwo scientists traveled to a remote island in the ocean. While on the island, they discovered several animals never before seen. The scientists identified and recorded several characteristics of each of the different animals. Those data are given in the table below.AnimalNumber of legsTailFoodHabitatA4yesmeatmountainB4yesplantsjungleC6yesplantsjungleD6noplantscavesE8nomeatwaterF8nomeatwaterThe scientists needed this information in order to group the organisms. One way to do this is to create a classification system such as the one shown in the figure below. 32. Which of the following pairs of animals CANNOT be separated into two different categories in the classification system shown in the figure? A.animals B and DB.animals C and FC.animals E and FD.animals A and CGenetics33. Which choice below best shows various types of genetic material in order from simplest to most complex? A.gene genome chromosomeB.gene chromosome genomeC.chromosome gene genomeD.genome gene chromosomeGenetics34. In a particular type of cat, coat color follows the dominant/recessive pattern of inheritance. The allele for a brown coat (B) is dominant to the allele for a white coat (b).One of Mariam's cats is homozygous dominant (BB) and the other cat is heterozygous (Bb). Which of the following is true about Mariam's cats? A.They have different genotypes but the same phenotype.B.They have the same genotype but different phenotypes.C.They have the same genotype and the same phenotype.D.They have different genotypes and different phenotypes.Cells35. Which cell organelle is where proteins are made? A.vacuoleB.ribosomesC.mitochondrionD.nucleusBiomes36. Which of the following biomes receives at least 50?inches (127?cm) of rain per year, is warm year-round, and is usually found near the equator? A.savannahB.tropical rainforestC.grasslandD.deciduous forestHuman Body Systems37. The main purpose of the endocrine system is to produce: A.neurons.B.hemoglobin.C.hormones.D.white blood cells.Evolution38. Which of the following is true about natural selection? A.Natural selection does not cause a species to change.B.Natural selection usually causes a species to change gradually.C.Natural selection is the only cause of changes in a species.D.Natural selection usually causes a species to change suddenly.Human Body Systems39. The major function of the respiratory system is to: A.cleanse the body of toxins, poisons, and harmful chemicals.B.give the heart the energy it needs to circulate blood.C.provide oxygen to the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body.D.maintain the digestive system of the body so that it can continue to operate.Ecosystems40. Examine the organism below.Which of the following types of environments would best support this organism? A.desertB.taigaC.marshD.tundraHuman Body Systems41. The _______ system breaks down food, and the _______ system transports nutrients to the cells of the body. A.circulatory; digestiveB.nervous; excretoryC.digestive; nervousD.digestive; circulatoryEcosystems42. All ecosystems contain at least one population of organisms. Which of the following could be considered a population? A.a mockingbird and its nestB.a grove of apple treesC.a group of deer and miceD.a pile of clamshellsHuman Body Systems43. The ______ system senses changes in the internal and external environment so that the body can adapt to the changes. A.endocrineB.nervousC.circulatoryD.reproductiveEcosystems44. A glacier recedes and exposes bare rock. Which of the following will most likely occur next? A.The bare rock will quickly break down into soil.B.Trees will start to grow over the bare rock.C.Lichen will colonize the bare rock.D.Small animals will move into the area.Human Body Systems45. The purpose of the digestive system is to break down food into simple molecules that the _______ of the body can use. A.chemicalsB.enzymesC.cellsD.microorganismsBiomes46. Which two biomes have little precipitation? A.temperate forest and prairieB.tundra and desertC.coniferous forest and grasslandD.desert and taigaEvolution47. Scientists know that organisms that are more closely related will have DNA sequences more similar to each other than organisms that are distantly related. Which two organisms below would most likely have the fewest similar nucleotide sequences in a given gene? A.lion and horseB.orangutan and howler monkeyC.scorpion and tarantulaD.alligator and earthwormOrganization of Living Things48. Which shows the correct relationships from LEAST complex to MOST complex? A.cell organ tissue system organismB.cell tissue organ system anism system organ tissue anism organ tissue system cellEvolution49. What information do fossils provide about plants and animals? A.Animals and plants have not changed over time.B.Animals and plants have not developed together.C.Animals and plants have changed over time.D.Animals and plants have changed only recently.Evolution50. Fossils are most commonly found in which type of rock? A.paleolithicB.sedimentaryC.igneousD.metamorphicCells51. In which cell organelle does photosynthesis take place? A.chloroplastsB.cell wallC.ribosomesD.mitochondrionBiomes52. _______ is the largest continental biome. It experiences long, cold winters; short, mild summers; and low precipitation. It is characterized by coniferous forests. A.MountainB.TundraC.SavannahD.TaigaGenetics53. A widow's peak is a V-shaped area of the hairline in the center of the forehead. The allele for having a widow's peak is dominant to the allele for not having a widow's peak.If two parents do not have widow's peaks, what is the probability that their child will have a widow's peak? A.0%B.25%C.50%D.75%Human Body Systems54. The nervous system is the major ______ system of the body. A.protectiveB.transportC.controlD.outputEvolution55. Why is the fossil record unable to provide a full portrait of the times in which the fossilized animals and plants lived? A.The fossil record does not include plants.B.The fossil record is incomplete.C.The fossil record is made of stone.D.The fossil record does not include nests.Relationships56. Sometimes two organisms of different species are adapted to living together for the mutual benefit of both. For example, a fungus and an alga living together form a lichen. This association is a type of A.parasitism.B.symbiosis.C.protective adaptation.D.camouflage.Classifying Organisms57. The following chart summarizes the traits of various types of beans.Kyle is making a dichotomous key to represent this information. On Kyle's dichotomous key, how should step 2 look? A.2a.The bean is dark-colored.White northern2b.The bean is light-colored.Go to step 3B.2a.The bean is light-colored.White northern2b.The bean is dark-colored.Go to step 4C.2a.The bean is light-colored.White northern2b.The bean is dark-colored.Go to step 3D.2a.The bean is light-colored.Garbanzo bean2b.The bean is dark-colored.Go to step 3Cells58. In a cell, what is the function of the cell membrane? A.It removes waste and stores ingested food.B.It only maintains the cell shape.C.It controls the entry and exit of substances.D.It generates energy for the cell.Cells59. Which of the following is a substance that is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus, which primarily consists of water and holds organelles? A.cell membraneB.cytoplasmC.mitochondriaD.chloroplastCells60. Once it has passed through the plasma membrane, this simple sugar is broken down to make a form of energy needed by the cell. What is the name of the simple sugar? A.fatB.waterC.glucoseD.proteinGenetics61. The offspring of a plant that reproduces asexually will A.share all of the parent's characteristics.B.be incapable of producing flowers.C.develop fruit even if the parent did not.D.fail to grow and develop normally.Genetics62. In pea plants, the allele for tallness (T) is dominant to the allele for shortness (t). In the cross between a tall pea plant and a short pea plant shown below, what is the probability that the resulting offspring will be tall??Ttt??t??A.25%B.75%C.100%D.50%Genetics63. In eukaryotic nuclei, DNA and proteins are packaged into organized cellular structures known as?_______. A.vacuolesB.chromosomesC.gametesD.diploidsBiomes64. A biome that experiences the seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall, and non-extreme temperatures is likely to be a(n) _______ biome. A.tundraB.temperateC.arcticD.tropicalCells65. What type of organism is a one-celled organism that functions as a single unit? A.bicellularB.precellularC.unicellularD.multicellularBiomes66. Which of the following features would help a plant adapt to a tropical forest biome? A.wide leaves with fine hairsB.waxy leaves with drip tipsC.thick, rough barkD.deep, branching rootsCells67. What are the most basic building blocks of all organisms? A.ansC.bloodD.cellsEvolution68. In the living world, there is a great deal of genetic variation. The genetic information of dogs differs from the genetic information of cats. The genetic information of plants differs from the genetic information of bacteria. Your genetic information differs from your father's genetic information, and so on. Which of the following is least likely to be a source of genetic variation among living organisms? A.mutationsB.meiosisC.asexual reproductionD.sexual reproductionGenetics69. A _______?is a basic unit of hereditary information. It contains a specific segment of DNA that influences a particular trait or group of traits. A.genomeB.nucleusC.geneD.gameteClassifying Organisms70. A scientist finds a new life form and determines that its cells have a cell wall. Which of the 6 kingdoms could it belong to? Select the list that contains all the possible kingdoms. A.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and PlantaeB.Protista, Plantae, and AnimaliaC.Archaebacteria, Fungi, and AnimaliaD.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, and PlantaePretest - Science71. The graph below shows the relative rates of action of an enzyme at different temperatures.As the temperature increases from 30°C to 50°C, the rate of action of this enzyme A.remains the same.B.increases only.C.increases, then decreases.D.decreases only.Biomes72. Which of the following characteristics refers to a savannah biome, but not to a temperate prairie biome? A.isolated treesB.primary plant life is thick grassesC.tropical or subtropical locationD.herds of grazing animalsClassifying OrganismsAnimal Groups73. Looking at the two groups of animals provided, which of the following features of Group 1 makes it unique from Group 2? A.feathersB.feetC.clawsD.eyesCells74. Which organelle generates most of the energy the cell needs to function and stay alive? A.nucleusB.mitochondrion C.cytoplasmD.chloroplastBiomes75. In which biome are you likely to find an organism that has a white coat in winter and a light brown coat in summer? A.tropical rainforestB.desertC.coniferous forestD.savannaHuman Body Systems76. The ______ system plays the key role in allowing organisms to have offspring and pass on their unique genetic information. A.musculoskeletalB.nervousC.reproductiveD.cardiovascularScientific Method - Science77. Which graph is the best representation of the data in the table below?StudentNumber of PetsAlex4Betsy3Charlie1Danielle2W.X.Y.Z.A.ZB.XC.WD.YEcosystems78. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an environment can support for a long period of time. What might happen when a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the land? A.The population will eventually learn to use other resources.B.The population improves the dynamics of the local ecosystem.C.The population uses up its resources faster than they are replenished.D.Nothing should happen to the population or the ecosystem it lives in.Ecosystems79. Rabbits and sheep both graze on shrubs, grasses, and other plants. The sharp rise in the population of rabbits in a region may result in a shortage of plants for sheep to graze upon. This relationship between sheep and rabbits is an example of?_______. mensalismC.parasitismD.predationCells80. What is the function of a vesicle, sometimes called a vacuole, in an animal cell? A.It engulfs pathogens that have invaded the cell.B.It stores substances such as food, water, and wastes.C.It is the location where photosynthesis occurs.D.It generates all of the energy for the cell.Evolution81. Examine the evolutionary diagram below. What does the diagram imply about the peafowl and field mouse?A.They share a remote common ancestor.B.They did not evolve from older forms of life.C.They are unrelated.D.They share a recent common ancestor.Genetics82. _________ can be described as alternate forms of a particular gene. A.DNA moleculesB.ChromosomesC.ChromatidsD.AllelesHuman Body Systems83. The main function of the excretory system is to eliminate _______ from the body. A.wasteB.energyC.oxygenD.diseaseBiomes84. A partially-enclosed coastal region where sea water mixes with freshwater is called a(n)?_______. A.estuaryB.straitC.gulfD.peninsulaCells85. In a living organism, what is a tissue? A.the shell or skin of an organismB.smallest unit that can carry on the activities of lifeC.a group of similar cells that perform a common functionD.a group of organs that regulates the body's responses to stimuliEcosystems86. Which of the following is a producer in the food web shown above? A.tadpoleB.decayed matterC.grassD.antBiomes87. Which of the following is true about the marine biome? anisms with a low tolerance for salt thrive in the marine biome.B.The terrestrial biome has a major effect on the weather patterns of the marine biome.C.The marine biome experiences a smaller degree of temperature change than the terrestrial biome.D.The marine biome includes the freshwater and saltwater biomes.Biomes88. Which of the following is an example of an estuary? A.pondB.lakeC.salt marshD.upstream part of a riverEcosystems89. Which of the following is a secondary consumer in the food web shown above? A.grasshopperB.lizardC.tadpoleD.algaeCells90. The ________ is a membrane-bound organelle that contains an organism's genetic material and helps control and regulate cellular processes. A.ribosomeB.nucleusC.cell membraneD.mitochondrionEvolution91. Some species that appear to be very different from other species can actually have similar anatomy. For example, scientists believe that whales evolved from land mammals. One reason for this is the presence of several functionless hind-limb bones still found internally in a number of whale species.What is the term for a reduced, often functionless anatomical structure that serves as evidence of an organism's evolutionary past?A.homologous structureB.vestigial structureC.absorbed structureD.trace structureBiomes92. A particular species of lizard lives underground for much of the day, escaping the heat. This species of lizard probably lives in a _____. A.deciduous forestB.tundraC.oceanD.desertHuman Body Systems93. The skin acts as a physical barrier and prevents foreign substances entering the body. In which system is the skin playing a role by performing this function? A.nervous systemB.immune systemC.excretory systemD.digestive systemEcosystems94. Decomposers are important in an ecosystem because theyI.use sunlight to make food.II.keep dead matter from "piling up." III.restore essential nutrients to the ecosystem.A.II and III onlyB.I and II onlyC.I, II, and IIID.II onlyClassifying Organisms95. #1. Does the insect have wings?YesGo to #2NoGo to #6#2. How many pairs of wings does the insect have?OneOrder DipteraTwoGo to #3#3. Does the insect have very short antennae?YesGo to #4NoOrder Odonata#4. Are there two or three long, slender, tail-like appendages at the tip of the abdomen?YesOrder EphemeropteraNoGo to 5#5. Does the insect have five segments on each leg?YesOrder NeuropteraNoOrder Isoptera#6. Is the insect ant-like with a narrow waist?YesOrder HymenopteraNoGo to 7#7. Are the antennae long, and composed of many segments?YesOrder PsocopteraNoOrder MallophagaAccording to the dichotomous key above, to which order does the insect belong? A.DipteraB.OdonataC.IsopteraD.EphemeropteraClassifying OrganismsDichotomous Key of Chlorophyll-Containing Organisms #1.a. This organism is not a plant.(algae)b. This organism is a plant.(go to step 2)#2.a. This plant does not have vascular tissue.(go to step 3)b. This plant has vascular tissue.(go to step 4)#3.a. This plant's spore-producing capsule opens by splitting lengthwise.(liverworts)b. This plant's spore-producing capsule releases spore through the tip of the capsule.(mosses)#4.a. This plant does not produce seeds.(go to step 5)b. This plant produces seeds.(go to step 7)#5.a. This plant has hollow stems containing silica.(horsetails)b. This plant does not have hollow stems containing silica. (go to step 6)#6.a. This plant produces on the underside of its fronds.(ferns)b. This plant produces spores in conelike tips(club mosses)#7.a. This plant does not produce flowers.(gymnosperms)b. This plant produces flowers.(angiosperms)96. Your teacher gives you a plant that does NOT have vascular tissue. However, it has a spore-producing capsule that opens by splitting lengthwise. What type of organism is it? A.LiverwortB.AngiospermC.FernD.MossHuman Body Systems97. The main purpose of the ______ system is to distribute blood throughout the body. A.musculoskeletalB.circulatoryC.digestiveD.respiratoryClassifying Organisms98. A scientist finds a new life form and determines that it is multicellular. Which of the 6 kingdoms could it belong to? Select the list that contains all the possible kingdoms. A.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, and FungiB.Archaebacteria, Fungi, and PlantaeC.Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and AnimaliaD.Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, and AnimaliaEvolution99. Natural selection A.results in changes to a species immediately.B.results in changes to a species over a long period of time.C.results in no changes to a species.D.results in a species being wiped out completely.Evolution100. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? A.Pesticides are sprayed in a field, resulting in an increase in crop growth and a decrease in insect population.B.To produce a more desirable fruit, a farmer crosses a tree that produces sweet oranges with a tree that produces large oranges.C.Cricket Frogs prefer to sleep during the day, while Red-eyed Tree Frogs prefer to sleep during the night.D.Rabbits with a mutation for longer, thicker fur survive an unusually cold winter, while many normal rabbits do not survive.Explanations1. A person that is heterozygous for a particular trait has two different alleles for that trait (in this case, B and b, or Bb). Since the allele for blue eyes is recessive to the allele for brown eyes, an individual must be homozygous recessive (bb) to have blue eyes. To help solve this problem, set up a Punnett Square with two heterozygous parents:?BbBBBBbbBbbbOut of the four possibilities, only one will result in blue eyes (bb). So, the probability that two heterozygous brown-eyed parents will have a child with blue eyes is 1/4, or 25%.2. All of the species in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria kingdoms are single-celled and some of the species in the Protista and Fungi kingdoms are single-celled.3. After the Industrial Revolution began, the pollution began staining buildings and trees in a dark, blackish color. While on these dark-colored surfaces, the light-colored peppered moths were much more visible to predators than before. On the other hand, the rare, dark-colored peppered moths had a new advantage: they camouflaged well with the dark surfaces, and thus were less visible to predators. So, the Industrial Revolution caused the population of light-colored peppered moths living in cities to decrease and the population of dark-colored moths to increase.4. According to the fossil record, new species of organisms evolved over time from older species. The fossils suggest that organisms adapted to their environment and one species acted as a “stepping stone” to the next species.5. The vegetation relies on the energy from the sun to grow. Most of the animals rely on the vegetation for food. If they don't have any food to eat, they will starve and die. If they starve and die, then the fox will also not have any food to eat, and the fox will likewise starve.6. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are the key components of the digestive system.9. The freshwater biome includes rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. Oceans are a part of the saltwater biome.10. Organisms in the Animalia kingdom are heterotrophic and must consume or eat other organisms for nutrition. They cannot manufacture complex organic compounds from the environment like autotrophic organisms are able to do.11. If an organism always expresses a trait when it has the allele for that trait, then the allele is dominant. If an organism does not necessarily express a trait when it has the allele for that trait, then the allele is recessive. In this case, a pea plant that contains an allele for wrinkled seeds may still produce round seeds. Therefore, we can conclude that the allele for wrinkled seeds in pea plants is recessive.12. Fossils provide evidence that animals and plants have changed over time.14. Desert biomes have a very low rainfall. Organisms that store water, like succulent plants, are adapted to limited water conditions.15. The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, controls what goes in and out of the cell, including the nutrients cells require.16. Parasitism is a type of relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed. The organism that benefits is called the parasite and the organism that is harmed is called the host.In this case, the mite benefits because it gains transportation from the beetle.If the weight of the mite slows down the beetle and keeps the beetle from capturing prey, then the beetle is harmed by the relationship. This would be an example of parasitism.17. Complete the Punnett Square:?RRRRRRRRRRRRThe child is guaranteed to be able to roll his/her tongue.18. The brain and spinal cord are the key components of the nervous system.19. Commensalism is a type of relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected. In this case, the bird gains a place for its habitat. The tree is neither harmed nor helped by the bird's nest. Since one organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected, this is an example of commensalism.20. Proteins are large molecules made using the instructions contained in the genetic material of the cell. Proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the cell.21. The fruit of the flower is a follicle which directs you to 4. The flowers are irregular which indicates that the flower is a Delphinium.22. Organisms classified into the same genus, family, and even order will have DNA sequences that are more similar to each other than organisms outside of that grouping. Scorpions and tarantulas are both invertebrates. Lions and horses are both mammals. Orangutans and howler monkeys are both primates. An alligator is a vertebrate and an earthworm is an invertebrate.23. According to the chart, if a bean is black, then it is a black bean. If it is reddish-brown, then it is a kidney bean. So this part of the dichotomous key has been written correctly.24. Mutualism is a type of relationship or interaction between two organisms that benefits both organisms. In this case, the bee obtains food from the flower, which the bee uses for energy. At the same time, the bee spreads the flower's pollen, which aids in the flower's reproduction. Since both organisms benefit, this is an example of mutualism.25. The instructions, or code, that is responsible for all the inherited traits of an organism is held in genetic material called DNA. The DNA is passed from the parent or parents to the offspring and may be found stored in the nucleus or floating freely within the organism's cell(s).26. A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. 27. Attached ear lobes are recessive to free ear lobes, so an individual must be homozygous recessive (ee) in order to have attached ear lobes. Therefore, we can conclude that since both of Lisa's parents have attached ear lobes, they are both homozygous recessive (ee). In a cross between two homozygous recessive parents, all offspring will be homozygous recessive, as shown in the Punnett Square below: ?eeeeeeeeeeeeSince Lisa must be homozygous recessive, she must have attached ear lobes.28. Coniferous forests experience long, cold winter months. During this time many of the animals in these forests hibernate or migrate to warmer areas, returning after the long, cold winter months.30. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that generate (by chemiosmosis) most of the energy the cell needs to function and stay alive.32. According to the chart:Animals A and B will go in Box 1Animal C will go in Box 3Animals D, E, and F will go in Box 4Animals E and F are both in Box 4, so they cannot be separated into two different categories.33. A gene refers to a particular segment of DNA that controls or influences a particular trait of an organism. A chromosome is a structure that packages an entire DNA molecule with proteins and other elements. An entire DNA molecule contains many genes. The genome of an organism refers to its complete genetic makeup and includes the organism's entire set of chromosomes.So, from simplest to most complex, these items are ordered as follows:gene chromosome genome34. A genotype is an organism's specific combination of alleles for a gene. A phenotype is an organism's physical characteristic(s) resulting from its genotype. In this case, the two cats have different genotypes: one is BB and one is Bb. However, both cats have the same phenotype: they both have brown coats.35. Ribosomes are sub-cellular structures responsible for making proteins.36. Tropical rainforests are warm, wet environments typically located near the equator. They can receive as much as 400?inches (1,016?cm) of rain per year. The temperature remains warm—from 70°F to 85°F (or 21°C to 29°C) on average—all day long and year-round. Tropical rainforests produce 40% of the Earth's oxygen.37. The function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones. These hormones are released into the blood and affect other systems of the body. An example is insulin, which is released by the endocrine system and stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells.38. When natural selection results in changes in a species, these changes generally develop gradually, over many generations, rather than suddenly. Imagine a species that is well-established in an ecosystem. It is very rare that an environmental change will wipe out most of the population in a single generation. In reality, the organisms that are better-suited for the environmental change will become more abundant over many generations. The organisms without the favorable traits will be at a disadvantage, but will not vanish immediately. Instead, their populations will decrease gradually through many generations of competition with the favorable specimens.39. The main function of the respiratory system is to provide the body with the oxygen the cells need and to eliminate carbon dioxide waste from the body. The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood.40. An egret’s long legs and splayed feet allow it to walk through the muddy, partially-submerged fields found in marshes. Its pointed beak helps the egret stab at fish swimming through the marsh’s shallow waters.41. The digestive system breaks down food into small nutrient particles. Then, the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the circulatory system.42. A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. For example, all of the buttercups growing in a meadow could be considered a population.43. The main function of the nervous system is to sense changes in both the internal and the external environment. The nervous system sends signals to various parts of the body in response to the changes. These signals trigger actions that allow the body to react to the changes.44. Succession often quickly occurs in an area where bare rock is exposed. First, lichen, mosses, and other pioneer species colonize the rock. This attracts small insects to the area. Over time, a layer of soil builds up and more and more kinds of species are able to live in the area.45. The function of the digestive system is to take in food and break down the food into simple molecules that the cells of the body can use. The simple molecules are absorbed into the blood and transported to the cells that will use them.47. Organisms classified into the same genus, family, and even order will have DNA sequences that are more similar to each other than organisms outside of that grouping. Scorpions and tarantulas are both invertebrates. Lions and horses are both mammals. Orangutans and howler monkeys are both primates. An alligator is a vertebrate and an earthworm is an invertebrate.49. Fossils provide evidence that animals and plants have changed over time.50. Fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock, which forms as layers of material settle upon each other, press together, and harden over time.51. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll, hence providing the green color. This is where photosynthesis occurs.52. Taiga is the largest continental biome. It experiences long, cold winters; short, mild summers; and low precipitation. It is characterized by coniferous forests. Taiga covers most of Canada and Siberia. Taiga is not found in the Southern Hemisphere.53. Having a widow's peak is a dominant trait. So, if two parents do not have widow's peaks, this means neither parent has an allele for a widow's peak. They are both homozygous recessive. Since they do not have an allele for widow's peak, they cannot pass an allele for a widow's peak to their child. Their child will also be homozygous recessive, and will not have a widow's peak.54. The nervous system is the major control system of the body. The nervous system communicates with the other systems of the body, controlling and directing the activities and actions of the body.55. The fossil record is not complete or representative of the times in which the fossilized animals and plants lived. Accordingly, scientists often make educated guesses about the appearance of the plants and animals as well as the environment in which they lived.57. According to the chart, if a bean is light colored, then it is a white northern. If it is dark-colored, at least one more step (step 3) is required to identify the bean.58. The cell membrane is responsible for the controlled entry and exit of ions like sodium (Na) potassium (K), calcium (Ca++).59. Cytoplasm is the substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus which primarily consists of water and holds organelles.60. Glucose, a simple sugar, enters the cell through the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, glucose is broken down to make ATP, a form of energy.62. In this cross, notice that the tall parent is heterozygous (Tt). Any offspring that are heterozygous (Tt) or homozygous dominant (TT) will be tall. Complete the Punnett Square to help solve the problem:?TttTttttTtttOut of the four possibilities, two will result in tall offspring (Tt). So, the probability that the offspring will be tall is 2/4, or 50%.63. In eukaryotic nuclei, DNA and proteins are packaged into organized cellular structures known as chromosomes.In a eukaryotic chromosome, a single strand of DNA is wound and coiled many times around a variety of proteins. If DNA were not wound and coiled in this manner and instead existed as an independent strand, it would be extremely long. In fact, if the DNA in a human cell were stretched out, it would be about six feet long.64. A biome that experiences the seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall, and non-extreme temperatures is likely to be a temperate biome. The temperate regions of the Earth are found at latitudes between the tropics and the polar circles. Temperate zones are characterized by unpredictable weather and mild, rather than extreme, temperatures. The United States is located entirely within the northern temperate zone. 65. Unicellular organisms are one-celled organisms that are complete within themselves. Cells must function independently at this level in order to keep these organisms alive.66. Thick waxy leaves allow excess water to run off the leaves' surface and discourage growth of bacteria and fungi. Given the heavy rainfall, the waxy leaves are an important adaptation to the tropical forest biome.67. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Cells may exist as independent units of life or form tissues in multicellular plants and animals.Tissues may also be grouped together into organs, which, in turn, may be grouped together in organ systems.68. There are many sources of genetic variation among living organisms. Mutations, or changes to an organism's genetic material, are a significant source of genetic variation. Sexual reproduction results in an offspring that has a combination of genetic material from its parents. This contributes to genetic variation.Meiosis is the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms produce unique gametes, or sex cells. The unique gamete of one parent can fuse with the unique gamete of another parent to produce a unique offspring. This results in increased genetic variation.Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically-identical to the parent. Therefore, asexual reproduction is least likely to be a source of genetic variation.69. A gene can be defined as a basic unit of hereditary information which refers to a specific segment of DNA that influences a particular trait or group of traits. A chromosome contains many genes, and an organism's genome is the compete set of genetic information for the organism.70. Unlike the other kingdoms, all of the species in the Archaebacteria, Fungi, and Plantae kingdoms have a cell wall. Some of the species in the Eubacteria and Protista kingdoms have cell walls. Species from the Animalia kingdom do not have cell walls.72. A savannah biome is found in tropical or subtropical regions and characterized by scrubland, isolated trees, grazing mammals, and a seasonal cycle of rainy and dry seasons.A temperate prairie biome is found in the dry temperate interiors of continents. This biome is characterized by rich soil, moderate rainfall, a hot, dry climate, thick grasses, isolated trees, and herds of grazing animals.73. The animals in Group 1 have feathers; the animals in Group 2 do not.Therefore, feathers are the feature of Group 1 that makes it unique from Group 2.75. Coniferous forests experience extreme differences between summer and winter. During the winter, the surface is often covered in snow. In the spring, the snow melts and changes the appearance of the landscape. In order to blend in to the environment, organisms have adapted to produce a summer light brown coat and a white winter coat.76. The reproductive system plays the key role in allowing organisms to have offspring and pass on their unique genetic information.78. When a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the land, environmental degradation occurs. The population will eventually begin to starve because of the lack of resources. An ecosystem in which starving animals are scrambling for food is an ecological disaster.79. Competition takes place when two or more organisms or species within an ecosystem seek the same resource. Food, water, sunlight, and habitat are all examples of resources that organisms compete for.In this case, the sheep and rabbits both seek the same food resource: small plants. Therefore, this is an example of competition.80. A vesicle is a small membrane-bound, fluid-filled space. Though they are still referred to as vacuoles by many biologists, vesicles are smaller and have slightly different functions. In plant cells, the central vacuole is important for maintaining turgor pressure.In animal cells, vesicles store substances such as food, water, and wastes.81. Evolutionary relationships are often shown in branching diagrams. Every time a new line branches off from the original line, a new species is being introduced. In this diagram, there is only one organism represented to start with but four different organisms have evolved from the original organism at the end of the diagram. The peafowl and chick evolved from an early bird. The field mouse and rat evolved from an early mammal. The early bird and early mammal evolved from an early vertebrate.82. Alleles can be described as alternate forms of a particular gene.For example, the allele for brown eyes, the allele for blue eyes, and the allele for green eyes are all variations of the gene that codes for eye color.83. The excretory system eliminates waste materials from the body. The waste materials are unwanted byproducts of metabolism and include water, salts, urea, and toxins.84. A partially-enclosed coastal region where sea water mixes with freshwater is called an estuary. Estuaries are typically found at the mouth of a stream or river. Estuaries are complex ecosystems, rich in marine life.85. A tissue is a group of similar cells which perform the same function within a multicellular organism. Tissues can group together to form organs, and organs can work together in organ systems.86. Producers are organisms that produce their own food. In this food web, grass and algae are producers. Consumers depend upon producers as their basic food source. Producers depend upon sunlight to make food. In this way, sunlight is the ultimate energy source for almost all living organisms.87. The marine biome, or saltwater biome, is the largest on Earth, covering about 75% of the Earth's surface.Because land heats up and cools down much more quickly than water, the marine biome experiences a smaller degree of temperature change than the terrestrial biome. However, the marine biome has a major impact on the weather patterns in the terrestrial biome. Organisms that live within the marine biome are adapted to handle high salt concentrations.88. An estuary is an area where fresh water and salty ocean waters mix together. These areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. These brackish (salt mixed with fresh) water ecosystems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and other wildlife with nutrients from the ocean. 89. Consumers are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must feed upon other organisms. Secondary consumers feed upon primary consumers and/or other secondary consumers. In this food web, the lizard, frog and duck are secondary consumers because they feed upon primary consumers (ant, grasshopper, or tadpole). 90. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains an organism's genetic material and helps control and regulate cellular processes. The nucleus contains the DNA, which is the genetic blueprint for the organism and contains the instructions for regulating the cell's activities. 91. Vestigial structures are structures in an organism that are reduced in size and function but may have been complete and functional in the organism's ancestors.Homologous structures are structures found on one species that have the same basic structure and embryonic origin as those found on another species.92. Some deserts are known to be hot, dry biomes. Many of the animals in these deserts escape underground during the day or hide under rocks when the sun is out.93. The function of the immune system is to protect the body from foreign substances including bacteria and viruses. The skin is one of the organs of the immune system. It protects the body from foreign substances by providing a physical barrier.94. Decomposers are important because when they break down dead matter, they restore essential nutrients to the ecosystem which are used by plants to make food. Also, decomposers keep dead matter from "piling up" in the ecosystem.95. #1 - The insect does have wings, so go to #2.#2 - The insect has 2 pairs of wings, so go to #3.#3 - The insect has long antennae.Therefore, the insect belongs to the Order Odonata.96. 1--This organism is a plant--so go to #22--This organism does NOT have vascular tissue--so go to #33--This organism has a spore-producing capsule that opens by splitting lengthwise--so it is a liverwort.97. The circulatory system is made up of the heart and the blood vessels. The purpose of the circulatory system is to distribute blood throughout the body. The blood travels through the blood vessels, while the heart acts as the pump.98. Multicellular organisms can be found in all of the kingdoms except for the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria kingdoms.100. Natural selection is the process by which nature "selects" which traits (or even which types of organisms) will continue to exist in a population over time. Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to thrive, survive, and reproduce than organisms without favorable traits.In this case, the rabbits with longer, thicker fur have an advantage over normal rabbits because they are able to stay warmer during an unusually cold winter. As a result, a higher percentage of rabbits with longer, thicker fur will reproduce than normal rabbits. In this way, nature selects organisms with longer, thicker fur. ................
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