DIALOGUES AND COVERSATIONS - Naalya Secondary Schools



S.3 English Paper 1 LETTER WRITINGINFORMAL LETTERSComponents of an Informal letterWriter’s addressDateSalutationBodyRegardsSigning off with nameStructure of an Informal Letter 1.Your address 2. Date3. Salutation 4. BodyIntroductory paragraphMain paragraphsConclusion Complementary Close 6. Your NameFORMAL LETTERSFormal letters must be clear, concise and complete. The effectiveness of a formal letter determines the kind of response the writer is likely to receive. The different kinds of formal letters include; invitation letters, recommendation letters, letters of complaint, letters of inquiry, letters of application, appreciation letters, resignation letters, letters of motivation, order letters, letters of condolence, letters of apology, PONENTS OF A FORMAL LETTEREvery formal letter must contain the following aspects.Writer’s addressDate Addressee’s addressSalutationReferenceIntroduction Main Body/main ideasConclusion Complementary close SignatureName Designation/Title of the writerFormat of an Official LetterSender’s Address 2. Date Recipient’s name and addressSalutationHeading/referenceBodyIntroductory paragraphMain paragraphs/ideasConclusion 7. Complementary Close 8. Signature 9. Your Name (capital letters) 10. Title/designationENDING A LETTER:a) Yours FaithfullyIf you did not address the person by name, end the letter this way. b) Yours SincerelyIf you addressed the person by name, end the letter this way. c) Your signatureSign your name, then print it underneath the signature in capital letters. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male or female, put your title in brackets after your name. WRITING REPORTSKinds of ReportIncidental/Spot ReportConfidential/Letter ReportMemo Type ReportResearch/Investigative/Long ReportActivity/General ReportLetter/ Confidential ReportThese are reports written using the formal letter format. We often refer to them as confidential reports and are usually used in institutional administrators when dealing with their employees. Components of a Letter/Confidential ReportSender’s addressDateReceiver’s addressSalutationSubject/referenceBodyIntroductionMain detailsConclusionComplementary closeSignatureDesignation/title/positionMEMO TYPE REPORTThis is a kind of report written using the memo format. It also entails a number of aspects that other reports ponents of a Memo Type ReportSender of the reportReceiver of the reportDate Subject/ reference - purpose of the report or what the report is aboutBody of the reportIntroductionMain detailsConclusionSignatureName (capital letters)Designation/title/positionINCIDENTAL/SPOT REPORTThis is the kind of report about incidents/ events/ happenings that we do not plan for. These include accidents, fights, unplanned attacks, ponents of Incident/Spot ReportTitle (receiver and purpose of report or what report is about)IntroductionMain detailsConclusionSignatureName (capital letters)Designation/title/positionDate ACTIVITY/GENERAL REPORTThis is a kind of report that deals with day to day planned activities. Such activities can range from parties, academic trips, school activities like Music Dance and Drama, Sports, academic activities, ponents of a General/Activity ReportTitle (it must include the receiver and purpose of the report/ main topic to be discussed)IntroductionFindings/detailsChallengesConclusionRecommendationsSignatureName (capital letters)Designation/title/positionDateRESEARCH/INVESTIGATIVE/LONG REPORTThis is a kind of report that deals with investigating of issues in detail for example a strike in a school, a sex scandal in a company, increased indiscipline in school, mysterious attacks in a place, etcComponents of a Good Investigative/ Research reportTitle/subject/reference including receiver and purpose of reportIntroductionTerms of Reference (scope of report or issues to be covered)Procedure/methods to be used in information/data collectionFindings/main detailsConclusion Recommendations (optional)SignatureName (capital letters)DesignationDate (written formally) PUBLIC SPEAKINGKinds of speechesDebate speechEulogy/tribute /funeral speechChurch sermonsVote of thanksGeneral speechesTHE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A SPEECHTitle – it includes the speaker, the nature of the occasion, the date of the occasion and venue.Protocol-order of hierarchyGreetingSelf-introductionIntroduction of the topicMain supportive ideas or evidenceConclusion WRITING MINUTES OF A MEETINGFORMAT OF MEETING MINUTESTitle: it includes nature/purpose of the meeting, Date of the meeting, Time of the Meeting and Venue/Location of Meeting:Attendance List - Members Present, Members Absent with Apology and Members absent without apologyAgenda Opening prayerCommunication from the chairpersonReactions/Matters arisingReviewing Minutes of the last meetingElection of a new class monitorAny Other Business (A.O.B)Date of next meeting: (list Date/Time/Location of the next meeting)Closure Signing of secretary and chairperson Secretary and chairperson’s designationTHE MEMORANDUMFrom subordinate to superiorMEMOAddressReceiverSenderDateSubjectIntroductionMain detailsConclusionSignatureName of sender in capital lettersDesignation DIALOGUES AND COVERSATIONSSome Qualities of Good Conversations:Good conversations are those in which genuine communication takes place. In a good conversation:Participants listen actively.Participants reflect before speaking or acting.Participants speak from the heart.Participants have ownership of the terms of the conversation.The conversation promotes mutual recognition and acknowledgement.Participants gain recognition of themselves and one another.The conversation promotes in the participants an inquiring stance about themselves and one another.The conversation promotes equal conversational power for all participants. WRITING ADVERTISEMENTS, ANNOUNCEMENTS AND NOTICES.Writing a Funeral Announcement for a NewspaperWriting a funeral announcement for a newspaper is a lot like the printable announcements. For a newspaper funeral announcement, include:? Name? Residence of the deceased? Survived family? Accomplishments? Funeral date, time and place? Burial date, time and place? Clergy for funeral? Information about memorial contribution? Picture (if necessary).CREATIVE WRITINGMAJOR DON’TS IN CREATIVE WRITINGAvoid use of contracted words.Avoid mixing up tenses.Avoid wrong spellings.Avoid use of scanty introductions.Don’t write work which is not paragraphed.Avoid writing in figure e.g. dates, years, time, age, etc.Slangs should be avoided e.g. mum, dad, auntie, sis, coz, etc.Avoid use of jargons e.g. let us burst.Avoid use of abbreviations.Avoid using idiomatic expressions inappropriately.WHAT A GOOD STORY SHOULD HAVEComponents of a Good Creative StoryPlot – Beginning, Rising action, Climax, Falling action and ResolutionCharacters – protagonists, antagonists, relationships, etcSetting - explicitly describe the physical, time and social setting where the action takes placeAction – vivid description of action dramaticallyConflict - Person vs. the environment, Person vs. person, Person vs. society, Person vs. fateEnding – must resonate with the events that run through the story to making logical sense.Tone – we need to feel the narrator’s or characters excitement, anger, bitterness, agony, frustration, etc through the words they useMood or atmosphere- the feeling created in the reader – fear, anger, tension, anxiety, disappointment, sadness, excitement etcDescriptive WritingIn a standard descriptive story, teach learners to concentrate on appealing to the senses through creating memorable experiences. Taste, Smell, Sight, Sound, Touch and Movement.NB: Learners should graphically describe physical scenes, actions, characters, emotions and feelings, movements, thoughts, etcAspects to Emphasize in a Good StoryOriginality. In this case, the writer should ensure;The story is interesting and fascinating.Choose a captivating title.Use personal imagination.Use varied language.Accuracy. The writer should put emphasis on;SpellingGrammarPunctuationThese make the story follow anisation and development.Make it easy to read and follow.Arrange words, ideas or story carefully.The beginning, middle and end should connect logically.Ensure a sustained account of events.Bear in mind aspects of unity, coherence and emphasis.With coherence, one event should relate to another and should flow in a chronological order.Emphasis is bringing out the central idea-events related to the central idea must be described meticulously.Sentence structureUse varied and complex sentence structure to communicate intended ideas.Use mixture of base and periodic sentences. Use sentences of varying length i.e. sentences should not be of the same length.Use the judicious introduction here and there of balanced sentences.Use sentence inversion and traditional sentence structure.Use simple sentences- subject +verb which express a complete pound sentences should be employed – these contain two independent clauses.Start with action or graphic style.It is good to start a story in the middle to capture the reader’s attention.Choose one episode and build on that.Appeal to the reader’s sense-smell, sight, sound, taste and touch.Build a mental picture in the reader’s mind through use of figurative expression or figure of speech.Employ apt vocabulary and good idiomatic expressions. These help arouse the readers’ enthusiasm and interest. They demonstrate one’s strong linguistic ability. Besides, add many more items of merit like rhetorical questions, similes, metaphors, proverbs, phrasal verbs, binomials, etc. ................
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