AP Semester Exam review
AP Semester Exam review
Early History
• What caused the transformation from hunter-gathering to civilization?
• Features of Sumerian Civilization
• Characteristics of the Neolithic period
• How did the population size of nomadic groups affect the agricultural revolution?
• What was the importance of writing to early civilizations?
• Was Egypt mostly a unified or non-unified state throughout most of its history?
• Was Mesopotamia a unified or non-unified state throughout most of its history?
• Why is the Indus Valley difficult to study?
• Flood patterns of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, and Indus rivers
• Time periods for each of these civilizations
• General religious characteristics (polytheistic?)
• Patriarchy in early societies: why?
• In what area of the world did the earliest civilizations arise?
China
• How did Zhou leaders use the Mandate of Heaven to establish their legitimacy?
• What provided unity and cultural identity in early China?
• Impact of China’s geography- isolation
• Characteristics of Confucianism
• Confucius’ “five basic relationships”
• Characteristics of Legalism – which dynasty embraced?
• Characteristics of Daoism
• Which dynasty was the first to unify China?
• Achievements of the Qin dyansty
• Civil Service Exams- what were they, and which dynasty was the first to use them extensively?
• Compare the Han and Roman empires
• Status of Chinese women
• China during the Ming dynasty
• What was the Mandate of Heaven, which dynasty was the first to “use” it, and what was its impact?
• Importance of the building and extending of the Grand Canal during the Sui-Tang-Song era
Americas
• Characteristics of the Mayan civilization
• An example of Meso-American cultural diffusion
• Location of “Meso-America” (which modern-day territories?)
• The influence of the Olmecs on later Meso-American cultures
• How did the Maya adapt to their environment?
• Compare the Aztecs and Incas in terms of record-keeping and the maintaining of earlier traditions
Rome
• Political organization of the Roman Republic: who had the power?
• Growth of Roman territory- when is it expanding? When does it begin to “fall?”
• Why was Rome divided into two sections and another capital created?
• Which portion of the empire was a center of trade, art, and learning?
• Which portion was more successful in repelling invaders?
• Characteristics of Greco-Roman philosophy- rational thinking
• Influence of the Greeks on the Romans
• Be able to compare Hammurabi’s code to Justinian’s code
• After the fall of the western Roman empire, what was the official language of the Byzantine empire?
India
• Characteristics of Hinduism
• The castes and the duties of each
• Which castes most supported local rulers?
• Where did Hinduism gain the most converts outside of India?
• The Bhagavad-Gita- what is the central message?
• Characteristics of Buddhism
• What causes suffering?
• Zen Buddhism
• Shinto
• Compare Buddhism to Hinduism
• How did Alexander the Great influence the Mauryan empire?
• Accomplishments of the Gupta empire
• Long-term role of Hinduism in Indian society
• Where did Buddhism and Hinduism originate and spread to?
• Four Noble Truths
Judaism and Christianity
• Basic Characteristics of Judaism and Christianity
• What made Judaism unique in the Middle East?
• What was Christianity’s take on many Jewish laws?
• How did emperor Theodosius impact the spread of Christianity?
Islam
• Was it brand new or based on some previous traditions?
• What was the Hijrah? When did it take place?
• What was a major weakness of Islam from the beginning?
• What made Islam such a popular religion?
• Which Muslim dynasty was known for its cultural achievement?
• What was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty?
• 5 pillars of Islam
• Why the Muslims were able to conquer Northern Africa and the Middle East
• Characteristics of trade in Sub-Saharan Africa
Mongols
• Who were they?
• What did they do?
• What were their strengths and weaknesses?
• How did they usually respond to the religions and cultures of people they conquered?
• What was their role in Chinese history?
• What was Kublai Khan’s big concern?
• Genghis Khan’s role in Mongol History
• Territories conquered and not conquered by the Mongols
• Mongols’ role in the spread of Chinese culture
Middle Ages
• Difference between serfdom and slavery
• Who could be a knight and why?
• Characteristics of the feudal system
• How did the feudal system affect classes in society?
• Areas the Vikings settled
• Magna Carta- what was it? What did it do? How is it an example of “limited government?”
• Hundred Years’ War- basic outline of events; how did it affect England and France as political units?
• Reasons for Crusades
• Long-term impacts of the Crusades
• Women in medieval Europe
• Gothic architecture (characteristic of High Middle Ages)
• What was the Renaissance?
• Role of the Church in medieval society
Holy Roman Empire- strong? Centralized?
• Moorish occupation of Spain- characteristics
• Beliefs of medieval philosophers
• Black Death- when? Which century? How was it spread? Through which country did it enter Europe? When did it finally die out as a major killer? (18th century)
• Which nation-states became stronger in the 15th century?
• What events mark the beginning and end of the middle ages?
• Medieval universities- what was taught?
• Major long-term results of the Crusades
• What were guilds? What did they do?
• Why is the Hansaetic league not a guild
• What was the Renaissance?
• Was the Renaissance more of an urban or rural phenomenon?
Misc.
• Who were the Bantu? How can archaeologists trace their migration?
• Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations – general characteristics
• Position of women in Athens
• Alexander the Great’s most important achievement
• Hellenism- be to recognize examples of
• Persian Empire: how was it ruled? Centralized? Decentralized? What, specifically, was done to help govern the empire?
• What does controlling trade routes have to do with creating and maintaining empires?
• Indian Ocean trade
• Characteristics of the Polynesians
• Compare the role and status of merchants in the Aztec empire to their role and status in classical China
• Who was Mansa Musa and what country was he from?
• Absolute rule of Ivan the Terrible (Russia)
• Social inequality was a characteristic of Confucianism, Hinduism, and Christianity
• Basics of the Protestant Reformation
• Basics of the Catholic Reformation
• Major achievement of the Phoenicians
• Compare the Byzantine empire and Tang dynasty in terms of: use of regional governors, role of the emperor as being blessed by the gods or God, Female rulers, territorial expansion
• Prince Henry the Navigator’s role in Portuguese exploration
• What civilizations were especially known for their well-constructed road networks?
• Significance of Johann Gutenberg’s printing press
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