Mrs. Basepayne's Science Spot



Chapter 9 Guided Reading9.1: Define catabolic pathways and explain why both fermentation and cellular respiration are examples of this. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration and why the process of cellular respiration includes both.Draw labeled diagrams for redox reactions and be sure to explain the difference between oxidation and reduction AS WELL AS oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Discuss how cellular respiration is an example of a redox reaction.Describe what happens to the electrons that are stripped from glucose. What prevents the food we eat from instantly forming bonds with oxygen? Discuss what “activation energy” means.Why is NAD+ a critical molecule involved in respiration?Explain what is meant by the ETC (electron transport chain) and how it “breaks the fall” of electrons (what moves them along and what captures them? Explain the “downhill” route these electrons take.)List and describe the three metabolic stages of respiration.9.2: Basically, what happens in glycolysis and how much energy do we get out of it?Why is part of glycolysis known as an “energy investment” phase and part is known as an “energy payoff” phase (be sure you know HOW MUCH energy is invested and how much is paid off by the end of glycolysis).Why is the net energy gain different than the total energy gain?Study the diagram in Fig. 9.8 – this is a great diagram to study since it shows the important features of glycolysis. It is NOT necessary to understand each chemical step in glycolysis…just the basics. It might help for you to recreate Fig. 9.8 in your notes.9.3:Look at Fig. 10 and explain 1) where glycolysis took place in the cell, 2) what was made, and 3) what happens to the product of glycolysis (where does it go next and what happens to it BEFORE it enters the Citric Acid Cycle?)For every glucose molecule consumed, what molecules (and how many) are made that must enter the CAC?Where does the CAC take place and what is the MOST BASIC reason for the CAC?One turn of the CAC results in which molecules and how many?Since there are TWO pyruvates per broken-down glucose, what are the total products of the CAC?Explain how much energy (ATP) has been created by the end of the CAC and which important molecules are holding energy in the form of electrons.9.4: Add up the energy that came from glycolysis to the energy that came from the CAC and write the total. It’s not a lot…we still need more ATP!Explain where we are in the cell now (after the CAC) and how we got there.Which molecules are bringing electrons to the mitochondrial membrane?How many proteins are embedded into the membrane forming the electron transport chain (ETC)?Why are cytochromes important in the ETC?Describe the function of ATP synthase and why it is compared to a waterwheel.Explain how chemiosmosis works.What is meant by the proton motive force?Why is the ETC together with chemiosmosis known as “oxidative phosphorylation?”Is oxidative phosphorylation producing much energy compared to glycolysis and the CAC? How much does it make?By the end of it all, how much energy is made in the ENTIRE process of aerobic cellular respiration?9.5: What prevents oxidative phosphorylation from happening?Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation.What kinds of organisms can do anaerobic respiration and how do they deal without oxygen present?When organisms have no oxygen AND no ETC, how do they get energy, how much do they get, and what is the process called?What is meant by “substrate-level phosphorylation?”What must happen to allow glycolysis to continue?Describe the two types of fermentation and explain how they are similar and different (what molecules are used, what happens, what kinds of organisms do each type). Compare & contrast obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes and discuss the types of organisms that belong in each category. What is the evolutionary theory behind glycolysis? 9.6: What are other molecules used by cellular respiration to make ATP energy?How can other types of carbs, proteins, and fats be used for harvesting energy? (Discuss how they must be broken down and what steps of cellular resp. they are involved in).What’s meant by “essential amino acid?” & how can our bodies make fat, even when we have fat-free diets (bad idea, by the way)? ................
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