Body cavity and directional terms worksheet answers

Body cavity and directional terms worksheet answers

By the end of this section, you will be able to: Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body Demonstrate the anatomical position Describe the human body using directional and regional terms Identify three planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy Distinguish between major body cavities Anatomists and health care providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated; however, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. For example, is a scar "above the wrist" located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. For example, you might say a scar "on the anterior antebrachium 3 inches proximal to the carpus". Anatomical terms are derived from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words do not change. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix "hyper-" means "high" or "over," and the root word "tension" refers to pressure, so the word "hypertension" refers to abnormally high blood pressure. Anatomical Position To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body "map," or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated in Figure 1.4.1. Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does not matter how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position. For example, a scar in the "anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region" would be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term "anterior" would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table. Figure 1.4.1 ? Regions of the Human Body: The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface. A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures. Regional Terms The human body's numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision (see Figure 1.4.1). Notice that the term "brachium" or "arm" is reserved for the "upper arm" and "antebrachium" or "forearm" is used rather than "lower arm." Similarly, "femur" or "thigh" is correct, and "leg" or "crus" is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle. You will be able to describe the body's regions using the terms from the figure. Directional Terms Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook (Figure 1.4.2). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts. Anterior (or ventral) describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior (or dorsal) describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella. Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris. Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits. Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe. Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium. Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur. Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull. Figure 1.4.2 ? Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body: Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body. Body Planes A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain "virtual sections" of living bodies. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary, two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Figure 1.4.3. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section. The frontal plane divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.") The transverse (or horizontal) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections. Figure 1.4.3 ? Planes of the Body: The three planes most commonly used in anatomical and medical imaging are the sagittal, frontal (or coronal), and transverse planes. Body Cavities The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The main cavities of the body include the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic (also known as the peritoneal) cavities. The cranial bones create the cranial cavity where the brain sits. The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the rib cage and contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic/peritoneal cavity. The abdominopelvic/peritoneal cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, (the division that houses the digestive organs), and the pelvic cavity, (the division that houses the organs of reproduction). Abdominal Regions and Quadrants To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, health care providers typically divide up the cavity into either nine regions or four quadrants (Figure 1.4.4). Figure 1.4.4 ? Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity: There are (a) nine abdominal regions and (b) four abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity. The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle (collarbone). There are nine resulting regions. The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient's umbilicus (navel). Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. A standard reference position for mapping the body's structures is the normal anatomical position. Regions of the body are identified using terms such as "occipital" that are more precise than common words and phrases such as "the back of the head." Directional terms such as anterior and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures. Images of the body's interior commonly align along one of three planes: the sagittal, frontal, or transverse. Author: Adrian Rad BSc (Hons) ? Reviewer: Nicola McLaren MSc Last reviewed: August 02, 2022 Reading time: 18 minutes Knee flexion (lateral-right view) Did you hear the saying that learning anatomy is similar to learning a new language? There are thousands of anatomy terms that students need to master in a very short time. The wonderful thing about this language, is that in many cases, the names of anatomy related content are incredibly helpful if you just understand that often the words can be broken down into different parts that have meanings (prefixes and suffixes). However, advancing in anatomy is impossible without conquering the anatomical alphabet first and foremost. This is the foundation onto which further information is built. What does it consist of? Here's what you need to know like the back of your hand: Anatomical position Directions, body planes, and relations Types of movements Regions of the body Surface anatomy Body cavities Specific anatomical terminology In this page, we'll briefly explain all of these aspects, simplifying your future anatomy learning. Key facts about the anatomical terminology Anatomical position Reference position in anatomy: The person is standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front. Anatomical planes Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating slices of various organs and structures. Main anatomical planes: Mid-sagittal/median, sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (axial) Directional terms Anatomical terms used to describe the position and relation between various structures. Main directional terms: Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, proximal, distal, median, medial, lateral, superior, inferior, cranial, caudal, external, internal, superficial, deep, palmar, dorsal, plantar Movements Changing the position of a body part around a certain axis and in one of the anatomical planes. Main types of movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion Anatomical regions Areas of the human body defined by the landmarks provided by evident structures that are easily palpable or visible. Main regions: Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper extremity, lower extremity Anatomical position (anterior view) When describing any orientation, location, movement, and direction, the reference is the anatomical position. In this universally accepted reference, the person is considered to be standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front. The anatomical position has no real meaning on its own since it is a reference for position. It has to be placed in the same context as other anatomical terms, such as body planes, directions, and relations. Regarding anatomical planes, these are imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating various cuts or slices of various organs and structures. There are four major planes of the body: Mid-sagittal/median - vertical plane passing through the centre of the body (midline) that cuts it longitudinally into right and left halves. Sagittal - arbitrary vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline, slicing it longitudinally into right and left parts. To aid your understanding, imagine that you are slicing an apple - each slide is a sagittal plane. Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Transverse (axial) - horizontal plane at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes, slicing the body into a superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The obtained cuts are transverse or axial views. We've seen how the sections and views included in a typical anatomical atlas are obtained, but how can we describe the position and relation between various structures? By using anatomy directional terms. These adjectives compare the position of two structures relative to one another in the anatomical position. They are in pairs of opposites, so if the nose is superior to the mouth, it is automatically inferred that the mouth is inferior to the nose. Directional terms and relations Anterior In front of or front Posterior In behind of or behind Ventral Towards the front of the body Dorsal Towards the back of the body Distal Away or farthest away from the trunk or the point of origin of the body part Proximal Closer or towards the trunk or the point of origin of the body part Median Midline of the body Medial Towards the median Lateral Away from median Superior Towards the top of the head Inferior Towards the feet Cranial Towards the head Caudal Towards the tail External Towards the surface, superficial Internal Away from the surface, deep Superficial Nearer to the surface Deep Farther from the surface Palmar Anterior hand or palm of hand (palmar) Dorsal (of hand) Posterior surface of hand (dorsum) Plantar Inferior surface of foot (sole) Dorsal (of foot) Superior surface of foot (dorsum) There are quite a lot of them, right? Unfortunately, they are essential and you need to know them like the dorsum of your hand. Here's a human body diagram that provides you with an overview: Body planes and directional terms Do you want to learn more about body planes and sections, as well as anatomical directions? Check out the following study unit to help you cement your knowledge. If you want to challenge yourself even further, try out our customizable quiz about the anatomical terminology! Now that we've looked at planes and relations, let's learn the anatomy terms that describe movements. As you know, joints are the junction of two or more bones and allow movements to take place in various directions and degrees of motion. Non-skeletal structures like the lips, tongue and eyelids also move, but their associated movement terms are specific. When describing joint movements, two factors are included: Axis, or fulcrum, around which the specific part moves Plane of the movement Movement terms Flexion Decreasing the angle between two structures Extension Increasing the angle between two structures Plantarflexion Flexion of the plantar (underside) part of the foot Dorsiflexion Flexion of the dorsum (top) part of the foot Abduction Moving away from the midline Adduction Moving towards the midline Protrusion Moving straight ahead or forwards (tongue, mandible) Retrusion Moving backwards (tongue, mandible) Protraction Moving forwards and laterally simultaneously Retraction Moving backwards and medially simultaneously Depression Moving downwards Elevation Moving upwards Medial (internal) rotation Spiral movement towards the midline Lateral (external) rotation Spiral movement away from the midline Rotation (trunk) Twisting motion towards or away from the midline (left or right) Flexion (trunk) Side (lateral flexion) or forward (anterior flexion) bending Extension (trunk) Bending backwards Pronation Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed) Supination Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position) or superiorly (if elbow is flexed) Circumduction Combined movement starting with flexion, then abduction, extension, and ending with adduction Deviation Movement of the wrist joint towards the radial or ulnar sides (radial deviation, ulnar deviation) Opposition Touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same hand Reposition Separating the pad of any of your fingers from the thumb of the same hand Inversion Plantar side of the foot is rotated towards the median plane Eversion Plantar side of the foot is rotated away from the median plane All of these movements can be very confusing without seeing them in action. If you want to simplify your learning about movement terms, take a look below! Types of body movements Explore study unit The human body is divided into regions. The main ones in the human body are the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, together with the upper and lower extremities. The upper limb is divided into shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The lower limb consists of the hip, gluteal, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot. All of the anatomical regions are defined by precise landmarks making them universally accepted terms that every healthcare professional instantly recognizes and understands. Generally speaking, these landmarks are provided by evident structures that are easily palpable or visible. This is known as surface anatomy. Male body surface anatomy (anterior and posterior views) Female body surface anatomy (anterior and posterior views) On the trunk (thorax and abdomen) there are several lines and surface landmarks, as follows: anterior/posterior median lines, sternal line, parasternal line, midclavicular line, anterior/middle/posterior axillary lines, paravertebral line, scapular line, ribs, sternum, vertebral spinous processes, clavicle, and pectoral muscles. These imaginary lines intersect at various points, creating particular regions between them. These are named: Presternal region Infraclavicular fossa Clavipectoral triangle Deltoid region Axillary region Pectoral region Inframammary region Vertebral region Suprascapular region Scapular region Interscapular region Lateral pectoral region Infrascapular region Lumbar triangle Sacral region Gluteal region Anal region The head and neck also consist of regions. They are not formed by precise planes, but they are named according to the anatomical structures contained within them. Therefore, the terms are easy to understand: frontal, orbital, infraorbital, nasal, oral, mental, sternocleidomastoid, lateral cervical, posterocervical, buccal, parotideomasseteric, infratemporal, zygomatic, temporal, occipital, and parietal regions. In addition, there are submandibular, submental, carotid, and muscular triangles, supraclavicular, jugular, and retromandibular fossae. Similar to the head and neck, the extremities are divided into regions according to their anatomical contents. Regions in the upper limb are named scapular, axillary, deltoid, brachial (anterior, posterior), cubital (anterior, posterior), antebrachial (anterior, posterior), carpal (anterior, posterior), palmar, and dorsal regions. Regions of the upper limb (anterior and posterior views) The regions of the lower limb are the following: femoral triangle, gluteal, femoral (anterior, posterior), genicular (anterior, posterior), popliteal, crural (anterior, posterior), lateral retromalleolar, dorsal, plantar, and calcaneal regions. Regions of the lower limb (anterior and posterior views) Solidify your knowledge about the main regions of the body with the following quiz! Regarding the abdominal regions, we'll look at them separately because they are a favourite exam question and crucial clinical topic. Two approaches are used in medical practice. The simpler one takes advantage of a horizontal and vertical axis crossing at right angles directly on the umbilicus. This results in the formation of four abdominal quadrants called right upper (RQQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), and left lower (LLQ) quadrants. The second one involves four planes: two vertical lines running through the middle of the clavicles and middle of the inguinal ligaments, and two horizontal axes. One of which passes directly subcostally, while the second traverses the iliac tubercles. The intersection of these planes forms 9 abdominal regions; the right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac regions. Regions of the thorax and abdomen (anterior and posterior views) Are you curious to find out more about these regions and what organs or structures they include? We've got your back - you just need to click below. Many anatomical structures are housed inside open fluid filled spaces, or cavities, located throughout the body. The most important ones are located axially, meaning inside the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and abdomen. What's the importance of such spaces? Cavities compartmentalise the body, they also protect and lubricate organs; reducing friction during organ movement. The human body has two cavitary groups - anterior and posterior. The latter is composed of two cavities called the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, which are continuous with each other and contain the central nervous system (brain plus spinal cord). It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which bathes the central nervous system. Cavities of the human body (anterior view) The larger anterior cavitary group is composed of several smaller cavities called the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The former is composed out of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinal cavities, as well as the two pleural cavities. The latter is subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm. Each of these spaces is home to the typical neurovasculature structures and organs specific to each respective region. The pericardial cavity, sitting within the mediastinum, deserves a special mention because it contains the heart. Fortify your knowledge about the cavities of the body with this content we have prepared for you. Do you remember when we talked about all the different anatomical terms representing movements? One set of structures making these actions a daily reality are joints, which are the union of two or more bones. There are many types of joints classified according to many criteria, one example being synovial joints. Also known as diarthrosis, a synovial joint is a potential space containing synovial fluid that separates two bones. It is the most flexible out of all types, allowing a great degree of motion and joint movements. The bone ends are covered with cartilage. There are six main types of synovial joints: Almost every major joint in the human body is synovial in nature, including the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joints. If you want to learn more about this specific joint type, tackle the following resources. Synovial joints Explore study unit Custom quiz: Synovial joints Start quiz Housed within the cranium, more specifically the cranial cavity, the brain consists of folds (gyri), grooves (sulci), and clefts (fissures). It is composed of several parts, such as: Several lobes of the brain (parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, and insular) form the cerebral hemispheres, each one having several distinct roles. For example, the frontal lobe function includes motor function, problem solving, memory, language, judgement, and many more. The brainstem is the vegetative and most primitive part, consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Here's a brain diagram illustrating its various parts: Overview of the brain (lateral and sagittal views) What about the cerebellum function? This structure is unique in terms of structure and roles, being involved in balance and movement coordination, to name a few. The ventricles are part of an entire system called the ventricular system of the brain that is involved in the production and drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system. In terms of directional terms, axes, and planes, the brain is quite special. It has neuraxes which are different than the normal body axes. There are two in total called rostral/caudal and ventral/dorsal neuraxes. As you can see, the previous four relation terms are preferred in the brain, but they can change to the normal terms used in other parts of the human body when referring to structures above or below the midbrain. Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the brain with the quiz below! If you want to master the parts of the brain and their anatomy, as well as the complicated orientation within the brain, take a sneak peek below: Central nervous system (CNS): Introduction to the brain Explore study unit All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines. Article, review and layout: Adrian Rad Nicola McLaren Illustrators: Knee flexion (lateral-right view) - Paul Kim Anatomical position (anterior view) - Irina M?nstermann Body planes and directional terms - Irina M?nstermann Regions of the upper limb (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Male body surface anatomy (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Female body surface anatomy (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Regions of the upper limb (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Regions of the lower limb (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Regions of the thorax and abdomen (anterior and posterior views) - Irina M?nstermann Cavities of the human body (anterior view) - Paul Kim Overview of the brain (lateral and sagittal views) - Paul Kim Anatomical terminology: want to learn more about it? Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. What do you prefer to learn with? "I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half." ? Read more. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver ? Unless stated otherwise, all content, including illustrations are exclusive property of Kenhub GmbH, and are protected by German and international copyright laws. All rights reserved.

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