Body Systems Unit Test Study Guide



Study Guide to Body Systems Unit Final

Essential Question:

What are the 10 Systems of the human body that will be covered in this unit?

Skeletal System

Function/s:

• gives structural support

• protection

• provides shape

• stores minerals

• produces red and white blood cells

Parts:

[pic]

Know: skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, carpal, phalanges, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, fibula, tibia, femur, ulna, radius, elbow, humerus, scapula, mandible

Interactions:

Muscular System

Muscles connect to your skeleton and they contract and move the skeleton along. Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together. They help the process of movement happen in a smoother manner.

Circulatory System

The calcified bones of your skeleton also work with the circulatory system. Marrow inside of your bones helps produce the cells inside of you blood. Both red blood cells and white blood cells are created in your bones.

Health:

Articles







General Info:

GENETIC VARIATION

Sometimes your skeletal system and the tissues of your skeleton can have problems. Some genetic diseases cause individuals to grow excessive large and thick bones. Acromegaly is the term used to describe a condition that affects the pituitary gland and causes an excessive amount of growth hormone to be produced.

Other diseases cause problems with bone formation and related connective tissues including collagen. These genetic diseases can cause bones to become brittle and break easily, while the collagen of the body does not have the strength of a healthy individual. If everything is working correctly, bones are able to break and then heal. Even older people who break their bones can grow new bone and connective tissue that returns the bone to a usable state.

Muscular System

Function/s:

• produces movement

• provides stabilization

• generates heat

• pumps lymph

Parts:

The Three Different Types of Muscular Tissue

Smooth - muscle you rarely control such as the muscle in digestive organs

Cardiac - very specific tissue found in your heart

Skeletal/Voluntary (striated muscle) - the muscle that helps you move and that you have control over

Muscle is called the meatus. It is the meat you eat from cows, sheep, and includes the muscle in your biceps. Meat needs to connect to the bones so that you can move. Tendons connect your muscles to your bone at insertion points. Ligaments are batches of connective tissue that bind bones to each other.

Muscles, tendons, and ligaments can be found working together in almost all of your joints.

The Six Types of Joints

[pic]



Interactions:

Nervous System

Even though thinking is not always involved in moving, the neurons of the nervous system are connected to most of the cells in your muscular system.

Digestive System

You have smooth muscles that line your digestive system and help move food through your intestines.

Circulatory System and Lymph System

Smooth muscle also surrounds your circulatory system and lymph system. Those muscle tissues are spread throughout your body and are even involved in controlling the temperature of your body.

Health:

Keys to Maintaining Healthy Muscles: Endurance and Strength

To maintain endurance, you should engage in activities that pump blood to the muscles, like walking. For strength, you need to lift weights, concentrating on muscles of the back, legs, and arms.





General Info:

Muscles called flexors force your joints to bend. Muscles called extensors cause your limbs to straighten. A bicep is a flexor and the triceps are extensors.

Websites:





biology/muscle1.htm



Integumentary System (skin)

[pic]

Function/s:

• reduces water loss,

• contains receptors that respond to touch,

• regulates body temperature, and

• protects the inside of the body from damage.

Parts: Skin has three layers:

• The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

• The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

• The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

Interactions:

Immune System

Your skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system. Your skin has tiny glands that secrete sweat and oil. Those glands are termed exocrine glands and are not like the glands of your endocrine system. While it may feel a bit slimy, those fluids decrease the pH on the surface of your skin and kill microorganisms. There are even enzymes in your sweat that can digest bacteria.

Circulatory System

The integumentary system also works closely with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your body. Capillaries near the surface of the skin open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat. We can't leave out the important sense of touch. Your nervous system depends on neurons embedded in your skin to sense the outside world.

Nervous System

• Receptors in skin send sensory information to the brain.

• The autonomic nervous system regulates peripheral blood flow and sweat glands.

• Nerves control muscles connected to hair follicles.

Health: Video

Article

Acne/Article

Article

General Info: The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of

about 20 sq ft.

The skin’s color is created by special cells

called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin.

Melanocytes are located in the epidermis

Excretory System



Function/s:

• To rid the body of liquid waste (urine)

Urine is the result of the excretory system balancing the amount of water and salts in your body.

Parts:

Your kidneys are the core organs involved in the excretory system.

[pic]

Know: ureter, bladder, and urethra

Interaction/s:

Circulatory System

Blood that circulates through the body passes through one of the two kidneys. Urea, uric acid, and water are removed from the blood and most of the water is put back into the system.

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is the major controller of the excretory system. As levels of compounds and fluids are monitored, kidney function must be constantly altered to provide the best internal environment for your cells. If you drink too much water, hormones are released that allow for more urine production. If you are dehydrated, less urine will be produced. The kidneys are also tied to the endocrine system with the adrenal gland position on the top of each kidney. The adrenals release adrenaline into your body.

Health:

While there are many diseases of the excretory system, even more problems can be created by a malfunctioning set of kidneys. Blood pressure is closely tied to the amount of fluid in your body. If a kidney does not work and filter properly, blood pressure can increase to dangerous levels. If that weren't bad enough, urea would accumulate in your tissues and would slowly poison the cells of your body.

People with malfunctioning kidneys often have to go through a process called dialysis where they are hooked up to a machine that filters their blood. The machine acts as an artificial kidney and tries to re-establish normal levels of ions and water in their bodies. Many people on dialysis are waiting for kidney transplants.

Additional Websites:

15 Super Foods for Kidney Health



Basic Principles of Good Kidney Health



Digestive System

Function/s:

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

Once you put the food in your mouth, you start to chew and begin a process of _____________________________ that grinds food down into a pulp.

Your body also starts to release enzymes that start the process of _______________________________________ and the breakdown of biological molecules. Most chemical digestion happens in the stomach.

The food moves through your digestive system and is eventually broken down into compounds and nutrients that your ____________________

________________________ into the blood stream. The material you ____________________ continues into the _____________________ where water is removed from the material and then whatever is left can be eliminated at your convenience.

Parts:

[pic] [pic]

Know: mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Interaction/s:

Circulatory System

The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the ______________________________________________________

__________________________. The circulatory system also carries ___________________________ from your endocrine system that control the _____________________________________.

Excretory System

The digestive system also works in parallel with your excretory system (______________________). While the digestive system __________ and ____________________ undigested solids, the excretory system ___________________ compounds from the blood stream and ______________ them in ________________. They are closely connected in _______________________________________ in your body.

Health:

“10 Tips on Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence (farting)”



Everyday Health



Digestive System

Function/s:

• getting food into the body,

• digesting the food

• absorbing the nutrients needed

• elimination of the materials not needed (feces)

Once you put the food in your mouth, you start to chew and begin a process of mechanical digestion that grinds food down into a pulp.

Your body also starts to release enzymes that start the process of chemical digestion and the breakdown of biological molecules. Most chemical digestion happens in the stomach.

The food moves through your digestive system and is eventually broken down into compounds and nutrients that your small intestine can absorb into the blood stream. The material you don't absorb continues into the large intestine where water is removed from the material and then whatever is left can be eliminated at your convenience.

Parts:

[pic] [pic]

Know: mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Interaction/s:

Circulatory System

The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the absorbed nutrients distributed through your body. The circulatory system also carries chemical signals from your endocrine system that control the speed of digestion.

Excretory System

The digestive system also works in parallel with your excretory system (kidneys and urination). While the digestive system collects and removes undigested solids, the excretory system filters compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine. They are closely connected in controlling the amount of water in your body.

Health:

“10 Tips on Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence (farting)”



Everyday Health



Circulatory (cardiovascular)

Function:

• transportation system

• carries chemicals to all points in your body

• fluids also carry waste products and dissolved gases for your cells

Parts:

• heart (four-chambers)

the pump for the system

• vessels (intricate system of arteries and veins)

As blood is pumped away from the heart, it passes through a system of arteries, arterioles, and then capillaries.

The capillaries are the vessels that allow for most of the transfer of compounds and dissolved gases. Capillaries are very small and have thin walls to allow easier passage of compounds including nutrients, glucose, carbon dioxide, and waste products.

After the capillaries, your blood passes through venules and veins. The veins lead the circulatory fluids back to the heart. That's it! The system is complete (and closed).



[pic]

Interaction:

The circulatory system touches every organ and system in your body. The system is connected to all of your body's cells so that it can transport oxygen efficiently. When you breathe, the circulatory system carries oxygen to your cells and carries dissolved carbon dioxide back to the lungs.



Health:

“Heart-healthy diet: 8 steps to prevent heart disease”



Heart Health Center



Heart-Healthy Living (Better Homes and Gardens network site)



Circulatory (cardiovascular)

Function:

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

Parts:

• ______________ (four-chambers)

the ____________ for the system

• ______________ (intricate system of arteries and veins)

As blood is pumped _______________ the heart, it passes through a system of _________________, ________________, and then _____________________.

The _________________ are the vessels that allow for most of the ______________________________ and ___________________________. Capillaries are very _______________ and have ____________________ to allow easier passage of ___________________ including nutrients, ________________, ______________________, and _______________ products.

After the capillaries, your blood passes through _________________ and __________________. The __________________ the circulatory fluids _______________ to the heart. That's it! The system is complete (and closed).

[pic]

Interaction:

The circulatory system touches ______________________ and ___________________ in your body. The system is connected to all of your body's _____________ so that it can _______________________ efficiently. When you ___________________, the circulatory system carries ____________________ to your ________________ and carries ___________________________________ back to the ____________.



Health:

“Heart-healthy diet: 8 steps to prevent heart disease”



Heart Health Center



Heart-Healthy Living (Better Homes and Gardens network site)



Respiratory System



Function/s:

• To bring oxygen into your body.

• To get rid of carbon dioxide, one of the products of cellular

Respiration

You have two lungs and the exchange of gases between the circulatory and respiratory systems happens in the lungs.

Parts:

[pic]

Know: lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, larynx, trachea

Interaction/s:

Circulatory System

With gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2), other compounds can be brought into the body by the respiratory system. Smoke can clog the alveoli in your lungs. You can inhale viruses and bacteria that could get you sick. You can also take in larger chemical compounds that can poison your body. All of these compounds can enter your blood stream via your respiratory system.

Digestive System

Your mouth and pharynx are both used to swallow and to breathe. There is a branching point where you will find the epiglottis that directs food to your stomach and air to your lungs.

Nervous System

Your respiratory system even connects with the nervous system in your nose where you smell.

Health:

What can go wrong with your respiratory system? So many things can go wrong with this system. It is very vulnerable to both toxins and diseases. Some diseases such as pneumonia can cause your lungs to fill with fluid and you are no longer able to take in enough oxygen for your body.

Smokers can have a build up of tar and clog the alveoli in the lungs and decrease the amount of oxygen your body can take in. An extreme disease called emphysema actually destroys the tissues in your lungs and the tissue can never be regenerated. Individuals that get emphysema are often forced to breathe pure oxygen to survive.

Nervous System

Function:

• Major controlling, regulating, and communication center

of actions and senses; known and unknown

Your body automatically senses and reacts to stimulus. Think about eating your lunch. As you eat, your nervous system triggers the start of digestion and release of many hormones and enzymes throughout your body.

Parts:

Your nervous system is divided into two parts. Your central nervous system includes your brain and your spinal cord.

[pic]

Your peripheral nervous system is made up of the network of neurons that spans your organs, muscles, and body. The neurons in both systems work together to help you think, survive, and change the world around you.

The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons connected throughout your body. These neurons are connected end to end and transmit electrical impulses from one point to another.

Two Types of neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System

Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferent neurons. Efferent=Act

Neurons that receive sensory information and transmit to the central nervous system are called afferent neurons. Afferent=Receive

Additional websites:



Interaction:



Muscular System

In the same way that all of your cells need oxygen transported by the circulatory system, all of your tissues and organs require instruction and direction from the nervous system. There is obvious interaction between your muscles and your nervous system. That interaction helps you move around and interact with your environment.

Endocrine System

There are many hidden interactions going on within your body. Your endocrine system works closely with your brain and central nervous system to control the creation of specific hormones and enzymes.

Digestive and Excretory Systems

Your digestive and excretory systems work with the nervous system in both conscious and unconscious ways. While digestion goes on without your thoughts, eating, peeing, and pooping are under your control.

Health:



Neurologic diseases are disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout your body. Together they control all the workings of the body. When something goes wrong with a part of your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing or learning. You can also have problems with your memory, senses or mood.

There are more than 600 neurologic diseases. Major types include

• Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy

• Problems with the way the nervous system develops, such as spina bifida

• Degenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease

• Diseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as stroke

• Injuries to the spinal cord and brain

• Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy

• Cancer, such as brain tumors

• infections, such as meningitis

Immune System



Function:

• microscopic armor that protects the cells of your body from bacteria, viruses, and poisons you might encounter every day

The immune system is there to keep you alive and healthy. The system can attack foreign invaders or it can go after cells created within your body that could endanger your life. Sometimes cancer cells are the targets of our immune system. As pathogens attack your body, the immune system begins a series of immunological defenses.

You know when your immune system is at work because of the symptoms you might have. Fever, swelling, and a runny nose are all examples of symptoms during an immunological response. Your immune system can respond many ways to a problem. There would be one response to a knife wound, a separate response to hay fever and pollen, and a specific response to catching a cold.

[pic]

Parts:

[pic]

Know: tonsils and adenoids; thymus; spleen; bone marrow; appendix; lymph nodes and where they are located;

Interaction:

Circulatory System

The immune system is like a small police force that constantly patrols every organ and tissue in your body. It works closely with the circulatory system for transportation needs and the lymphatic system for production of lymphocytes.

Integumentary System (Skin)

It may surprise you, but one of the most important parts of the immune system is the entire integumentary system (your skin). Your skin is usually the first defense your body has against disease. It just makes sense. There is far more chance you will get dangerous bacteria or viruses on your skin and hands than breathe those microorganisms in your lungs. You have cells and compounds on your skin that help to kill any bacteria that appear. Always remember to wash your hands; most of the microorganisms that get you sick are picked up when you touch things.

Health:

Failures of the Immune System

• AIDS (Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome) is one of the most well known diseases that can hurt the immune system.

AIDS is a disease where specific immune cells such as helper-T and inducer-T cells are killed. Without those cells, the immune system cannot work properly and even minor diseases can kill the organism.

• Genetic problems with immune systems

Something as simple as an allergic reaction happens because an individual cannot properly tolerate certain allergens. Inflammation and hay fever occur. Normal individuals can destroy those allergens, but people who are "allergic" cannot defend themselves. You could have allergies to animals, food, or plants. Some allergic reactions are so extreme they can kill.

Additional websites:



Endocrine System

Function:

• controls many of the biochemical pathways that occur in your body.

The core tool used by the endocrine system is a compound called a hormone. Your body uses dozens of hormones to regulate your growth, digestion, body temperature, and glucose metabolism (to name a few). A hormone released by an endocrine gland can travel throughout the body and change the activity of cells from many other systems. The endocrine system is also unique in that it uses glands and cells within organs that are all closely related to other systems.

The best description is to describe the endocrine system as the chemical brother of the nervous system. While the nervous system transmits information and instructions using electricity, the endocrine system transmits information with chemicals and biological compounds.

Parts:

[pic]

Know: pituitary, pineal body, adrenal gland, thyroid, thymus gland, ovaries/testicles, pancreas

Interaction:

Circulatory System

The endocrine system is everywhere and the chemicals produced by the system act in a variety of ways on every cell of your body. The circulatory system is the transport system for endocrine information. While the nervous system uses neurons, the endocrine chemicals and hormones most circulate through the body via blood vessels.

Excretory System

Many glands in your body secrete hormones into the blood. You have a pituitary gland in the base of your skull that releases hormones that control blood pressure and your excretory system.

Muscular System

You have a thyroid gland in your neck that controls your bone growth rate and metabolism.

Excretory System

You even have a tiny little adrenal gland above your kidneys that releases adrenalin if you get excited.

Endocrine glands are everywhere!!!

Health:

An extreme example is if a gland stops working, but they are more likely to work more or less than they should. If you don't get enough iodine in your food, your thyroid gland can have big problems and grow to the size of a baseball called a goiter. Other common problems with your thyroid can increase your body's metabolism and make you jumpy and sweaty (hyperthyroidism) or decrease the levels and make you sluggish (hypothyroidism). Some individuals have a problem making insulin in their pancreas. Those individuals have a disease called diabetes and they are not able to metabolize carbohydrates correctly. They must often take injections of insulin to counteract the problem.

“Keeping the Endocrine System Healthy...”



1. What is the smallest unit of organization of the body?

2. What are the types of skin tissue?

3. What is stress and possible sources?

4. Which tissue is able to contract?

5. What is the structure that directs the activities of the cell?

6. What are the functions of the melanin?

7. What is the soft connective tissue in the spaces in bone called?

8. A place in the body where two bones come together is called a

9. The strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone is called

10. What are the 5 functions of the skeleton system?

11. The nutrients that provide the highest amount of quick energy are

____?

12. A substance that speeds up chemical reactions in the body is called

13. Waste materials are prepared for elimination from the body in the

14. Bile is produced by the

15. What type of breakdown occurs in the mouth?

16. The vessels that carries oxygen-rich blood into the heart muscle is

called

17. A group of cells that receives messages about the body’s oxygen needs

and sends out signals to adjust the heart rate is called the

18. At the site of a wound, platelets set off reactions that eventually cause

the production of a chemical called

19. Plasma is mostly composed of

20. A disorder in which a person’s blood pressure is consistently higher than

normal is called

21. What are characteristics of veins?

22. The largest artery in the body is called the

23. The network of vessels that returns fluid to the bloodstream is called

24. Hemoglobin is a protein that binds easily to

25. Which structure pumps blood into arteries leading into the lungs?

26. What is a pathogen?

27. What are reasons skin acts as a barrier against pathogens?

28. What is a kind of white blood cell that destroys pathogens?

29. What is the function of a T cell?

30. HIV is spread how?

31. What is an allergen?

32. What disease might you catch by sharing a water bottle with another

person?

33. People with diabetes may not have enough what?

34. Cancer is a disease in which

35. Smooth muscle is located in

36. Skeletal muscle is located

37. Cardiac muscle is located

38. The muscular organ that pumps blood through the body is called the

39. What is the circulatory system is made up of?

40. Substances are exchanged between blood and body cells in the

41. The flap of tissue located in the heart that keeps blood from flowing

backward is called a

42. Most of the absorption of water and nutrients occurs in the

43. Another word for the colon is

44. What would be examples of “solid” organs and not “hollow” organs?

Liver, spleen, pancreas

45. What is the involuntary movement that helps push food through the

digestive tract?

46. What is the biggest difference between a virus and bacteria?

47. New blood cells, both red and white are produced in the

48. What are the primary organs of excretion?

49. The body’s outer most layer is the

50. What carry messages throughout body, is connected throughout the

entire body, and send messages through electrochemical signals called

impulses?

51. The body is made up of trillions of

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