DNA + Protein Synthesis Review #2: DNA Replication ...



NAME______________________________

1. The three parts of any nucleotide are ________________, _________________, and _____________________.

2. List the missing differences between DNA and RNA:

DNA RNA

a. Double stranded a. _________________________

b. _________________________ b. Ribose

c. _________________________ c. May leave nucleus

d. Thymine d. __________________________

3. What are the 3 types of RNA and what are their functions in making proteins?

a. ________________ _________________________________________________________________

b. ________________ _________________________________________________________________

c. ________________ _________________________________________________________________

4. Why are proteins important? (look in your protein reading)

5. What is a gene? ___________________________________________________________________________

6. Where are genes located? ______________________________________

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

____ 7. If a nucleic acid contains uracil, it is DNA. _________________________

____ 8. A codon consists of four nucleotides. _________________________

____ 9. The anticodon AGA is complementary to the mRNA codon TCT. _________________________

Completion

10. Figure 12.1 is _________ and is found in the _____________ of a cell.

11. The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an) ____________________.

12. In Figure 12-3 below, A, B, and C are three types of ____________________.

13. What type of RNA is A? ______________________

14. What type of RNA is B? ______________________

15. What type of RNA is C? ______________________

16. Protein Synthesis takes place in two stages. _______________________ happens first and then _________________________ takes place.

17. During transcription, a working copy of DNA is produced since DNA cannot leave the ___________________.

18. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.

19. Comparing DNA and RNA: Place an “X” in the DNA, RNA or both columns where appropriate.

| |DNA |RNA | |DNA |RNA |

|Nucleotides | | |Double helix | | |

|Deoxyribose | | |Replication | | |

|Ribose | | |Translation | | |

|Single-stranded | | |Transcription | | |

|Double-stranded | | |Messenger | | |

|Nitrogenous base | | |More than one form | | |

|Thymine | | |Found in nucleus | | |

|Uracil | | |May leave nucleus | | |

|Template for the synthesis of nucleic | | |Does not leave nucleus | | |

|acids | | | | | |

20. Determine the amino acid sequence from the DNA strand below.

|DNA |TAC TTA AAA CTT CGA CTA TTT ATT |

|mRNA | |

|amino acid | |

21. Determine the anticodon from the mRNA sequence.

|mRNA |CCC ACU UGG CAU CCU GGU CGU |

|anticodon | |

22. What information is on the outside of the wheel? ______________________

23. What information is needed to use the wheel? __________________

Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

Once the structure of DNA became known, scientists could reconstruct the events by which the cell makes proteins. DNA carries the genetic code, the cell's "master plan" for protein synthesis. RNA copies this code and brings together the amino acids that form the proteins.

Word Bank

DNA

Nitrogenous Bases

Codon

mRNA

Transcription

Nucleus

mRNA

Ribosome

Cytoplasm

Translation

tRNA

Protein

Anti-codon

Amino Acid

• Study the diagrams below, which represent the process of protein synthesis. Using the letters as guides, complete the following paragraphs.

[pic]

24. Step 1: ________________________________ 25. Step 2: ____________________________________

26. What does each letter in the diagram above represent?

A. __________________________

B. __________________________

C. __________________________

D. __________________________

E. __________________________

F. __________________________

G. __________________________

27. Protein synthesis begins in the figure on the right, when a strand of (A) __________________unravels. The code for producing a protein is carried in the sequence of the (B) ________________ in the DNA. Each group of three (B's) forms a(n) _____________________, which represents a particular amino acid. One of the unwound strands of DNA forms a complementary strand called (C) ______________________. This process is called _________________________. It takes place in the _________________ of all cells.

In the figure on the right, (C) has moved into the ________________________, where it attaches to a (D) ____________________. A phase of protein synthesis called ______________________ then begins. A t-shaped molecule of (E) ________________________ approaches the (D) ribosome. At one end of this molecule are three nitrogenous bases known as an (F) _______________________. At the (D)ribosome, each (F) anti-codon aligns with its complementary base pair on the (C). This occurs according to the base pairing rule. At the other end of (E), an (G) _______________________is attached. As the (D) moves along the strand of (C), new (E's) are attached. This brings the (G's) close to each other. The (G's) are joined by bonds, and the resulting strand is a __________________________.

Mutations:

28. Which type of mutation involves a whole extra chromosome? __________________________

29. What do we call a mutation that only affects the formation of one protein? _____________________

The following is the base sequence on the template strand of a DNA molecule:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T A C G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C

30. Give the base sequence of the strand of mRNA read from the original template DNA strand.

A U G CGG

31. What protein would this mRNA code for? (Use the mRNA to figure out the amino acids)

32. If the sixth nucleotide in the original DNA strand were changed from C to T, the DNA strand would be:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T A C G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C

T

33. What would the mRNA become?

34. What is the resulting protein (amino acid sequence)?

KEY CONCEPTS: Answer the following question in complete sentences. You may draw diagrams to help you.

What is the structure of RNA?

How are proteins made?

Why does the body make proteins?

How can mutations affect the DNA, the RNA, and the protein?

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Figure 12-1

Figure 12-3

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