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Test 9: Evolution – Standard 5/Objectives 1-3Test Study Questions KEYGive some examples of vestigial organs.Appendix, Coccyx (tail bone), Wisdom teeth, Male Nipples, Erector Pili (goosebumps)Homologous structures suggest __Shared____ ancestry in __different___ species.Fossils are evidence of evolution. How have they increased our knowledge of past species and ancestors? What kind of research methods are used to increase our knowledge? Observations and inferences can be made to build a history of evolution. At what time does mutation occur?During crossing over. The diagram above shows four animals that lived at different times. Fossil evidence indicates that each animal was an ancestor of the next on the timeline. Which statement is the best conclusion that can be made about these animals over time?Changes to each animal were harmful and caused their extinction.Traits each animal acquired during its lifetime were passed onto the next generation.Cold temperatures during the Ice Age caused the animals to grow larger with each generation.124968043878500Genes for beneficial traits were passed on, eventually resulting in different animals more fit for their environment.Based on the pictures below, which of the following is an inference? The archaeopteryx lived millions of years before the bird.Modern birds are descendants of archaeopteryx.The feet of each animal have three toes.723900319405Modern Bird SkeletonPrehistoric ArchaeopteryxModern Bird SkeletonPrehistoric ArchaeopteryxThe organisms have similar body structures.41656027749500Which of the following statements is true about the information presented in the phylogenetic tree above?Crocodiles appear in the fossil record before turtles.Turtles are a common ancestor of snakes and lizards.Birds and crocodiles share a common ancestor.Turtles and lizards are more closely related than snakes and lizards.Scientists found a fossil of an elephant in the African Savanna. It has much longer tusks and is much larger than elephant species presently inhabiting the area. This elephant’s fossil most likely reveals:The diet of early elephants.That elephant’s travel in herds. The function of the trunk of the elephant.That physical changes occurred in elephants over time.Male Homo sapiens have wisdom teeth, tail bones and nipples, but they have no need for these structures. What kinds of traits are these? VestigialWhat evidence for evolution do the traits from question #9 provide?Organisms always have traits that they don’t use. It doesn’t prove anything about anisms have ancestors that used those traits, but after millions of years, those traits are no longer selected anisms are evolving new traits all the time and these structures show evidence of this new evolution.They are mutations in the DNA and the organisms aren’t supposed to have them in their bodies.Do all organisms fossilize well? _No__ Do fossils get destroyed by erosion and earth movements? __Yes__ How do scientist know how old a fossil is? __Half-Life_____Why do homologous traits provide evidence for evolution? Shows how many organisms come from a similar ancestorcenter-17208500According to the DNA comparisons above, which organisms will be the most closely related to #5?#4Why would organism #5 have physical traits similar to #2 and #4?DNA is similar which makes physical traits similar. How do scientists explain biodiversity found on the planet? What helps to explain how this diversity occurred? Numerous species have been created, because of random mutations, leading to adaptations of populations to changing environmentsBirds in a desert climate survive on soft parts of cactus. Scientists observed that during a drought, many of the birds died. The ones that survived had large, thick beaks and were able to crack open and eat hard seeds that would ordinarily not be used. What trait would you expect to see in the next generation?small beakslong, thin beakslarge, thick beaksflat, spoon-shaped beaksOn the Galapagos Islands, there are different traits in different species of tortoises. If you were to reintroduce these different species to one other, would they interbreed?Yes because love is more important than differences. No because they have adapted different ways of reading offspring. No because the must live near each other for several years.No because behavioral of genetic changes have occurred. Students were investigating the effect of antibiotics on bacteria. The students exposed a colony of bacteria to an antibiotic and 10% of the bacteria survived. Over time, the surviving bacteria multiplied. When the second generation of bacteria was exposed to the same antibiotic, 85% survived. Which statement best explains the results of this investigation?The original surviving bacteria multiplied faster when exposed to the antibiotic.The second generation of bacteria adapted their genes to be resistant to the antibiotic.The second generation of bacteria inherited a weakness caused by the antibiotic.The original surviving bacteria passed a resistance to the antibiotic on to the next generation.Is the above experiment with the antibiotics and bacteria an example of natural or artificial selection?Artificial Selection – humans are conducting the experiment and breed the bacteria together.Artificial Selection – humans are breeding the bacteria together by changing the environment.Natural Selection – while humans change the environment, the bacteria are breed on their own.Natural Selection – while humans change the environment, the bacteria are not bred together, and they adapt to the environment.Which most accurately describes “survival of the fittest” in relation to natural selection?the mutation ratethe ability to survive to reproducethe amount of food an organism eatsthe ability to withstand extreme temperaturesThere is a large colony of squirrels living in an area. A river runs through the valley in this area. After many thousands of years, the river gets wider and deeper, but the environments remain the same. However, the squirrels are unable to interact with squirrels that live on the other side of the river. After 10,000 years, the squirrels on the north side of the river have distinctly different traits from squirrels on the south side of the river. Scientists have determined that there are enough physical and genetic differences for them to be sexually incompatible. What is this process called and why did it happen?Natural Selection – the environments were drastically different and so the squirrels evolved separately, adapting to extremely different situations.Natural Selection – the squirrels were able to change their traits because of evolution and survive to reproduce and pass on those traits.Speciation – the squirrels on both sides adapted to their environments and, even though they were similar environments, they had different genes in each population that were selected for.Speciation – the squirrels were able to adapt to their extremely different environments and created new species.A newborn whitetail deer fawn is born with white spots on its fur. The mother deer may leave the fawn unattended in the forest while she forages. As the fawn matures into an adult and can forage for its own food, these spots fade. How do the white spots most likely help the fawn to survive?They help the mother deer recognize her young.They signal other members of the deer population.They are warning colors that can frighten predators.100330025971500They provide camouflage in the forest.This picture shows two different ferns that lived millions of years apart. The early fern is extinct, but is drawn based on fossil evidence. Scientific data reveals that the early fern is an ancestor of the modern fern. Which statement best explains why the fern changed over time?Humans cut ferns to be decorations, causing each generation to be smaller in size.As the sun aged, its energy output decreased and limited the size ferns could grow.As flowering plants emerged, less energy was left for ferns so the growth of ferns was stunted.The changed environment caused unfit plants to die and better-adapted plants were smaller in size. What does it mean to have homologous structures? They do the same thingThey have the same common ancestorThey evolved slowlyThey all grow at different ratesWhat is it that most drives changes within a population?natural selection and genetic variationnatural selection and speciationspeciation and genetic variationgenetic variation and diversity Which of these is the best example of selective breeding?A cold winter reduces the elk population to just a few very strong individualsA male elk rounds up a herd of female elkBreeders use the same male with desirable qualities to breed many femalesA dog owner raises several litters of puppies with mixed breedingWhich of these correctly shows the scientific name for the tree in Mrs. C’s backyard?liquidambar styracifluaLiquidambar styraciflualiquidambar styracifluaLiquidambar styraciflua1841505905500What is the common name for each of the leaves in the dichotomous key?___Magnolia_______________Walnut__________________________Elm____________________________Spruce_____________________________Pine____________________________White Oak_________________________Chestnut__________________________Holly_______________________98107556451500What traits does the Holly leaf have? Simple, jagged, thorny edges.What kind of bird is X?PlatyspizaWhat kind of bird is Z?CamarhynchusIn an area where trees are growing taller, the giraffe population must adapt if it is to survive. Giraffes today have long necks. According to the fossil record giraffe ancestors necks were shorter. Which statement explains how Charles Darwin would have explained the giraffes’ changes?The genetic material for neck length would mutate in the parent in response to the environment, and be passed on to the offspring.The trait for longer legs would have to be a response to the change in the environment and be passed onto the offspring.The genetic material for smaller, shorter hind legs must exist within the giraffe population so that the offspring can inherit the trait. However those that aren’t fit will still pass on their traits.The trait for longer necks must exist within the population and be inherited by the offspring. Those that are the most fit and have longer necks will survive to reproduce, while those who do not have long necks will die off.In his famous voyage on the Beagle, Darwin noticed several species of finch on the Galapagos Island that were not found on the mainland. He found that while these finches shared many characteristics, they still had enough differences between them to be considered different species. What was his conclusion?The populations of Galapagos finches had adapted to conditions on the island to form new species.The species on the mainland that had originally come to the island were now extinct.Islands provided much better living conditions for finches so many different types came to them and occupied the islands.The Galapagos Islands had sheltered the finches from the harsh conditions found on the mainland.Which of these accurately show Darwin’s observations?There are many organisms that are no longer living. They died out.There are many organisms that are no longer living that have many similarities to living organisms. There are also living organisms that share many similarities.There are many organisms that are no longer living that have many similarities to living organisms. However, the living organisms do not share many anisms share common ancestors, and that is the reason for so many similarities between organisms.In 2006, while looking for the evolutionary connection between fish and land creatures, scientists discovered fossilized skeletons of an animal that had scales, fins, gills and lungs, ribs, and limb bones that could support the animal’s weight. Which of the following statements best explains why these fossils are an important piece of evolutionary evidence?They include skeletons of both males and femalesThey are complete skeletons of a carnivorous animal.They show a transitional form between fish and land-dwelling vertebrates.They allow scientists to estimate the animal’s lifespan.Would a dolphin be considered more closely related to a whale or an eel?An eel – they both eat small fish.A whale – they both live in the oceanAn eel – they both inhabit the same ocean biome.A whale – their body structures are very similar.Which of these accurately show Darwin’s inferences?There are many organisms that are no longer living. They died out.There are many organisms that are no longer living that have many similarities to living organisms. There are also living organisms that share many similarities.There are many organisms that are no longer living that have many similarities to living organisms. However, the living organisms do not share many anisms share common ancestors, and that is the reason for so many similarities between organisms.List the environmental factors that affect natural selection.Catastrophe, Disease, Climate change, Geographic isolation, Competition, PredationIn a changing environment, which species will have the best chance for survival – the one with the most or the least genetic variation?The most genetic variationTwo groups of frogs live in ponds separated by a mountain range. The chart below lists characteristics of the frogs.CharacteristicFrog Population 1Frog Population 2Favorite Foodflying insectscrawling insectsMating SeasonNovemberSeptemberAverage Weight120 g200 gActive Time of Day8:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.Colordark green, white on undersidelight green, yellow spots on backWhat assumption can be made about the difference in color between the frogs?The color of the frogs is a random occurrence.Frogs can change color whenever they wish.The color of each population helps it survive in its environment.Dark green is the dominant color and will take over eventually.Which group of frogs would you expect to be harder for a predator to see at night?Frog 1, they are darker in colorFrog 1, they are active at nightFrog 2, they have yellow spotsFrog 2, they are active at nightWhich characteristic is most likely to reduce the chance these frogs will interbreed?favorite foodcoloraverage weightmating seasonThe scientific name for the European white water lily is Nymphaea alba. To which genus does this plant belong? Water lily NymphaeaAlaba lilyAlbaIf all rabbits were genetically identical and remained so, would natural selection occur, causing rabbits to evolve?Yes. Some rabbits would have traits that increase their chance of surviving and reproducing.Yes. Natural selection does not require genetic variation to cause a species to change over time.No. If all rabbits were identical, no traits would be preferred by nature over others.No. If all rabbits were identical, there would be too much genetic variation for evolution to occur.Which of the following would provide geographic isolation for a squirrel population?growth of trees due to excessive rainlack of food due to a harsh summera canyon deepening and wideningdifferent mating habits in squirrel populationsWhich of the following is an example of selective breeding?A male elk rounds up a herd of female elk.A sheep producer uses the same buck with desirable qualities to breed many ewes.A cold winter reduces the population of mule deer in Cache County.Your neighbor does not spay her dog and allows any male who can jump the backyard fence to breed her.How has corn changed from a small ear with a few kernels into the large-eared multiple-kernel form it has today?Selective BreedingWhat is the main difference between natural selection and selective breeding?Natural selection happens naturally; Selective breeding is humans involved in choosing mates.What are atavistic structures or traits?Traits that reappear after having been lost in evolutionary changes.What are homologous structures or traits?Have shared ancestry What are vestigial structures or traits?Non-functioning or useless traitsWhat is embryology?The study of embryo’s.How does DNA testing prove evolution?You can discover what exact traits have changed overtime and if it was just a mutation.What is speciation? The formation of a new species due to evolution.Genetic diversity is often provided by which processes?mutation and recombinationclassification and adaptationdichotomy and theorypopulation density and sizeWhen might the theory of evolution change?35877520574000What research methods were used to study evolution in this study?proving that evolution worked on this islandcounting lizards that had become extinct on an island chainpredicting the number of lizards that would survive the experimentobserving a population of lizards adapt to conditions on the islandWhich of the following does this experiment illustrate about scientific method?Scientific investigations can be performed by anyone.Scientific investigations do not always work the way they are predicted.Scientists reject data that does not agree with the original purpose of the investigation.Scientists know what will happen in their experiments before they begin.How does this research support Darwin’s theory of evolution?It proves Darwin to be wrong and the theory should be discarded.It shows evolution can occur more rapidly than Darwin thought.It completely proves the theory of evolution and no new data is needed.No real conclusions can be made from this study because it studied only lizards.If you found five unidentified invertebrate animals in a wetlands ecosystem near your house, which of the following characteristics would be most helpful and scientifically accurate to include in a dichotomous key for these animals?color of the animalsnumber and kind of legssize of the animals76009530734000specific location they were foundBased on this branching diagram, which finches have the closest evolutionary relationship?Warbler Finch and Cactus Ground FinchWoodpecker Finch and Warbler FinchVegetarian Tree Finch and Large Ground FinchMedium Ground Finch and Large Insectivorous FinchWhich of the following finches have adapted bills specifically for feeding on fruit?Large Ground FinchWarbler FinchLarge Insectivorous FinchVegetarian Tree FinchLinnaeus recognized two kingdoms of living things: plants and animals. Why do today’s classification systems now include six kingdoms?Linnaeus did not study living things carefully enough.New organisms have evolved on Earth.Scientists know more about living things today than Linnaeus did.Scientists today have come to the final answer on the number of kingdoms.5334009144000What must happen for this system of classification to be accepted by the scientific community?a Nobel Prize, a scientific vote, and more popular understandingThere must be further research and scientific debateMore people have to understand this classification scheme.It must be voted on by the International Institute for Species Exploration.The Woese classification scheme is based on genetic similarity between the RNA in the cells of the organisms. How could the study of RNA establish a relationship between organisms?It would discover the origin of living things.It would show that RNA is more important in heredity than DNA.It would show how alike organisms are at the cellular level.It would indicate that everything scientists have done so far is not correct.Define “mutation”.The changing of a structure of a gene.When does recombination occur?During crossing over Are the megatons of sand and silt collecting in the bottoms of rivers biological evidence of mountain evolution?Yes. They show us how earth erodes and we can take half-life from the soil. How are fossils evidence of evolution?They show us what organisms looked like throughout the course of history and we can see the changes that occurred. What are some of the main organisms that Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands?Finches and TortoisesList three things that are required for natural selection to take place.Reproduction; Change in environment; VariationWhat is the correct order of the seven categories used to classify all organisms on Earth.Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Which of these choices are biological evidence for evolution?Fossils, because they show how organisms have changed over time.DNA, because it allows scientists to compare DNA sequences between different organisms to show how they are related.Embryology, because traits of one type of animal often appear in the embryo of another type of animal, suggesting common ancestors.Atavism, because the reversion to ancestral characteristics suggest common evolutionary ancestors.All of the above7302502540000What traits do snakes, lizards and turtles have in common?lungs, limbs, amniotic egg, hole in skull below eye socketlungs, limbs, amniotic egg, hole in skull below eye socket, fused bones form carapacelungs, limbs, amniotic egg, hole in skull below eye socket, extensive changes in skeletonlungs, limbs, amniotic egg, hole in skull below eye socket, extensive changes in skeleton, determinate growth, shed skinWhich of the following introduces new traits into a population?natural selectionmutationrecombinationselective breedingOrganisms that are the most alike in body structure, reproductive processes and feeding patterns are most likely to share what other relationship?a similar evolutionary pasta common ability to live in the watera three- or four-chambered heartthe ability to make their own foodAccording to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have:variations best suited to the environment.characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse.characteristics that plant and animal breeders value.the greatest number of offspring. ................
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