Commack High School HL Biology



8858259525Teacher NotesTeacher Notes4762501485900Seven Quest Topic: Human Reproduction Commack High School HL Biology00Seven Quest Topic: Human Reproduction Commack High School HL Biology2272665840740Edpuzzle One: Caster Semenya (the power of the sex hormones6.6 U.1 A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone Describe how the SRY gene influences gender and which developmental pathway that is followed. (Slide 8) SRY codes for a DNA binding protein called TDF (testis determining factor). Edpuzzle 2: Male Reproductive System6.6 S.1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functionsBelow is a diagram of the Male Reproductive System. Annotate the labeled diagram with the function of each labeled part. (Slides 3-6)11.4 S.1 Annotation of diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to show the stages of gametogenesisDescribe when and where do male begin producing sperm? (Slide 7) Begins during puberty in seminiferous tubules What are leydig or Interstitial cells and Sertoli responsible for producing? (Slides 8-9) Production of testosterone/nurturing sperm cellsDraw and label a cross section of a seminiferous tubule below (Slide 11)11.4 U.2 Processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm.4. Outline the process of spermatogenesis in the testes: (Slide 12) CellsProcess in Spermatogenesis1.Germ Cells2n or diploid cell which grow and enlarge2. spermatogonium(diploid) grow to produce primary spermatocytes3. Primary Spermatocyte(2n) go through Meiosis I (n) converting into Secondary Spermatocytes3. Secondary Spermatocytes(n) go through Meiosis II to produce spermatids4. Spermatids(n) results from division of secondary spermatocytes5.SpermatozoaMature Spermatid6.6 U.2 Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. 5. State the role of the male sex hormones. (Slide 13) FSH Stimulates 1st spermatocytes the reduction phase 2n to nLH Stimulates interstitial (Leydig cells) to produce testosterone Testosterone Stimulates 2nd spermatocytes to spermatozoa 11.4 S.2 Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functions6. Draw a labeled diagram of the mature sperm. (Slide 15)Outline the function of each structure of a sperm cell. (Slide 15)StructureFunctionHeadhousing the nucleus and enzyme to penetrate the eggAcrosomevesicle contains the enzymesNucleushaploid nucleiMitochondrionNeed to make energy for propulsionMid Piececontains many mitochondriaTailProtein fibers add longitudinal rigidity and provide a mechanism of propulsionEdpuzzle 3: Female Reproduction6.6 S.1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions8. Annotate and label the diagram of the female productive system with the function of each part. (Slides 16-18)6.6 U.4 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormonesOutline the difference between negative and positive feedback in female reproduction. (Slide 19)Negative feedback (example: menstrual cycle), keeping close to equilibrium Positive feedback (Example: Child birth) moves the body away from equilibriumDescribe the two part of female reproduction, include in your description the hormones involve. (Slide 20)Uterine Cycle (Building the uterine lining) Estrogen/ProgesteroneOvarian Cycle (egg production) FSH /LHOutline the 28 day cycle (Slide 22-23)Female ReproductionDaysEvents1-5Wall of endometrium breaks down6-13estrogen levels cause the endometrium to start thickening14Ovulation stimulated by FSH/LH15-28Endometrium continues to grow in response to rising estrogen and progesterone.If no fertilization occurs, corpus luteum degenerates11.4 U.1 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation.11. Outline the process of oogenesis in the ovaries with a labeled drawing: (Slide 24)1746885446722500CellsProcess in OogenesisGerm Cells(2n) many mitotic (diploid) germ cell divisions take place with some cell forming an Oogonia cell which grows into a primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells Primary OocyteMeiosis (2n to n) Primary Oocyte undergoes the first division of meiosis (reduction phase) begins but stops in at prophase I.Secondary Oocytesecond division start creating a secondary Oocyte and then stop at prophase II. The Oocyte does not progress to the end of meiosis unless fertilization takes place.Edpuzzle 4: How menstruation worksDescribe a couple of differences between Oogenesis and spermatogenesis (Slide 25)Egg gets almost all of the organelles and cytoplasm with the polar bodies receiving little to know. Sperm is an even division of material Only 1 viable cell is created in Oogenesis 4 created in spermatogenesis 11.4 S.1 Annotation of diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to show the stages of gametogenesisDraw and label a diagram of an ovary (Slide 26)11.4 S.2 Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functionsLabel and annotate the diagram of a mammalian Oocyte (Slide 29)11.4 U.4 Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy15. Complete the chart below outlining the stages in the fertilization of a human egg: (Slide 31)Cumulus/Zona pellucidaThe cumulus is a thick loose grouping of cells. The sperm cell must penetrate this mass to reach the zona pellucida, ContactZona pellucida meets sperm enzymesAcrosome ReactionEnzyme creates a digest a path through the zona pellucida.FusionTwo nuclei come together causing the release of calciumCortical Reactioncortical vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane releasing enzymes that destroy the sperm binding protein6.6 A.2 William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer 16 a. Describe Aristotle’s “Seed and Soil” theory (Slide 34) believed that males produce seeds, females form an egg which mixes with menstrual blood to develop into a fetus16 b. What did Harvey discover in his investigation of seasonally mating deer that allowed him to disprove Aristotle’s theory? (Slide 34) that it took months for the fertilized egg to develop in the uterus11.4 U.5 Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy (Slide 36-37)Zygote: The fused sperm and egg. This cell undergoes rapid mitotic cell division, but these do not increase the size of the zygote (Cleavage)Morula: Cleavage produces a solid sphere of cells, still surrounded by zona pellucida. Blastocyst: At 4.5 to 5 days, cells have developed into a hollow ball of cells. At this stage the cell enters the uterus.Implantation: At about 7 days, the embryo implants into the endometrium where it continues to grow and develop.Draw a diagram of pre and post implantation of a Blastocyst and a Trophoplast. (Slide 37)11.4 U.6 HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy (Slides 37-38)The role of the hormone HCG during pregnancyStepsafertilized egg has developed into a blastocystbImplantation of the blastocystchCG passes into the maternal blood peak at 8-10 wk'sdhCG targets the ovary and the corpus luteumecorpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen at high levelsfto inhibit FSH and LH secretiongprogesterone's prevent the breakdown of the endometrium and so the embryo can continue its development11.4 U.7 The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.18. The placenta grows from the embryonic tissue. List the functions of the placenta: (Slide 41) Transfer gases/Transport nutrients/ Excretion of wastes/Hormone production/barrier6.6 U.3 Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty 11.4 U.8 Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed.Between weeks 6-9 of pregnancy, the placenta takes over from the ovaries as the main producer of progesterone and estrogen Discuss the functions of the following steroid hormones on the female reproductive system after implantation. (Slide 48)ESTROGENPre fertilization the hormone stimulates the buildup of the uterine lining Post fertilization: Preventing womb contracting, lactation and strengthening the muscles of the pelvic wallPROGESTERONEStimulate growth of the myometrium and oxytocin receptors Stimulate mammary gland development11.4 U.9 Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin.20. Explain the process of positive feedback that occurs in the process of giving birth involving estrogen and oxytocin. (Slide 43)Estrogen: Activates Oxytocin receptors in the uterusOxytocin: Stimulates uterus contraction and stimulates the placenta to make ProstaglandinsDescribe the role of the hormone prostaglandins (Slide 43) uterus contraction6.6 A.1 The use in IVF of drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancySummarize the stages of In Vitro Fertilization: (Slide 44)StepProcessDown-Regulation(Steps 1&2) Inject hormones to induce menstruation to begin a new cycle and check for primary follicles with ultra soundArtificial Doses of Hormones(Steps 3&4) inject with FSH to develop primary follicles. Treat with LH hormone to loosen eggsEgg Retrieval and Fertilization(Steps 5 ,6 &7) collected eggs and sperm (concentrate) and fertilize Establishing Pregnancy(Steps 8,9 and 10) Select embryos, transfer to uterus and test for pregnancy looking for hCGOutline some of the advantages and disadvantages to IVF. (Slide 45)Advantages: Over comes infertility, allow families for people who are sterilizeDisadvantage: What happens to unwanted embryo's11.4 A.1 The average 38-week pregnancy in humans can be positioned on a graph showing the correlation between animal size and the development of the young at birth for other mammals. Describe two factors that affect gestation length. (Slide 46) Animal size/mass and Level of developmentHow do human compare for size vs gestation length to other mammals? (Slide 46)Right in the middle in terms of gestation vs body mass11.4 U.3 Fertilization in animals can be internal or external13. Complete the chart below comparing external to internal fertilization: (Slide 48)External FertilizationInternal FertilizationLocation of Sperm DepositionWaterInside the femaleNumber of GametesLarge numbersFew Gametes releasedType of BehaviorEnvironmental cues/courtshipCooperative behaviorDevelopmentExternalInternalProtectionNoYesExamples:fishHumans ................
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