Community and Population Ecology



Community and Population Ecology

Community Ecology

I. Types of Species

A. Native vs nonnative

1. Native

2. Nonnative/exotic/alien: three possible destinies:

disappear

naturalized

invasive

B. Indicator species: the canary in the coal mine

Ex:

C. Keystone species

Ex:

D. Foundation species

Ex:

II. Competition

A. Caused by:

B. Interspecific vs intraspecific

C. Solutions

1.

2.

3.

D. Types

1.

2.

E. Law of Competitive Exclusion

F. Resource Partitioning

Lions & leopards/Hawks & owls/Warblers

III. Predation

A. predator and prey

B. Adaptations and the coevolution of predator and prey

IV. Symbiosis

A. Parasitism:

Ex:

B. Commensalism:

Ex:

C. Mutualism:

Ex:

V. Community Structure and Species Diversity

A. Community Structure

1. physical appearance

2. species diversity

a. species richness

b. species evenness

Tropical rain forest, e.g.

3. niche structure

Note: Also review the definitions of niche, habitat, generalist, and specialist from chapter 5.

B. Things that effect species diversity

1. Latitude (the latitudinal species diversity gradient, if you want to sound smart)

2. pollution

3. NPP

4. habitat availability and condition

5. time

VI. Succession

A. ecological succession

B. primary succession

long time…starts on bare rock, e.g.

starts w/: pioneer species:

then come: early successional plant species:

then…midsuccessional plant species:

late successional plant species:

C. secondary succession

begins in what type or area?

Climax community

D. Characteristics of immature and mature ecosystems (see table 8-1, p. 158)

E. Disturbance

1. catastrophic

a. natural

b. human-caused

2. gradual

a. natural

b. human-caused

VII. Ecological Stability

A. inertia/persistence

B. constancy

C. resilience

Tropical rainforest:

Temperate grassland

Population Ecology

VIII. Population Dynamics

A. size

B. density

C. dispersion

1. clumping

reasons

2. uniform

3. random

D. Age structure

1.

2.

3.

IX. Carrying capacity

A. Population growth

1. population change = (Births + Immigrants) – (Deaths + Emigrants)

ΔN = (B + I) – (D + E)

2. If ΔN = 0, it’s called ZPG

B. Limits on population growth

1. biotic potential

2. intrinsic rate of increase (r)

3. critical size/ minimum viable population

4. environmental resistance

C. Carrying capacity (K)

D. Exponential and Logistic growth

E. What happens when N > K?

F. Population density and population growth

1. density-independent controls:

2. density-dependent controls:

G. Population cycles

1.

2.

3.

4.

H. Predator-Prey population cycles

X. Reproductive strategies/patterns and survival: the struggle for genetic immortality

A. How do species reproduce?

1. asexual: the original brand of cloning

2. sexual: do the gene shuffle

3. disadvantages and advantages to sex (yes, there are disadvantages)

a. disadvantages

1. childbirth: tough on females

2. errors

3. courtship: tough on males

b. advantages

1. shuffling of genes= variability

2. males help out. Well, some do.

B. r-strategists vs K-strategists

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

C. Survivorship curves

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