Inside the Earth



AstronomyUnit Study Guide and NotesSection 1: The Solar SystemVocabulary____________________________— The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.Space—The area ____________________ of Earth’s atmosphere.____________________________—An object that revolves around another object in space._______________________ __________________—How big the planets are when compared to each other and the sun.Relative distance—How ______________ ___________________ the planets are when compared to each other and the sun.Notes _____________________________ is the study of the ______________ __________________. The solar system includes the ____________, _______________, stars, planets, and other objects in space, including meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Space is the area outside of Earth’s ______________________________. A _________________________ orbits the sun. A comet is a bright object with a long tail of glowing _______________________ made up of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. You can think of a comet as a “_______________ _______________________.” An _________________________________ is a rocky object that orbits the sun. Asteroids are too small to be planets. Most asteroids are in orbit between Mars and Jupiter in a region known as the ______________________________ ___________________. Most asteroids are less than 1 kilometer in diameter, but some are much larger. Scientists think that asteroids are leftover pieces of rock from the ________________ ________________ _____________________.A __________________________________ is a chunk of rock or dust in space. Some meteoroids form when asteroids _______________________ into each other. Other meteoroids form when ________________________ break apart. Meteoroids can enter Earth’s atmosphere. When one does, ______________________ between the meteoroid and the air produces a ____________________ _________ __________________ in the sky. A meteor is a _______________________ ____________ ____________________ in the sky produced by a meteoroid. Most meteoroids _______________ __________ ___________________________in Earth’s atmosphere. However, some hit Earth’s surface. Meteoroids that hit Earth’s surface are called ____________________________.Planets are large celestial bodies that _____________________ ___________ ______________ and are ___________________________ by light from the sun. The _____________________ planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.A star is a large body consisting of a mass of ___________________ that produces its own energy and light. The _________________ is a ___________________ that is the _________________ ______________ of our solar system. A moon is a natural ___________________________ of a planet that ____________________ around that planet. A satellite is an object that ___________________ ___________________ _____________________ ____________________ in space. Some planets do not have any moons, while other planets have seventeen or more moons. Earth has one moon.-18859516510Thought Box00Thought BoxReview Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)1. Read each word in the box. In each sentence below, fill in one of the words.916305135890moon star asteroid planet comet00moon star asteroid planet cometa. A bright object with a long tail of glowing gases that orbits the sun is a(n) ________________.b. A rocky object that orbits the sun and is too small to be a planet is a(n) ___________________.c. A natural satellite of a planet is called a(n) _________________.2. Read each word in the box. In each blank in the table below, fill in one of the words.1257300139700Meteor MeteoroidMeteorite00Meteor MeteoroidMeteoriteRocks From SpaceTermDescriptiona. ______________________________a streak of light in the night skyb. ______________________________a meteoroid that hits Earth’s surfacec. ______________________________a chunk of rock or dust in spaceNotes _______________________________ __________________ means how big the planets are when __________________________ _________ ______________ ___________________ and the sun. ______________________________ __________________________ means how ____________ _______________ the planets are when compared to each other and the sun.The sun _________________________ to be the largest of all of the stars. However, astronomers believe that other stars may be over 1,500 times bigger than the sun. The sun _____________ _____________________ than other stars because it is much __________________________ to the earth than any other star.-169545882015Thought Box00Thought BoxThe sun and the moon often appear to be the _______________________ ____________________. This is due to the fact that _____________________ ________ __________ ___________, the moon is much ____________________________ to Earth.Review Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)3. Circle the letter of the statement that best explains why the Sun and the Moon appear to be about the same size in the sky.a. The Sun and the Moon are the same distance from Earth.b. The Moon is smaller in diameter and is closer to the Earth than the Sun.c. The Sun and the Moon have the same diameter.d. The Moon is larger in diameter and farther from Earth than the Sun.Section 2: Earth’s Rotation & RevolutionVocabulary_______________________— An imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North and South poles, about which the earth rotates.Rotation—The ______________________________ motion of a planet on its axis.______________________________—The movement of an object around another object.Orbit—The path of an object as it _________________________ around another object in space.______________________________—A force that pulls objects toward each other.Notes__________________________ is spinning. Earth rotates on its ___________________. Earth’s axis is an ______________________________ ______________ through the North and South poles.Earth’s rotation causes __________________ ________________ ______________________. As Earth rotates from west to east, the sun appears to move across the sky. The direction of Earth’s rotation is what causes the sun to _________________ in the _________________ and ___________ in the _______________. The sun is not really moving. Earth’s rotation makes it appear to move. It takes Earth about ___________ ___________________ to rotate once.Earth also moves around the ___________________. This movement is called ______________________________. Revolution is the movement of _____________ _________________ ________________________ ____________________________.The path that Earth follows around the sun is called an ______________________. Earth takes one _________________ (365 ? days) to travel all the way around the sun in its orbit.___________________________ is the force that attracts all objects toward each other. Because of gravity, Earth _______________ _________ ____________ ________________. The moon also pulls on Earth. The __________________ stays in orbit around the Earth because of gravity. Gravity also keeps the ___________________ in orbit as they revolve around the sun.-160020140970Thought Box00Thought BoxReview Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)4. The longitude of a location determines which time zone it is in. Different time zones are the result ofa. Earth’s rotationb. Earth’s revolutionc. the moon’s rotationd. the moon’s revolution5. Draw a line from each term to its meaning.TermMeaningaxisa. the movement of one object around another objectrotationb. the imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and polesrevolutionc. the spinning of Earth992505192405006. The picture shows the planet Earth. Draw a line through the picture that shows Earth’s axis.7. In New York State, an observer will usually see the Sun rise in the a. northb. southc. eastd. west459105210185008. On the map below, place an X at 40o N 20o W.Explain why location B will experience sunrise before location A._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. The length of a year is equivalent to the time it takes for onea. rotation of Earthb. rotation of the Sunc. revolution of Earth around the Sund. revolution of the Sun around Earth 10. Which force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun and the moon in its orbit around Earth?__________________________NotesEarth’s ____________________ ________________________ as the Earth ____________________________ around the sun. Earth’s axis is ________________________, or slanted and always points the same way. When Earth is on one side of the sun, Earth tilts toward the sun. When Earth is on the other side, Earth tilts away from the sun.When Earth tilts ____________________ the sun, it is summer in the ___________________________ Hemisphere. When Earth tilts ____________________ from the sun, it is ________________________ in the ______________________ Hemisphere.When it is ___________________ in the Northern Hemisphere, it is ______________________ in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is ____________________ in the Northern Hemisphere, it is _______________________ in the __________________________ Hemisphere.Since the _____________________ always tilts toward the sun, it remains a ______________ _______________________, warmer ____________________________ at the equator throughout the year.-198120179705Thought Box00Thought BoxReview Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)11. Circle the factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State.a. the revolution of the Moon around Earthb. the tilt of Earth on its axisc. the distance of Earth from the Sun12. The diagram below shows Earth at four locations in its orbit around the Sun.57023035560Which motion do the arrows in the diagram represent?a. Earth’s rotationb. the Sun’s rotationc. Earth’s revolutiond. the Sun’s revolution13. Label the diagram below using the dates of March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21. Then answer the question below. 1257300120015 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________On which date does North America usually experience the longest period of daylight?______________________________14. The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from space. 80010074295Which season is occurring in the Northern Hemisphere?a. summerb. autumnc. winterd. springSection 3: The MoonVocabulary_______________________—One of the different apparent shapes of the moon as seen from Earth.solar ________________________—The blocking of sunlight to Earth that occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth.lunar eclipse—The blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when _____________________ is directly between the sun and the moon. NotesVery long ago, big rocks were moving around in space. Scientists think that one of these big rocks may have __________________________ into Earth. Material from Earth broke off. The ____________________ ___________ _____________________ of Earth became the ____________________.The moon ___________________________ around Earth. It takes the moon about ____________ days to _______________________ ________________________ _______________________.As the moon and Earth move, their positions _______________________ in relation to each other. Their positions also change in relation to the ___________________.The moon __________________ ____________ ________________ ______________ its own light. The moon _________________________ light from the sun.The moon _______________________ to have different _______________________ at different times. These different shapes of the moon that you see are called _______________________.As the moon ___________________________ around Earth, you see the moon _______________ ___________________________ ___________________. You cannot always see all of the part of the moon that is lit by the sun.50292001460500035433001460500020574001460500057150014605000___________________ ___________________ ______________________________________Sometimes the _____________________ moves between Earth and the sun. The moon blocks the _____________________________ from reaching Earth. A __________________ _______________________ occurs when a ______________ __________________ ________________________ your view of the sun.A _________________ ____________________ occurs when ____________________ _______ __________________ the moon and the sun. A lunar eclipse occurs when there is a ___________________ moon and Earth’s _______________________ hits the moon.-22669521590Thought Box00Thought BoxReview Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)15. The Moon’s surface is visible to an observer on Earth because the Moona. reflects sunlightb. absorbs light from Earthc. produces its own lightd. transmits sunlight16. Approximately how long does it take to cycle from one new Moon to the next new Moon?a. a dayb. a weekc. a monthd. a year17. The diagram represents the motion of the Moon around Earth as seen from above the North Pole. One position of the Moon in its orbit is shown.5715003556051943022733018. The diagram below shows the positions of the Sun, Earth, and the Moon as seen from space.Which event is caused by the Moon passing through Earth’s shadow?a. a meteor showerb. an eclipsec. a change of seasond. an earthquakeSection 4: TidesVocabulary__________________________— The daily rise and fall of Earth’s waters on its coastlines.Gravity— A force that __________________ objects toward each other.Notes________________ are the regular ___________________ _____________ ________________ of ocean water.The moon’s _______________________ ____________________ _________________. The force of the moon’s gravity causes ___________________ ___________________ on Earth to move higher in some places and lower in other places.The sun’s gravity also pulls on Earth’s ocean waters, so when __________________________ with the moon’s gravity, the ________________________ possible high tide is created. This happens when there is a new moon since the ______________, ________________, __________ _________________ are all ___________________ _________ in a straight line.There are _______________________________ ___________ hours between high and low tides, so several high and low tides occur every day.-2457458255Thought Box00Thought BoxReview Questions (Answer the following questions. Use the ideas in your notes to help you.)19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about tides.a. The moon’s gravity causes tides.b. The sun’s gravity causes tides.c. The sun’s gravity and the moon’s gravity do not combine.20. The table below shows the dates and the times of high and low ocean tides in a certain location. The data show a cyclic pattern.-115570165735Based on the data, predict the date and time of the next low tide.Date: ________________________________ Time: ____________________________-34290027876521. The graph below shows the water levels that result from tidal action over a 24-hour period.What was the approximate height of the water on the tide marker at 6 p.m.?a. 4.3 ftb. 5.4 ftc. 8.5 ftd. 11.2 ft ................
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