Chapter 2; Section 1: Earth’s Oceans Pages 38 to 41

Chapter 2; Section 1:

Earth's Oceans

Pages 38 to 41

1. What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water? ________________ 2. The global ocean is divided by the continents into _________ main oceans.

Division of the Global Ocean (Read p. 38. Then, fill in the blank with the correct term.)

3. ______________ The largest ocean 4. ______________ the ocean that is about half the volume of the Pacific Ocean 5. ______________ the third largest ocean 6. ______________ the ocean whose surface is partly covered by ice

How did the oceans form?

7. What happened to water vapor in the atmosphere when the early Earth cooled?____________________________________________________________

8. How did condensed water vapor form the oceans? ___________________________________________________________________

9. Place the following statements in historical order by writing the correct number in the space provided (1,2,3 or 4)

__________ All oceans except the Pacific are expanding __________ The South Atlantic Ocean was much smaller than it is today __________ The Earth had one giant body of water, Panthalassa, and one giant

landmass, Pangaea. __________ The Indian Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean began to form as Pangaea

broke apart

Characteristics of Ocean Water

10. State a true fact about salt in the ocean __________________________________ 11. _________________ is the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount

of liquid. 12. Which type of waters tend to be saltier?

a. Coastal waters in cool, humid environments b. River waters c. Coastal waters in hot, dry climates d. Coastal waters near river outlets 13. What happens to salt when water evaporates? _________________________________

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14. How do minerals on land make oceans? _______________________________________

15. ________________ is the warm, top layer of ocean water 16. _________________ is the second, cooler layer of ocean water 17. _________________ is the bottom, coolest layer of ocean water 18. In the _________________, temperature drops with greater depth faster than it does in

the other two zones. 19. What two things affect surface-zone temperatures in most regions?

a. b. The Ocean and the Water Cycle 20. What three components make up Earth's surface? a. b. c. 21. __________________ is the process by which water moves from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. 22. __________________ are droplets of water what fall back to the Earth's surface. 23. ___________________ is the process when water vapor cool and turns to liquid water on dust particles. 24. ___________________ is the process when liquid water is heated by the sun and rises as a gas into the atmosphere. Global Thermostat 25. What is the most important function of the ocean? ______________________________________________________________________ 26. Why are waters at the equator warmer than waters at higher latitudes?

27. How does the circulation of warm ocean water affect the climate of some coastal lands?

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Chapter 2; Section 2

The Ocean Floor

Pages 46 to 51

1. What does SONAR stand for? _____________________________________________ 2. What does Seasat measure? ______________________________________________

3. What does Geostat measure? _____________________________________________

4. Why do scientists use satellites to map the ocean floor instead of ship-based sonar?

5. How fast does sound travel in water? ______________________________________ 6. Explain how scientists use sound to figure out the depth of the ocean?

Revealing the Ocean Floor 7. ________________________ begins at the shoreline 8. ________________________ slopes from the continental shelf to the ocean floor 9. ________________________ forms the base of the continental slope 10. ________________________ is covered by mud

11. If the ocean were a giant swimming pool, the __________________________ would be the shallow end.

12. The two major regions of land under the water are the continental margin and the __________________________________ basin.

13. Mountain chains formed by magma coming through the rift zones are called ___________________________________.

14. When one oceanic plate is forced underneath another plate, a(n) __________________ forms.

15. As mid-ocean ridges build up, a(n) _______________________ forms between them in the rift zone.

16. Where do mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches form?

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Chapter 2; Section 3

Life in the Ocean

Pages 52 to 57

1. Scientists divide _________________________ into three main groups.

Record the term that best defines each statement. Use plankton, nekton or benthos

2. ______________ organisms that live on or in the ocean floor. 3. ______________ Plant-like and animal like microscopic life 4. ______________ Fish, dolphins and sea lions 5. ______________ free-swimming organisms 6. ______________ crabs, worms and clams 7. ______________ organisms that drift freely near the ocean surface

The Benthos Environment

8. What is the benthos environment? __________________________________________ 9. How is the sublittoral zone more stable than the intertidal zone? ___________________

________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why are plants scarce in the bathyal zone? ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

11. What is the abyssal zone? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

12. The zone near the surface or at the middle depths is called the ____________________

For each phrase, write whether it describes the neritic zone (N) or the oceanic zone (O)

13. ________ covers the entire sea floor except for the continental shelf 14. ________ covers the continental shelf 15. ________ is warm and shallow 16. ________ is home to strange animals like the anglerfish 17. ________ has cold water under great pressure in its deeper areas 18. ________ receives an abundance of sunlight

19. Why is marine life more diverse in the neritic zone?

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Chapter 3; Section 1

Currents

Pages 80 to 85

1. Oceans contain stream-like movements of water known as _____________________

2. Currents are influenced by weather, the Earth's _______________ and the position of the ___________________________.

Surface Currents

3. Horizontal movements of water that occur at or near the ocean's surface are called ________________________________.

4. Compare the directions in which surface currents flow near the poles and near the equator. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

5. Why do wind and surface currents appear to move in curved paths? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

6. What is the scientific term for the apparent curved motion of moving objects called? ______________________________________________________________

7. What happens when a surface current meets a continent? ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

8. Where do cold-water and warm-water currents begin? ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________

Deep Currents

9. __________________________ is the process which removes water but leaves solids behind.

10. __________________________is a measure of how hot or cold something is. 11. __________________________ is the amount of matter in a given space, or volume

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12. __________________________ is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts or solids in a liquid.

13. __________________________is a stream-like movement of ocean water located far below the surface.

14. Why is ocean water denser near the poles?

15. Why does ocean water that is covered by ice increase in density? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

16. Why does evaporation increase the density of ocean water? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

17. Which is colder, a deep current or a surface current? ________________________ 18. Which has a greater salinity, a deep current or a surface current? ______________

Chapter 3; Section 2

Currents and Climate

Pages 86 to 89

Surface Currents and Climate

1. What land areas are warmed and cooled by surface currents? ____________________

2. Where does the Gulf Stream get its warmth? __________________________________

3. In what directions does the Gulf Stream flow? _________________________________

4. Where does the California Current get its cold water?____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5. In what direction does the California Current flow? ______________________________

6. When upwelling takes place, what happens to the cold water from the deep ocean? ________________________________________________________________________

El Ni?o

7. In what ocean do El Ni?o and La Ni?a form? ___________________________________

8. How does the surface temperature of the ocean change during El Ni?o?

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9. How does the surface temperature of the ocean change during La Ni?a? ___________ _______________________________________________________________________

10. List three disasters that may occur when El Nino changes the weather patterns

Chapter 3; Section 3

Waves

Pages 90 to 95

Anatomy of a Wave

1. Waves are made up of the two main parts. The ________________ is the highest point of the wave. The _____________________ is the lowest point of the wave.

2. The distance between two adjacent wave crests or wave troughs is the ________________________.

3. The vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave is called the ________________________________.

Wave Formation and Movement

4. What is the source of energy that creates most ocean waves? _______________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

5. What happens to water when a wave of energy passes through it? ___________

___________________________________________________________________

Specifics of Wave Movement

6. _____________________ is the time between the passage of two wave crests (or troughs) at a fixed point.

7. _____________________ is determined by dividing the wavelength by the wave period.

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Types of Waves

8. _____________ are waves that move in water deeper than one-half their wavelength

9. _____________ are waves that reach water shallower than one half their wavelength

10. _____________ are waves that crest and then crash into the ocean floor

11. _____________ is the area where waves first begin to tumble downward, or break.

12. _____________ is the area between the breaker zone and the shore.

13. ___________________ is a subsurface current that is near the shore and that pulls objects out to sea.

14. ___________________ is a water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline.

15. ___________________ are the bubbles in the crest of the breaking wave.

16. ___________________ are the long rolling waves that move steadily and at long distances across the ocean.

17. ___________________ is a giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or landslide.

18. __________________ is a local rise in sea level near the shore, caused by strong winds from a hurricane or other storm.

Chapter 3; Section 4

Tides

Pages 96 to 99

1. What are tides? _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. What two forces influence tides?

a.

b.

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