Earth’s Oceans – “The Water Planet” - Loudoun County Public Schools
[Pages:55]Earth's Oceans ? "The Water Planet"
Unit 6 Chapters 22 - 24
Why does the Earth look mostly blue when viewed from space?
Oceanography
? Oceanography ? is the study of the ocean using chemistry, biology, physics, geology, and other sciences.
Water Molecule
? Water molecule (H20) = 1 Oxygen, 2 Hydrogens
? Polarity ? uneven distribution of charge between H & O
? Hydrogen is positive charge and Oxygen is negative charge = Dipolar molecule
? H bonding - strong bond between a positively charged H atom of one molecule with a negatively charged atom of another molecule.
? Hydrogen bonds determine the structure of water in solid form.
? Arrange in "frame" with large spaces between molecules (less dense, like ice)
+ H H+ O _
+ H H+ O _
Properties of Water
? Oceans cover >70% of Earth's surface
? Density ?
? Salinity and Temperature affect density of seawater
? Ice (solid form of water) is less dense than the liquid form because of the structure
? Ice floats on water.
? Salt concentration ? the more salt the more dense the water is.
? (Dead Sea ? people float on water because salt water is more dense).
Beer_Sheva/Dead_Sea/photo1019336.htm
Seawater
? Salinity ? measure of dissolved salts in water.
? Measure by evaporating water and weighing amount of salt left over.
? Average salinity = 35 practical salinity units (psu) or 35%.
? Based on amount of fresh water entering sea. (so salinity may be different at times ? also depends on climate)
? Seawater liquid between -2?C to 100.3?C (normally water is a liquid between 0?C - 100?C
? Throw salt on sidewalk/road to melt ice. (seawater more stable than pure water)
Freshwater freezes, leaves salt behind in seawater.
Salinity in Seawater can change
? Depends on amount of freshwater coming into sea ? So area with lots of freshwater coming into sea may be less than the average 35% salinity (because less salt, more freshwater)
? Depends on climate ? So area with hot, dry climates will evaporate water more quickly, so salinity is more than average (less freshwater, leaves more salt) ? Area very cold forming ice, salt is left behind in water and freshwater freezes, so salinity would be higher here.
Composition of Seawater
? More than 70 elements make up seawater
? Chloride ~55%
? Sodium ~30.6%
? Sulfate ~7.7%
? Magnesium ~3.7%
? All others ~3%
? Important elements in seawater:
? Salt (Sodium Chloride= NaCl) and magnesium mined from seawater.
? Calcium for hard shells (shellfish)
? Nitrogen and phosphorous from photosynthesis.
Piles of salt, Bolivia
Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg
?Salts enter ocean via: - Underwater volcanoes - Erode from mineral-
rich rocks - Decomposed marine
organisms.
Temperature Profile of Ocean
? 3 temperature zones:
? Surface zone/Mixed Layer (warmed by sunlight)
? Middle zone/ Thermocline (penetrated by little light, temperatures change rapidly)
? Deep zone (very cold, without light)
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