The Gilded Age



Unit IX: Memory Advanced Placement PsychologyMr. Landry2011-2012Terms to know MemoryRetrospective memoryProspective memoryFlashbulb memoryEncodingStorageRetrieval Automatic processingEffortful processingSpacing effectSerial position effectPrimacy effectRecency effectVisual encodingAcoustic encodingSemantic encodingChunkingHierarchiesSensory memoryIconic memoryEchoic memoryShort-term memoryMagic number sevenWorking memoryLong-term memoryImplicit/procedural memoryExplicit/declarative memoryLong-term potentiationAmnesiaInfantile amnesiaRetrieval cuesRecallRecognitionRelearningPrimingDéjà vuState-dependent memoryMood-congruentEncoding failureStorage decayRetrieval failureTip-of-the-tongue phenomenaPositive transferInterference/negative transferProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceMotivated forgettingRepressionRetrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesiaMisinformation effect/ eyewitness misinformation effectSource amnesia/source misinformation MnemonicEidetic memoryPeople to knowKnow what theory each person is associated withRichard AtkinsonRichard ShiffrinHerman Ebbinghaus George Miller Sigmund FreudMajor Concepts & Ideas to KnowMemoryDefinitionTwo kinds: Retrospective memory & Prospective memoryBasic concepts about memoryPersonally constructed, not like a recordingSteps & Factors in memory construction How we decide what memories to storeComputer analogy Steps: Encoding, Storage, & RetrievalTwo types of encoding: Automatic processing & Effortful processingConcepts related to Effortful processing: Spacing effect & Serial position effect (Primacy & Recency effects)Three main types of processing information: By meaning, by visualizing it, by mentally organizing itThree main ways that we encode verbal information: visual, acoustic, semanticMethods of mentally organizing information: Chunking & HierarchiesStorage: Three-stage processing model of memory (Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin)Sensory memory: Iconic & Echoic memoryShort-term memory: how much information can it store, and for how long (magic number seven)Working memoryLong-term memory: Implicit or Procedural memory & Explicit or Declarative memorySemantic memory & Episodic memoryBiology aspects of storage: Different parts of the brain involved in storing memoriesHippocampusThalamusCerebellumAmygdalaSynaptic changes involved in memoriesLong-term potentiationHormonesInfantile Amnesia: what is remembered and what is not remembered, and whyRetrieval: Process of retrieving encoded information from storage and bringing it to consciousness Types of Retrieval: Recall, Recognition, RelearningEidetic memory: what it is & why it is not necessarily a good thingRetrieval Cues: what they are & kindsWordsEventsPictures Context effectsFlashbulb memoryMoods: State-dependant memory & Mood-congruentForgettingWhy forgetting a good thingTheories involving forgetting: Encoding failure, Storage decay, Interference/negative transfer, & Motivated forgetting (repression)Interference/negative transfer: Proactive & Retroactive interferenceMotivated forgetting (repression): what it is, reasons for it, & who came up with itAmnesia: definition, what it effects, & kinds (Retrograde & Anterograde amnesia)Memory construction: how we contract memories & what effects their constructionHow memories can be encoded & retrieved incorrectly & how that effects memorySource amnesia/source misattribution: what it is & examples of itHow/why encoding & retrieval errors happen (conscious vs. unconscious) What effects encoding/retrieval errorsBold-Faced Words (BFW’s)You do need to know these for the test, even if they are not listed above.Acoustic encodingAmnesiaAutomatic processingChunkingDéjà vuEchoic memoryEffortful processingEncodingExplicit/declarative memoryFlashbulb memoryHippocampusIconic memoryimageryImplicit/procedural memoryLong-term memoryLong-term potentiationMemoryMisinformation effect/eyewitness misinformation effectMnemonicMood-congruentPrimingProactive interferenceRecallRecognitionRehearsalRelearningRepressionRetrieval Retroactive interferenceSemantic encodingSensory memorySerial position effectShort-term memorySource amnesia/source misinformation Spacing effectStorageVisual encodingVocabularyDue the day of the testAnterograde amnesiaEidetic memoryEncoding failureInterference/negative transferMotivated forgettingPositive transferPrimacy effectProspective memoryRecency effectRetrieval failureRetrograde amnesiaRetrospective memoryState-dependent memoryStorage decayTip-of-the-tongue phenomenaWorking memoryUnit VIII test question breakdown: Versions A & BBackground: 1, 2Non-associative learning - terms: 3 – 5Associative learning - terms: 6Classical conditioning - terms: 6Classical conditioning – identifying responses & stimuli: 7 – 18, 25Classical conditioning – related terms: 19 – 27, 98Classical conditioning – different variables that affect conditioning: 28 – 34Operant conditioning – background: 35, 83, 84Operant conditioning – reinforcer vs. punishment/positive vs. negative: 36 – 37, 60 - 69Operant conditioning – successive approximations: 38, 40Operant conditioning – shaping: 39, 40Operant conditioning – related terms: 41, 42Operant conditioning – intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation: 43, 44Operant conditioning – primary vs. secondary reinforcer: 45Operant conditioning – immediate vs. delayed reinforcers: 46, 49, 81Operant conditioning – continuous vs. intermittent reinforcers: 47, 48Operant conditioning – ratio schedule: 50 – 59, 67 - 69, 96Operant conditioning – different variables that affect conditioning: 70 – 71Observational learning - latent learning: 72Observational learning - modeling: 73, 79, 80, 89Observational learning – mirror neurons: 74Identifying type of learning: 75 – 80, 92-96Experiments: 80, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91Psychologists: 82 - 90Behaviorism – definition: 82 - 84Perspectives: 87Previous Units – parts of the nervous system: 97Conditioning – most efficient schedule of reinforcement: 99Previous Units – tardive dyskinesia: 100Reading assignment due datesAssignmentTopics coveredDue date“A” Day“B” Day Outline/BFT (Unit IX: Memory) 343-361Background, encoding, storageMonday, January 9thFriday, January 6thReading/BFT (Unit IX: Memory) 361-381Retrieval, forgetting, memory construction Wednesday, January 11thTuesday, January 10thUnit IX: test/vocabFriday, January 13th Thursday, January 12th Please note that this schedule is different than the one on the Unit VII GuideAs you are reading this unit… Take note of the following major ideas and concepts and make sure you include them in your outline and understand them.Memory Loss and Memory Feats (page 344)What is flashbulb memory?Information processing (page 345)What are the three steps of information processing? What does each of these steps do?What is the three-stage processing model of memory? Who are the psychologists associated with it?Do not mix up the three steps of information processing and the three stage-processing model.What are each of the three stages?Which of the three steps is the three-stage processing model associated with?Encoding (page 347)What is encoding?What are the two types of encoding?What are the concepts associated with effortful encoding?Which psychologist is most associated with effortful processing?What We Encode (page 349)What are the three ways we process information?What are the three main kinds of encoding that are used to encode verbal information? Which is considered the best?What are mnemonics?What are the main ways to organize information to better encode it?Storage (page 354)What are the three main types of storage?What is “magic number seven” refer to?What are the two types of sensory memory?Storing Memories in the Brain (page 356)What part does synaptic changes play in memory?What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?What is implicit memory? What is explicit memory?What parts of the brain are most associated with memory?Retrieval (page 361)What is the difference between recall and recognition? Retrieval Cues (page 362)Memory is held in storage by associations.The way we retrieve specific memories is through priming, which is referred to as “the waking of associations”Make sure to understand what context effects are and how mood and memories are relatedForgetting (page 365)Understand how forgetting is related to encoding.What is storage decay?What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve? Understand how forgetting is related to retrieval.What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?What is motivated forgetting?Memory construction (page 372)The idea of memory construction can be tricky because it is conceptual. Understand the idea that memories are reconstructive, not reproductive. In other words, we construct our memories, they are not just reproduced like a tape recording.What are the misinformation effect and the imagination effect?What is source amnesia? Is it possible to tell true from false memories? How is that related to the concept of memory construction?How do these concepts relate to repressed memories?Frequently Missed Questions from the Unit VII test Know what things are done at the conscious level; when you’d be most likely to be using the conscious level; and the speed that the conscious level works, as compared to the other levels.Know what an endogenous biorhythm is and examples of it.Know what gland is associated with melatonin and what causes it to be produce that hormone and what causes it to stop production of it.What kind of biorhythm would causes us to resist going to bed/falling asleep earlier than we normally would.Know the different sleep stages especially what waves occur in what stages.Know what when we are in stage two sleep for the second time, the next stages we would be in is REM (1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, etc.) and we’re only in Stage 1 sleep once.Know what stage sleepwalking occurs and what brain waves are at that stage.Know the difference between parasomnias and dyssomnias. Know what the term “primary sleep disorder” means and which of the sleep disorders we learned are sometimes not considered primary sleep disorders and why.Know which parts of the brain are most active and which are not active when we are dreaming.Know what Carl Jung is most associated with in terms of dream theory.Know what supports theories that our dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime experiences or try to make sense of our daytime experiences. Know what the Salience Hypothesis is and what regarding dreams it is related to.Know what the characteristics of the brainwaves of someone under hypnosis areKnow what category of drug alcohol is, whether it be in small or large amountsKnow what amphetamines do to the level of anxiety and how they would affect the sympathetic nervous system. Knowing what category of drugs amphetamines are would help in answering this question.Know what the scientific name and its most common abbreviation for the drug Ecstasy. Know which category of drugs is usually psychologically addictive and not physically addictive.Know what neurotransmitters are most associated with which categories of drugs, and whether each one is an agonists or antagonists. Know what sense the semicircular canals are most associated with.Know the wave information regarding light and sound; especially amplitude and wavelength. The analogies for the waves will be on pretty much every test, so make sure you know the wave information.Know what transduction is and where it takes place for each of the senses. In other words, know what the sensory receptors are for each of the senses. Know the difference between rods and cones, not just that one can sense color and one can sense only black & white.Know what heritability is.If given an example, know if it is negative correlation or positive correlation. ................
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