Connector Summary (Connectives) http://www



Connector Summary (Connectives)

Principio del formulario

Final del formulario

 Connector Diagnostic: identifying specific points that need review

Quiz 1: beginning – intermediate

Quiz 2: intermediate – advanced 

 Addition and Contrast

FANBOYS: joining independent clauses with coordinators

• FANBOYS — for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

• Coordinator types

• Punctuation

• Coordinator Position

• Common Mistakes

• Beginning w/ And

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – edit the sentence

• Practice 3 – select the part of speech

She danced and waved a fan. 

She danced and waved a fan, and he played the flute. 

 And / In addition: joining sentence elements and sentences 

Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speaker

• Sentence Elements — acts and sings

• Addition / Conclusive Fact — In addition

• Introductory Phrases — Besides being…

• Reduced Verb Pairs – Come and see…

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – complete the sentence (MC)

• Practice 2 – correct / incorrect

• Practice 3 – edit paragraph

Anne is an actress.  Normally, she acts and sings.  

Anne acts, sings and dances.  In addition, she directs theater productions. adds information

You should see Anne. She acts, sings and dances. Moreover, she looks like the main character. adds a conclusive fact

Besides being funny, he is also young and smart.  adds information

Hire him because he is young and smart.  Besides, he is funny!   adds a conclusive fact or argument

 And so / too: shortening a repeated verb in a joined clause

• And…so

• And…too

• But…not

• Common Mistakes

• Tag Questions

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

My brother has a new toy, and so do I.   (American English)

My brother has a new toy, and so have I.  (British English)

My bother got a new toy, and I did too.  

My brother got a new toy,  but I didn't. 

You got a new toy, didn't you?   Yes, I did.  / No, I didn't.

 Too / Either: adding a positive or negative comment

Beg.– Adv. ESL, Native Speaker

• Too/Either

• Polarity

• Short Responses

• But not too

• Common Mistakes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

I am eight today, and my cousin is too.  

I am not a child, and my cousin isn't either.   

I am excited. Me too!  (informal) / I am too!

I am not worried.  Me either!  (informal) / I am not either!

Nobody helped me.  Me either.  (negative pronoun)

We barely understand it. Me either. (negative adverb)

   

Both and: joining sentence elements with paired expressions

• Addition — both…and, not only…but also

• Not only – aux. verb

• Punctuation

• Negative Addition — neither…nor

• Neither…nor

• Either…or

• Common Mistakes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

Both the movie and the play were good.  

Not only the movie but also the play was good.  

Neither the movie nor the play was good.  

Either the movie or the play was good. I can't remember.  

But / But still:  stating contrast or contrary outcome

• But/But still

• Contrast — but, while, whereas, on the other hand, in contrast to, however

• Contrary Outcome — but, still, yet, nevertheless, regardless, in spite of, despite

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

• Practice 3 – multiple choice

like sugar in my coffee, whereas Edward likes black coffee.

I like sugar in my coffee in contrast to Edward who likes none.

One the one hand, I like sugar in my coffee.

On the other hand, Edgard does not!

I shouldn't eat sugar, but still I do.

Though I shouldn't eat sugar, I do.

I shouldn't eat sugar.  Nevertheless, I do.

  

But not / Except:  stating an exception

• But not/Except

• Before verbs

• Common mistakes

• But expressions

• Nothing but

• All but

• But for

• Who but

• Cannot but

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

He likes vegetables but not carrots.

He likes vegetables except (for) carrots.

Jack does nothing all day except [to] eat and sleep. 

He isn't interested in anything except eating and sleeping.

Jack eats nothing but hamburgers.

Jack ate all but one hamburger. 

  

But / Though: expressing defeat versus challenge

• Implied meanings

• But/Though

• Practice – multiple choice

Brian planned on attending a job fair, but the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (It discouraged him..)

Brian planned on attending a job fair, though the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (He stood in it anyway.)

 Rather than: preference and avoidance

• Prefer X to Y

• Would rather

• Rather than–preference

• Rather than–avoidance

• Rather than Complements

• Bare Infin vs Gerund

• Prep Complements

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1

• Practice 2

We would rather walk to work than drive. (X and not Y)

We walk to work rather than drive. (X and not Y)

We walk to work rather than get caught in traffic.  (choosing X to avoid Y)

 Cause and Effect (Reason – Result)

Because /  Because of: indicating cause (reason)

• Because/Because of

• Due to

• Noun phrases

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

Because a gas pipeline exploded, several homes burned down.

Because of the gas explosion / an  exploding gas line, several homes burned down.

 Because of / By: indicating cause vs. method

• Cause vs. Agent

• Common Mistakes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

Demonstrators protested because of high unemployment. reason

Demonstrators protested by marching in the street. means

Progress was made because of the opposition leaders. reason

Progress was made by the opposition leaders.  agent

 Cause & Effect: indicating a causal relationship

• Consequently/Because

• Cause/Result expressions

• Cause "cuz"

• If only because

• Punctuation

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

• Practice 3 – multiple choice

She married at the age of thirteen because she had no other options.

She had no other options. Consequently, she married at the age  of thirteen.

Illiteracy results from a poor childhood education.

A poor childhood education results in illiteracy.

 Because/Though: expected and unexpected outcomes  

• Because/Though

• Intital Position

• Transitions

• Because of + NP

• Because of + Gerund

• Punctuation

• Not…because

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – correct/incorrect

• Practice 3 – edit  

He wore his winter pants because it was snowing.

Schools were closed because of the snow.

It was snowing.  For this reason, the schools were closed.

He was biking in his shorts though it was snowing.

The schools were open in spite of the cold temperature.

It was snowing.  Nevertheless, the schools were open.

Because Clauses: shortening a cause-effect clause

• Beginning a sentence

• Ending a sentence

• Be verbs

• Common Mistakes

• Past Events

• Practice – multiple choice

Because Tom worked so hard, he earned a good salary. (same time)

Working so hard, Tom earned a good salary. (same time)

Because Tom had been working so hard, he needed a vacation.

Having worked so hard (earlier time), Tom needed a vacation.

 

So / Such that: emphasizing qualities and characteristics

Int.. ESL, Native Speaker

• So-that v. Such that

• Sentence Structure

• Diagrams

• So – Emphasis v Effect

• So much v Such

• Common Mistakes

• Practice – read & complete sentences (MC)

The meteor storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night.

It was such a beautiful meteor storm that we watched it all night.

We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quantity)

We will learn such interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quality)

 So that: expressing purpose vs. effect

• So that / So

• So–Purpose

• So–Effect

• Punctuation

• So expressions

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

The baby reached up so that he could get some candy.

The baby got nothing, so he cried.

Cause-Effect Review: expressing a cause and effect relationship

• Cause/Effect Chart

• Grammar Notes – Terms

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – correct/incorrect

• Practice 3 – edit sent.

His computer froze, so he hit it.

He hit it so hard that he damaged the keyboard.

He took it to a repair center because it needed a new keyboard.

He paid a lot to have it fixed.  As a consequence, he never hit his computer again.

Time-Relative Conjunctions

After/ Before/ When: indicating time-relative activities

• Present & Future Time Frames

• Same time vs. After

• Common Mistakes

• Past Time Frames

• Punctuation

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – correct/incorrect

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

• Practice 3 – edit sentence

When I call the dog, she comes.

After I call the dog, she comes.

Before I call the dog, I open the door.

After I take the dog out, we'll sit down for a while.

When / While: indicating same-time activities

• Same-time Events

• Other Expressions

• Punctuation

• Common Mistake

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1– complete the sentence (MC)

• Practice 2 – correct/incorrect

When you called, he picked up his cell phone.

While he was talking on the phone, the baby slept.

By the time: indicating a future completion time

• By the time v. When

• Future

• Present

• Past

• Common Mistake

• Future Perfect – Passive

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – correct / incorrect

• Practice 3 – read and edit

[adverbial clause, PP + clause] 

By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting. (ongoing)

By the time I leave work, the sun will have set. (completed)

Reduced Time Clauses: shortening a before, after, when, while clause

• Reducing a Clause

• Clause Position

• Omitting When / While

• After

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – complete the sentence (MC)

• Practice 2 – complete the sentence (MC)

While John was walking home, he came across a skunk.

While walking home, John came across a skunk.  

Walking home, John came across a skunk. 

Walking home from school, *a skunk sprayed John. 

 Review

Connector Review: Connective words that relate phrases and clauses

• Connector Chart — ccoordinators, subordinators, and linking adverbs

• Practice 1– multiple choice

• Practice 2– edit sentences in paragraph

The day was cold and windy.

They day was cloudy, windy and also cold.

It was cloudy and windy.  Also, it was cold.

The wind was strong as well as cold.

Besides being windy, it was also cold.

The day was windy  and cold. In addition, it was bright and clear.

It was bright, clear and windy. Moreover, it was cold.

It was bright, clear and windy.  Furthermore, it was cold

 Connector Edit: finding conjunction, adverb and transition word errors

• Review Links

• Practice – multiple choice

*We had to go home even we hadn't found what we were looking for.

 Parallel Phrasing:  joining like items with and and but  

• Unparallel v. Parallel

• Parallel Adverbs

• Parallel Modifiers

• Parallel Verbs

• Parallel Phrases

• Practice 1– multiple choice

• Practice 2– multiple choice

Also see:  Parallel Gerund Prac

*My English is improving slow but surely.

My English is improving slowly but surely.

 Sentence Editing: correcting connector use

• Review link – adding punctuation, removing wordiness, adding capitalization

• Practice – edit sent.

*Because I needed to miss a board meeting, so I notified the speaker.

 Related Pages

Indeed / Even:  emphasizing unexpected or extraordinary details

• Emphasis Words

• Indeed/ Even

• In Fact/ Even

• Even/Even though

• Even though/ Even if

• Punctuation

• Common Mistakes

• Grammar Notes

• Practice 1 – multiple choice

• Practice 2 – multiple choice

• Practice 3 – multiple choice

His work is indeed more amazing than before.

His work is in fact more amazing than before.

His work is even more amazing than before.

 Clause/ Fragment: identifying larger parts of a sentence

• Sentence Parts

• Phrase

• Clause – independent/ dependent

• Sentence– spoken/ written

• Common Mistakes

• Practice 1 – identify

• Practice 2 – edit sent.

*Each year, millions of people travel to the U.S. In fact, eighty-six million.   (fragment)

Put your suitcase down.  *Over there. (fragment)

*How about a visa? (fragment)

 *Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.

 Run-on Sentences: identifying simple and compound sentences

• Simple Sentence

• Compound Sentence with conjunctions or semicolons 

• Exceptions

• Practice 1 – identify

• Practice 2– edit sentence

My friend and I blogged and read over his shoulder.

My friend blogged, and I read over his shoulder.

 For Example / That is to say: adding examples or clarification

• For Example

• List Examples

• Technical List e.g.

• That is

• Clarification

• Technical i.e.

• Common Mistakes

• Punctuation

• Resources

• Practice – correct/incorrect

Calcium is in green leafy vegetables, for example, broccoli, kale, arugula, and spinach.

There is calcium in vegetables such as broccoli, kale, arugula, and spinach.

Cruciferous vegetables (i.e., Brassicaceae) have flowers shaped like a cross.

 

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