Scientific Revolution
Chapter 7
New Thoughts
Identify:
1. Aristotle
2. Clausius Ptolemy
3. Nicholas Copernicus
4. Tycho Brahe
5. Galileo Galilei
6. Isaac Newton
7. William Harvey
8. Johannes Kepler
9. Blaise Pascal
10. René Descartes
11. Francis Bacon
12. Gottffried Leibniz
13. Andreas Vesalius
14. Robert Boyle
15. Pierre Bayle
16. Edmund Haley
17. François Quesnay
18. Voltaire
19. David Hume
20. Charles-Louis de Montesquieu
21. Denis Diderot
22. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
23. Beccaria
24. Immanuel Kant
25. Paul-Henri Holbach
26. Madame du Chatalet
27. Madame Geoffrin
28. Adam Smith
29. Edward Gibbon
30. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Identify the authors and explain the significance of the following texts:
1. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
2. Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
3. Principia
4. On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
5. The Starry Messenger
6. Two New Sciences
7. Émile
8. On Crime and Punishment
9. Two Treatises on Government
10. The Social Contract
The Spirit of the Laws
11. Candide
12. Discourse on Method
13. Essay Concerning Human Understanding
14. Encyclopedia
Identify the following concepts or events:
1. Geocentric
2. Heliocentric
3. Scientific Method
4. Epicycles
5. Empiricism
6. Copernican theory
7. Aristotelian world-view
8. Rationalism
9. Deductive reasoning
10. Inductive reasoning
11. The English Royal Society
12. Cartesian Dualism
13. Salon
14. “Dare to know”
15. tabula rasa
16. “Écrasez l’infâme!”
17. Encyclopedia
18. Deism
19. Scientific method
20. Enlightened absolutism
Essays:
1. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Bacon and Descartes
2. Why did the Scientific Revolution take place? What were the necessary conditions and what had prevented those conditions from occurring earlier?
3. What did Isaac Newton mean when he said, “If I have seen further than others it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants”?
4. If you were to have lunch with Thomas Hobbes and you told him that you were in favor of Constitutionalism what do you think his response would be and why?
5. What was the role of the Catholic Church in the Scientific Revolution? Using specific examples state whether the various popes did or did not supported?
6. How did scientists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reconcile the role of God with the new scientific discoveries?
7. How did the Scientific Revolution affect the lives of the monarchy, the nobility, and the peasants of Europe?
8. What else is happening in Europe at the same time as the Scientific Revolution and how are any of these events related?
9. What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning and how did each idea become popular?
10. How did the Scientific Revolution alter people’s perceptions about the universe, God, and the role of man?
11. What did Copernicus discover, how did his views conflict with traditional religious dogma, and how did he reconcile the conflict without losing his life?
12. Compare and contrast the conditions that Galileo worked under to those that Newton enjoyed.
13. If you were to have lunch with Thomas Hobbes and you told him that you were in favor of Constitutionalism what do you think his response would be and why?
14. What was the role of women during the Enlightenment and how did traditional ideas prevent women from being even more involved?
15. Why did the enlightened monarchs try to associate with the philosophes and what did the philosophes think of the enlightened monarchs?
16. How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution open the door for the Enlightenment?
17. Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.
18. Defend or refute the statement “the Enlightenment simply an intellectual extension of the Scientific Revolution?”
19. Historian John Guy claimed, “There were actually three parts to the Enlightenment.” Describe how the political and religious ideas of the Enlightenment changed over time.
20. Did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment change the world? If so, how? If not, why not?
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