IB History 12



IB History 12

Unit I – The 1920’s - Answers

Chapter 26 of The Western Heritage

A (*) denotes a more detailed answer is required.

The Fascist Experiment in Italy (P. 886)

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1. Who was the head of the Italian Fascist movement?

➢ Benito Mussolini

2. What is the term fascist used to describe?

➢ A number of right-wing dictatorships that arose across Europe between the wars

3. *What is the general consensus about the meaning of fascism? What were the beliefs / goals of fascist governments?

➢ Antidemocratic, anti-Marxist, antiparliamentary, and frequently anti-Semitic

➢ They sought to make the world safe for the middle class, small business, owners of moderate amounts of property, and small farmers

➢ Fascists believed that normal parliamentary politics and parties sacrificed national honor and greatness to petty disputes

➢ They wanted to overcome the class conflict of Marxism and the party conflicts of liberalism by uniting the various groups and classes within the nation to achieve great national purposes

➢ The fascist conception of the state is all-embracing, and outside of the state no human or spiritual values can exist, let alone be desirable

➢ Fascist govt’s were usually single-party dictatorships characterized by terrorism and police surveillance

➢ Fascist movements were nationalistic in response to the feared international expansionism of communism

4. What Italian political group was founded in 1919? Why?

➢ Fasci de Combattimento = Bands of Combat – formed in Milan

➢ They felt the Paris conference had cheated them of the hard-won fruits of victory (they wanted failed to gain territorial concessions on the northeast coast of the Adriatic Sea)

➢ They feared socialism and the effects of inflation within Italy

5. What was Il Popolo d’Italia?

➢ Newspaper called - The People of Italy – which Mussolini founded

6. How was Mussolini as a politician?

➢ An opportunist who would change his ideas and principles to suit every new occasion.

➢ Action was more important than thought or rational justification

➢ His goal was political survival

➢ Use example from p. 889 “Early Fascist Organization” 1st paragraph as an example

7. Briefly describe the social turmoil that Italy experienced between 1919-1921.

➢ Industrial strikes were common and workers would occupy factories

➢ Peasants seized uncultivated land from large estates

➢ Parliamentary and constitutional gov’t seemed incapable of dealing with the unrest

➢ The Socialist Party and the Catholic Popular Party could not cooperate

➢ Many Italians believed the social upheaval would lead to a communist revolution

8. How did Mussolini and his fascists take direct action during the internal political turmoil between 1919 and 1921?

➢ They formed local squads of terrorists who disrupted Socialist Party meetings, beat up socialist leaders and intimidated socialist supporters

➢ They attacked strikers and farm workers, and protected strikebreakers

➢ They intimidated local officials through arson, beatings, and murder

➢ They controlled the local gov’t of much of Northern Italy

9. What happened in the election of 1921?

➢ Mussolini and 34 of his followers were elected to the Chamber of Deputies

10. How did Mussolini become prime minister?

➢ The Black Shirt March – October, 1922, fascists marched on Rome; Mussolini stayed in Milan

➢ King Victor Emmanuel refused to sign a decree allowing the army to put stop the marchers

➢ The cabinet resigns in protest

➢ The king asks Mussolini to become prime minister

➢ Mussolini made allies within the political system prior to the march which allowed him to be offered the position of authority

➢ The monarch had the constitutional authority to appoint the prime minister

➢ Mussolini did not have a majority in the Chamber of Deputies

➢ Months of terrorist disruption and intimidation actually paved the way for Mussolini to attain power

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Black Shirts March on Rome

11. *Describe how Mussolini turned Italy into a single-party state in four years?

➢ The fascists took control of the Chamber of Deputies in 1924 and by 1926 passed laws that, in effect, allowed Mussolini to rule by decree

➢ All other political parties were dissolved

➢ Fascists were put in charge of the police – terrorist squads had become a part a government militia

➢ Thanks to effective Fascist Party propaganda, a cult of personality surrounded Mussolini

➢ His oratory skills and general intelligence allowed Mussolini to hold his own with large crowds and prominent individuals

➢ People tolerated and even admired Mussolini because they believed he had saved them from Bolshevism

➢ Those who opposed him were driven into exile or murdered

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12. How did the murder of Giacomo Matteotti affect the Italian government?

➢ Matteotti was a leading non-communist socialist leader and a member of Parliament who persistently criticized Mussolini

➢ Most opposition deputies withdrew from parliament which gave Mussolini an even freer hand in gov’t

13. What is the Lateran Accord?

➢ The Catholic Church and the Italian gov’t made peace with each other

➢ The pope was recognized as the temporal ruler of the Vatican City

➢ The Italian gov’t agreed to pay an indemnity to the papacy for the territory it had confiscated

➢ Catholicism was recognized as the religion of the nation, the church was exempt from property taxes ,and allowed church law to govern marriage

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Signing the Lateran Accord

14. What did it do for Mussolini’s authoritarian regime?

➢ It gained further respectability

Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe (P. 895)

15. What were the new nation-states in Eastern Europe supposed to embody?

➢ The principle of national self-determination and to provide a buffer against the westward spread of Bolshevism

16. What two questions had to be answered after the war?

➢ Whether those groups that had previously sat powerless in parliament could assume both power and responsibility

➢ How long would conservative political groups and institutions, such as the armies, tolerate or cooperate with the liberal experiments

17. Briefly describe the economic and ethnic pressures / troubles of the new states of Eastern Europe?

➢ None of them possessed the strong economy that nation-states like France and Germany had in the 19th century

➢ None of the new states was financially independent except for Czechoslovakia

➢ All of them depended on foreign loans to finance economic development

➢ Nationalistic antagonism prevented these states from trading with each other, therefore, most became dependent on trade with Germany

➢ These were poor, rural nations in an industrialized world

➢ The collapse of the German, Russian, and Austrian empires allowed various ethnic groups to peruse nationalistic goals unchecked by any great power or central authority

18. Which of the successor states was the only one not to succumb to some form of authoritarian government?

➢ Czechoslovakia

19. Which nation’s failures probably most disappointed the liberal establishment and why?

➢ Poland

➢ Nationalism could not overcome political disagreements from class differences, diverse economic interests, and regionalism

➢ Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Jewish, and German minorities distrusted the Polish gov’t and resented the domination of Polish culture in their lives

➢ Portions of Poland had been governed by Germany, Russia, and Austria for over a century and therefore had different laws and economies

➢ Marshall Joseph Pilsudski carried out a military coup

20. Why did Czechoslovakia avoid the same fate as the other Eastern European states? What was the fate of Czechoslovakia?

➢ It had a strong industrial base, a substantial middle-class, and a tradition of liberal values

➢ Under the leadership of Thomas Masaryk the country had a real chance of becoming a viable nation-state

➢ Tensions between the Czechs and Slovaks who were poorer and more rural

➢ Czechoslovakia was divided in 1938 to appease Hitler (Sudetenland)

21. Briefly describe the troubles facing the following countries:

➢ Hungary – Bela Kun created a Hungarian Soviet Republic, but the Allies authorized Romanian troops to invade and end the communist threat; Hungarians resented the territory lost in the Paris settlement; Julius Gombos pursued anti-Semitic policies and rigged elections

➢ Austria – 25% of the population lived in Vienna and union with Germany was forbade which made economic viability nearly impossible; the Social Democrats and Christian Socialists employed small terror groups to intimidate opponents and impress followers

➢ Yugoslavia – the Serbs dominated the gov’t, but were opposed by the Croats; the Croats were Catholic, better educated and accustomed to generally incorrupt gov’t; Serbs were Orthodox, somewhat less well educated and considered corrupt by the Croats; Slovenes, Muslims, and others would play the Serbs and Croats against each other; King Alexander I, a royal dictator and a Serb, outlawed political parties and jailed popular politicians

22. Other than Yugoslavia, where were other royal dictatorships imposed? How did they justify their regimes?

➢ Romania and Bulgaria

➢ They regarded their own illiberal regimes as preventing the seizure of power by more extreme antiparliamentary movements and as quieting the discontent of the varied nationalities within their borders = the lesser of two evils and maintaining the peace

The Weimar Republic in Germany (P. 898)

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Protesting the Treaty of Versailles

23. Describe the pros and cons of the Weimar Constitution.

➢ Pros – it guaranteed civil liberties; direct election of parliament, the Reichstag, and the president with universal suffrage

➢ Cons – proportional representation for all elections = small parties could gain seats; Article 48 allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency = dictatorship

24. How did the Weimar Republic suffer from a lack of sympathy and loyalty?

➢ No social revolution accompanied the new gov’t and many people still favored a constitutional monarchy

➢ The Social Democratic Party was distrusted or even hated before the war and now they were in power

➢ The officer corps was deeply suspicious of the gov’t and resentful of the military provisions of the peace settlement

25. How did humiliation and economic troubles impinge the government?

➢ Humiliation – in 1920, the gov’t fled Berlin during the Kapp Putsch and it took a general strike by the German workers to defeat the putsch; assassination attempts on republican leaders

➢ Economic instability – the Allies presented Germany with a reparations bill of 132 billion gold marks; other strikes were took place in the Ruhr

26. *Describe the French invasion of the Ruhr and the inflation crisis of this period?

➢ Borrowing to finance the war and continued post-war deficit

➢ 1914 – the mark traded at 4.2 to 1 against the dollar; 1921 - the mark traded at 64 to 1 against the dollar;

➢ The gov’t kept printing money with nothing to back it up

➢ Passive resistance to the French invasion of the Ruhr produced cataclysmic inflation; unemployment spread from the Ruhr to other parts of Germany reducing tax revenues even further; 1923 - the mark traded at 800 million to 1 against the dollar

➢ Stores refused to exchange goods for the currency and farmers withheld produce from the market

➢ Middle-class savings and pensions were wiped out as were investments in gov’t bonds

➢ Debts and mortgages were easily paid off

➢ Speculators in land and real estate made fortunes

➢ Bartering replaced cash transactions

27. Where did Hitler’s anti-Semitism begin? How did he feel about Marxism?

➢ The Christian Social Party and Vienna

➢ He hated Marxism which he associated with the Jews

28. What group did Hitler become associated with after the war?

➢ National Socialist German Workers’ Party = Nazis

29. List the parts of the Twenty-five Points platform that are mentioned in the text.

➢ Repudiation of the Versailles Treaty

➢ Unification of Austria and Germany

➢ Exclusion of Jews from German citizenship

➢ Agrarian reform

➢ Prohibition of land speculation

➢ Confiscation of war profits

➢ State administration of the giant business cartels

➢ The replacement of department stores with small businesses

30. What was the Nazi definition of socialism?

➢ Nationalistic outlook

➢ Not state ownership of the means of production, but subordination of all economic enterprise to the welfare of the nation

➢ Often implied protection for small enterprise

31. Who organized the Storm Troopers and what was their role?

➢ Captain Ernst Roehm

➢ Provide members with food and uniforms and eventually a salary

➢ The chief Nazi instrument for intimidation and terror

➢ Attacked socialists and communists

32. Why did Hitler dominate the Nazi Party?

➢ His immense oratorical and organizational skills

➢ He recruited from disillusioned veterans of WWI

➢ He disparaged liberal politics as incapable of achieving great national ends and emphasized righting the wrongs of the peace settlement

33. What was the result of the failed Nazi uprising in November of 1923?

➢ The Beer Hall Putsch – Hitler was tried for treason and used the trial to make himself a national figure

➢ He condemned the Versailles Treaty, the republic, the Jews, and the weakened condition of Germany

➢ Hitler was convicted and sent to prison for five years but was paroled after a few months

34. What key political views did Hitler outline in his book Mein Kampf?

➢ Fierce racial anti-Semitism

➢ Opposition to Bolshevism, which he associated with the Jews

➢ Eastward expansion into Poland and the Ukraine for “living space” = lebensraum

35. What two decisions did Hitler make while he was in prison?

➢ He saw himself as the leader who could transform Germany from a position of weakness to strength

➢ He and the party must pursue power by legal means

36. How did Gustav Stresemann help to stabilize Germany both politically and economically?

➢ He ended passive resistance in the Ruhr because the German economy could not afford it

➢ He introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, = 1 trillion German marks for 1 Rentenmark

➢ He moved against the left and the right

37. What position did Stresemann hold after resigning as chancellor?

➢ Foreign minister

38. What was the Dawes Plan? Who developed it?

➢ A new system of reparation payments which allowed payments to vary according to the fortunes of the German economy

➢ American banker, Charles Dawes

39. What effect did Hindenburg’s conservative nature have on Germany’s economy? Explain why by showing specific examples.

➢ It allowed the economy to prosper in the late 1920’s; it also broadened acceptance of, and appreciation for, the republic

➢ New political and economic stability allowed for the flow of foreign capital into Germany, this increased capital caused employment to rise

40. How did Stresemann handle foreign affairs? What policies concerning the Treaty of Versailles did Stresemann attempt to pursue as foreign minister?

➢ He was conciliatory

➢ He was willing to accept the peace settlement in the west, but worked to revise the settlement in the east

➢ He worked to recover German-speaking parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia and he wanted to unite with Austria, chiefly by political means

41. Who were the British and French politicians who worked with Stresemann to revise the Versailles Treaty?

➢ Austen Chamberlain for Britain and Aristide Briand for France

42. What provisions were reached in the Locarno Agreements?

➢ France and Germany both accepted the western frontier as legitimate

➢ Britain and Italy agreed to intervene against whichever side violated the frontier or if Germany sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland

➢ France supported German entrance into the League of Nations and agreed to withdraw its troops from the Rhineland in 1930

43. What was the main idea of Kellogg-Briand Pact?

➢ It renounced “war as an instrument of national policy.”

44. How did most Germans view the Locarno Agreements?

➢ They regarded Locarno as an extension of the Versailles Treaty

45. What was the Young Plan?

➢ Named after American businessman Owen B. Young

➢ It lowered German reparation payments

➢ Put a limit on how long they had to be made

➢ Removed Germany entirely from outside supervision and control

IB History 12

Unit I – The 1920’s

Chapter 23 – Answers

46. Why did recession strike in 1920? How did the economy recover in 1922?

➢ The government cancelled wartime contracts and veterans re-entered the job market

➢ The industrial sector hummed, unemployment as low as 3%, prices were steady, and the GNP grew by 43% for 1922-1929

47. How did electricity and consumer goods contribute to the prosperity?

➢ 60% of US homes were electrified which spawned the purchase of refrigerators, washers, vacuum cleaners, fans, razors, mixers, etc…

➢ Manufacturing these products as well as the building of plants to produce electricity contributed to the prosperity

48. Explain how the automobile contributed to the business boom of the 1920’s?

➢ From 1920-1930 registration of cars grew by 15 million and 60% of households owned a car

➢ By 1930 the auto industry accounted for 9% of all manufacturing wages

➢ Stimulated the industries of gas, oil, rubber, advertising, and highway construction

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49. What contributed to the boom on stock prices?

➢ Stock speculation (buying on the margin)

50. How did the business boom stimulate capitalist expansion abroad?

➢ Big corporations built factories abroad; other US firms bought foreign factories and sources of raw materials

➢ US investors loaned European nations money to repay war debts and modernize their economies

51. What was the result of the Tariffs of 1922 and 1930?

➢ Pushed US import duties to all time highs benefiting domestic manufacturers and stifling foreign trade

52. Give examples of how workers benefited unequally amid the prosperity of the 1920’s.

➢ The average unskilled laborer in New England earned 47 cents an hour, in contrast to 28 cents in the South

➢ Women, blacks, Mexican-Americans, and recent immigrants were at the bottom of the wage scale

53. How and why did farmers struggle after the war?

➢ Government purchases dwindled, European agriculture revived, and high tariffs reduced exports

➢ 1919-1921 farm income fell by 60%, to compensate farmers produced more which created more surpluses, and drove prices lower

➢ Farmers had borrowed heavily to meet wartime production and now were struggling to pay debts

54. What was the per capita output of industrial workers during the 1920’s?

➢ Increased by 40%

55. How did the assembly line affect workers?

➢ Discouraged talking and laughing – workers learned to talk without moving their lips

➢ No pride in the repetitive skills necessary for the assembly line work

➢ Few opportunities for advancement

56. What is the meaning of Fordism? Give an example of American industrial might.

➢ Synonym for American industrial might and assembly line methods

➢ The Soviet Union purchased 25,000 Ford tractors in the 1920’s

57. How did business consolidation continue after the war?

➢ 1000 companies a year disappeared

➢ Ford, GM, Chrysler, GE, and Westinghouse dominated their industries

➢ Consolidation among utility companies was epidemic

➢ Non-merging companies cooperated by setting prices and building the same products to the same specs

58. How did wage policies change?

➢ Belief that higher wages would increase worker productivity and increase consumer purchasing power

➢ Ford paid workers $5 a day

59. How did the new systems for distributing goods and advertising entice consumers to buy, buy, buy?

➢ More dealerships, more chain stores, remodeled / more attractive department stores

➢ 1929 – corporations spent nearly $2 billion advertising in newspapers, magazines, radio, billboards, celebrity endorsements, and promises of social success or embarrassment

60. How did Americans pay for all of their new stuff?

➢ CREDIT – but mainly for big ticket items

61. Discuss the employment of women in the 1920’s.

➢ Women workers increased by 2 million workers, but their proportion of the female population remained steady at about 24%

➢ Faced wage discrimination – male meat trimmer earned 52 cents an hour and a female trimmer earned 37 cents an hour

➢ Percentage of women belonging to unions fell to 3%

➢ 2 million women working as secretaries etc…

➢ Few women entered managerial ranks

➢ Medical school imposed a 5% quota on female admissions

62. Why did union membership fall during the 1920’s?

➢ Overall wage rates increased, thus reducing the incentive to join a union

➢ Older craft-based unions like the railroad unions were ill-suited in the new mass production factories

➢ Management hostility - I.e. hired thugs to intimidate union leaders and assassinations

➢ Welfare capitalism – corporations doing more for their employees to stem union membership

63. Explain how “welfare capitalism” was designed to deflect the growing power of organized labor. Was it successful?

➢ Renamed the nonunion shop to the “open shop” and dubbed it the “American Plan” – policy of not negotiating with unions

➢ Companies setup employee associations and provided cafeterias and recreation facilities

➢ A few corporations sold stock to employees at bargain prices

64. What office was held under President Harding by:

a) Charles Evans Hughes – Sec. of State

b) Herbert Hoover – Sec. of Commerce

c) Harry Daugherty – Attorney General

d) Albert Fall – Sec. of the Interior

e) Calvin Coolidge – Vice President

f) Andrew Mellon – Treasury Secretary

65. What was revealed by a 1924 Senate investigation of scandals by the Harding cabinet?

➢ Charles Forbes was convicted of stealing Veteran’s Bureau funds

➢ Albert Fall went to jail for the Teapot Dome scandal for which he leased government oil reserves to two oilmen for a $400,000 bribe

66. What is the “trickle down” theory of economics?

➢ Tax cuts for the wealthy would promote business investment, stimulate the economy, and thus benefit everyone

➢ Sec. of Treasury, Andrew Mellon, opposed eliminating the income tax altogether because he felt it would help build support for socialists and other left-wing radicals

67. As a pro-business president, give examples of President Coolidge’s reluctance / refusal to support assistance for groups.

➢ Rejected government aid for Mississippi River flood victims

➢ He vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill as a price support plan for farmers

68. What is independent internationalism?

➢ Despite isolationist tendencies, the US remained a world power and pursued global policies that were believed to be in America’s national interest

69. How did the Harding administration prevent a naval arms race?

➢ He called the Washington Naval Arms Conference between the US, Britain, France, Italy and Japan

➢ The nations pledges to reduce battleship tonnage by specified amounts

➢ The US and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial holdings in the Pacific

70. What two groups formed the CPPA? How did the Democratic Party’s convention in 1924 mirror the deep divisions within the nation during the decade?

➢ Labor and farm groups

➢ By one vote they defeated a resolution condemning the KKK

➢ Split between the big city north and the rural south

➢ Protestant and Catholic

71. Who were the candidates and what were the results of the presidential election in 1924?

➢ Calvin Coolidge – Republican – 16 million votes

➢ John W. Davis – Democrat – 8 million votes

➢ Robert LaFolette – Progressive – 4.5 million votes

72. What were some of the affects of the automobile on American society?

➢ Family vacations became more common

➢ Kids would borrow the car and spend less time with the family

➢ Women used the car to drive to work, run errands, attend meetings, visit friends, etc…

➢ Rural families had easier access to the cities

➢ Cars, tractors and other mechanized equipment made farming easier, but put farmers in heavily in debt

➢ Busses carried students to consolidated schools

➢ Addition of suburban department stores, shopping centers, and fast food chains

➢ Suburbs sprang up beyond streetcar lines

73. How did the automobile and electricity affect the production and consumption of fossil fuels?

➢ Generating plants consumed growing quantities of coal, oil, and natural gas

➢ In 1929, refineries used over a billion barrels of crude oil to meet gasoline needs

➢ Natural gas was so abundant that much of it was burned off

➢ Standard Oil, Texaco, and Gulf dominated the industry

74. Why was Sec. of Commerce Herbert Hoover worried about the new pressures on the environment? What action did he take?

➢ The automobile now allowed easy access for tourism to the parks and the wilderness

➢ He called the National Conference on Outdoor Recreation to set recreation policies

75. Identify organizations and people that worked to protect / preserve the environment.

➢ The Sierra Club & the Audubon Society – wilderness and wildlife

➢ Izaak Walton League – recreational fishing

76. Give examples of the mass production / circulation of print media.

➢ By 1922, ten American magazines boasted a production of 2.5 million

➢ The Saturday Evening Post (Norman Rockwell covers)

➢ Readers Digest

➢ Book-of –the-Month Club

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77. Which radio networks were created in 1926 & 1927?

➢ NBC in 1926 & CBS in 1927

78. Give two radio or movie examples that you are familiar with from this era?

➢ Amos & Andy

➢ The Jazz Singer

➢ Steamboat Willie

79. Give brief examples of two polarizing sports figures of the era.

➢ Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Jack Dempsey

80. Briefly discuss Charles Lindbergh.

➢ 1st pilot to fly non-stop from NY to Paris - 1927

➢ His plane was called The Spirit of St. Louis

➢ He gained instant celebrity – was invited to the White House

81. Discuss the postwar crisis of values.

➢ Young people threw away their parents beliefs of proper behavior

➢ They threw parties, drank liquor, and went to jazz clubs

➢ Premarital sex increased but was still the exception and widely disapproved

➢ Casual dating replaced the courtship

➢ Women began wearing shorter skirts and make-up was becoming acceptable

➢ Many took up smoking

82. Give a description of the “flapper” of the 1920s.

➢ The Flapper epitomized the era – she was a young woman with bobbed hair, a cigarette, lipstick, and short skirt rejected the older stereotype of womanhood

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83. Describe The Great Gatsby.

➢ It not only captured the glamorous party filled lives of the moneyed class of the 1920’s, but also their materialism, self-absorption, and casual disregard of those below them on the social scale

84. Who were the authors of and give a brief description of:

a) This Side of Paradise – F. Scott Fitzgerald

b) Main Street – Sinclair Lewis

c) Babbitt – Sinclair Lewis

d) The Sun Also Rises – Ernest Hemingway

f) A Farwell to Arms – Ernest Hemingway

85. What was the Harlem Renaissance?

a. The energizing of African-American cultural life, especially in Harlem, NY

b. Jazz, literature, all black Broadway musicals

c. Young whites in rebellion against Victorian propriety romanticized black life as expressed in the Harlem Renaissance

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86. Briefly discuss jazz during this era.

a. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band – white musicians imitating black New Orleans jazz bands debuted in NY City in 1917

b. Whites offered watered down jazz versions of popular tunes

c. Black musicians preserved authentic jazz and explored its potential

d. Notable musicians (white and black): George Gershwin, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” Morton

87. List some key scientific discoveries of the 1920’s.

a. The creation of vitamin D in milk

b. Scientists conquered diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, and influenza

88. What was the National Origins Act of 1924? Who was it excluding?

a. Immigration law aimed at restricting immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

89. What happened to total immigration between 1914-1929?

a. It fell form 1.2 million to 280,000

90. Where did most Mexican born immigrants live and in what industries did they work?

a. Most Mexican immigrants lived in the Southwest mainly California and the worked in agriculture

91. What were the circumstances surrounding the Sacco-Vanzetti Trial?

a. Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with stealing two cash boxes from a shoe factory and shooting a guard and the paymaster, killing both

b. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists which pitted the conservatives (believed they were guilty) and liberals (wanted to defend them)

c. The case was circumstantial, but prejudice tainted the trial

92. What is fundamentalism? What happened in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925?

a. Belief in the literal truth of the Bible and the theory of creationism

b. The Scopes Trial which challenged a law banning the teaching of evolution of man in schools

c. Scopes (the teacher) was found guilty, but the trial exposed fundamentalism to ridicule

93. Describe the revival of the KKK during the 1920’s.

a. A group of men who sensed the appeal of the Klan’s nativist, white supremacist ideology began a membership drive and divided the money amongst them selves

b. They attacked blacks, Jews, Catholics, and aliens

c. Conducted vigilante attacks on people suspected of sexual immorality and breaking prohibition laws

d. Very ordinary people in the Klan

94. What was the menacing potential of the Klan as a mass movement?

a. Some groups resorted to intimidation, beatings, threats, and lynching

b. OK legislature was controlled by the Klan and pushed out an anti-Klan governor

c. In Oregon, the Klan elected a governor and pushed a law requiring all students to go to public schools – a slap at Catholic schools

95. How did the Klan collapse so quickly?

a. Indiana’s Grand Dragon went to jail for rape and revealed the details of political corruption in Indiana that was influenced by the Klan

96. Briefly discuss Marcus Garvey and the rise and fall of the UNIA.

a. Movement began in response to racism

b. The movements headquarters was in Harlem

c. Garvey glorified all things black in response to the white-dominated society

d. 80,000 blacks joined

e. Garvey’s popularity unsettled the NAACP and W.E.B Du Bois who was one of his sharpest critics

f. Garvey was convicted of fraud in 1923 and deported to Jamaica – the UNIA collapsed

97. What was the level of alcohol consumption in 1921?

a. About 1/3 of the pre-war level

98. What was the Volstead Act?

a. The 1919 prohibition law which led to the constitutional amendment

99. What were speakeasies?

a. Places where people could buy alcoholic drinks

100. What was the level of alcohol consumption in 1929?

a. 70% of pre-war levels

101. How did organized crime benefit from prohibition?

a. Al Capone’s speakeasies generated annual profits of approximately $60 million

102. When was prohibition repealed? What is the number of the amendment?

a. 1933 – the 21st Amendment

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103. Who were the candidates in the election of 1928? What issue in the election may or may not have had an impact on the results? What was the decisive issue of the election? Who won?

a. Al Smith – Democrat; Herbert Hoover – Republican

b. Al Smith’s Catholicism

c. Prosperity was the decisive issue – republicans pointed to the booming economy

d. Herbert Hoover won the election

104. What were Hoover’s beliefs about capitalism? What were the shortcomings of his ideologies?

a. He did not believe in cutthroat capitalism (similar to Teddy Roosevelt)

b. He demanded corporate cooperation in marketing, wage policy, raw-material allocation and product standardization

c. He believed in voluntary action by capitalists instead of government intervention even when it was urgently needed

d. Capitalists were not likely to volunteer to meet all of Hoover’s ideological demands

105. From the conclusion and Immigration Restriction, give two famous quotes by President Calvin Coolidge.

a. “The business of America is business.”

b. “America must be kept American.”

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