ABSOLUTISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOLUTION



I. ABSOLUTISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOLUTION

A. Divine Right Absolutism

France: Louis XIV

Spain: Philip

England Elizabeth, James I and Charles I

Austria: Frederick the Great

Russia: Peter the Great

For each monarch review the following:

How did they establish absolute power? [political, social, economic and cultural]

How did they use divine right theory and similar ideas to justify their power?

B. England

In what ways was England’s experience of absolutism different from that of other European countries?

How did a limited monarchy develop in Britain?

Magna Carta,

Parliament

English Civil War and execution of the king

Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth

The Restoration

The Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights

Toleration Act

Absolutism: Key Concepts

absolutism

mercantilism

import

export

subsidy

balance of trade

tariff

balance of power

joint-stock company

Act of Uniformity

Act of Supremacy

Mary Stuart

Armada

Puritan

Sea Dogs

William Shakespeare

Globe Theater

Divine right

James I

King James Bible

Charles I

Petition of Right

William Laud

Cavalier

Roundhead

Oliver Cromwell

New Model Army

habeas corpus

Bill of Rights

absolute monarchy

The Restoration

Tory

Whig

Glorious Revolution

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Louis XIV

Versailles

Boyar

Serf

Peter the Great

Russian Orthodox Church

Junker

Holy Roman Empire

Hapsburg

Hohenzollern

Maria Therese

Frederick the Great

C. Scientific Revolution

1. How did the scientific revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?

Nicolas Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

2. How did the Scientific Method offer a new approach to solving problems?

Rene Descartes

natural laws

3 Key Concepts

scientific method

heliocentric theory

law of the pendulum

law of gravity

D. Enlightenment

1. What were the beliefs of the Enlightenment philosophers?

John Locke

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Baron de Montesquieu

Thomas Jefferson

Voltaire

2. Enlightened Despots: How did these rulers attempt to apply enlightenment ideals to reforms in their governments? [Catherine the Great and Maria Theresa]

3. Key Concepts

philosophe

salon baroque

physiocrat

free trade

supply

laissez-faire

enlightenment

constitution

prime minister

market economy

separation of powers

enlightened despotism

constitutional monarchy

demand

executive

legislative

judicial

cabinet

federal

Five Basic Ideas Of:

Reason

Nature

Happiness

Progress

Liberty

Newton

Voltaire

Marie Therese Geoffrin

Diderot

Bach

Handel

Mozart

Beethoven

Adam Smith

Baron de Montesquieu

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Catherine the Great

Frederick II

The American Revolution

Navigation Acts

Stamp Act

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Continental Congress

Articles of Confederation

Great Compromise

Bill of Rights

E. French Revolution

1. Causes of the Revolution

Political

Social

Economic

2. Major events:

Calling of the Estates General

Storming of the Bastille

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Constitution of 1791

Reign of Terror

Development of the Directory

3. Effects of the Revolution

On Democracy

On Nationalism

4. Key Concepts:

The Estates

bourgeoisie

sans-cullottes

corvee

radical

emegres

guillotine

coalition

coup

plebescite

concordant

blockade

guerrilla

scorched earth policy

Bastille

Louis XVI

Old Regime

Marie Antionette

National Assembly

Great Fear

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Legislative Assembly

Paris Commune

Jacobin Club

Maximilien Robespierre

Georges Danton

Jean Paul Marat

Committee on Public Safety

Reign of Terror

F. Napoleon

1. How did Napoleon rise to power?

2. What were Napoleon’s achievements

3. How did Napoleon fall?

4. Impact on France, Europe, and Latin America.

5. Key Concepts

Directory

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic Code

Continental System

Peninsular War

The Hundred Days

Waterloo

II. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A. Factors: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

B. What were the positive and negative effects of Industrial Revolution?

C. Three Major Economic Systems/Theories: identify positive and negative for each

1. capitalism (Adam Smith, laissez faire, market economy)

2. socialism (command economy)

3. communism (Karl Marx)

also possible = [mixed economy]

D. Reforms in British Society

Labor laws

Expansion of “the franchise” (the right to vote)

Start of the women’s suffrage movement

Industrial Revolution

industrialization

enclosure

crop rotation

Jethro Tull

seed drill

Royal Society

Edward Jenner and small pox vaccination

factory

entrepreneur

Eli Whitney

cottin gin

James Watt

Samual Slater

union

Factory Act 1833

Mines Act of 1842

laissez-faire government

stock

corporation

emigration

immigration

Great Exhibition

Robert Fulton

Suez Canal

Samuel Morse

socialism

utopian socialism

scientific socialism

Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto

bourgeoisie

proletariat

suffrage

communism

realism

III. NATIONALISM

A. How can nationalism be both unifying and divisive?

1. As a unifying force:

a. France (Revolution, Napoleon)

Third Republic

b. Unification of Italy

Mazzini

Cavour

Victor Emmanual II

Napoleon III

Garibaldi

c. Unification of Germany

Realpolitik

Junker

Dual monarchy

Kaiser

Bismarck

Zollverein

Seven Weeks’ War

Franco-Prussian War

Second Reich

2. As a divisive force within empires

Russia

Austrian Empire: including Hungarian nationalism, pan-Slavism in Balkans, etc.

B. More negative aspects of nationalism

Anti-Jewish pogroms within Russia

A cause of WWI

During WWI: Armenian massacre at the hands of nationalistic Turks

IV. IMPERIALISM

imperialism

industrialization

cash crops (versus subsistence crops)

mercantilism

racism

Social Darwinism

missionaries

"White Man's Burden" (concept/poem)

methods of imperial control

colony

protectorate

sphere of influence

economic imperialism

Stanley & Livingstone

Congo: King Leopold of Belgium

Berlin Conference: "Scramble for Africa"

direct control (ex. French)

assimilation

paternalism

indirect control (ex. British)

Nigeria

Ibo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani

Royal Niger Company

Ethiopia

Menelik II

Italy

Battle of Adowa

Liberia

South Africa

Boers

British

diamonds & gold

Cecil Rhodes

Boer War

apartheid

Why did the European become so interested in Africa in the late 1800s?

What were the internal and external factors which allowed the Europeans to conquer Africa?

What were the positive and negative effects of imperialism on Africa?

V. TURN OF THE CENTURY

A. Inventions Changed Ways of Life

dynamo

mass production

interchangeable parts

assembly line

Henry Bessemer

Thomas Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

Guglielmo Marconi

Henry Ford

Orville and Wilbur Wright

B. Science Presented New Ideas

anesthesia

bacteria

natural selection

evolution

social Darwinism

element

atom

radioactivity

Charles Darwin

special creation

theory of evolution

Friedrich Nietzsche

Marie and Pierre Curie

C. Women’s Rights

Florence Nightengale

Susan B. Anthony

Carrie Chapman Catt

Emmeline Pankhurst

D. New Art and Entertainment

Impressionaism

cubism

movies

mass culture

VI. WORLD WAR I

A. What were the causes of WWI?

1. Immediate Cause: Assassination

2. Long-term causes: M-A-I-N

Militarism

Alliances/Anarchy

Imperialism

Nationalism

B. Various Outcomes

Belgian neutrality

Central Powers

Allied Powers

Balfour Declaration

Wilson’s 14 Points

Armistice

C. What were the effects of WWI?

Paris Peace Conference

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Territorial changes: German (and Russian) loss of territory, plus collapse of Ottoman Empire, division of Austro-Hungarian Empire

“War guilt”

Reparations

Hyper-inflation

VII. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

A. Contributing Factors for Dissent

1. emancipation of the serfs

2. pogroms

3. Tsar Nicholas

B. What were the causes and effects of the March Revolution (1917)?

1. Lenin

2. “Peace, land, and bread”

3. Bolsheviks

C. What were the causes and effects of the November Revolution (1917)?

1. USSR (Soviet Union)

2. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

3. Civil war: “Reds” versus “Whites”

4. Soviet constitution

5. Nationalization

6. Collectivization

7. New Economic Policy (NEP)

8. Stalin

9. The Terror

10. “Forced famine” (Ukraine)

11. Five Year Plans, central planning

VIII. BETWEEN THE WARS

A. Changes in Society

Political and economic difficulties in recovery from WWI

Weimar Republic

Dawes Plan

Steps taken to achieve permanent peace in Europe

Kellogg-Briand Pact

B. The Depression

Identify the weaknesses in the American economy that led to Great Depression

Wall Street – stock speculation

standard of living

overproduction and underconsumption

plight of the farmer

Compare and contrast the responses of the America, British and French governments to the Great Depression

Roosevelt and the New Deal

free enterprise

Great Britain

National Government

protective tariffs

increased taxes

regulated currency

lowered interest rates

France

agricultural economy

Popular Front

C. Rise of Fascism

Characteristics of Fascism

Compare and contrast the careers of Mussolini and Hitler

censorship

propaganda

nationalism

militarist

secret police

indoctrination

Kristallnacht: causes and consequences

Anti-Semitism

Nuremburg Laws

D. Drift Towards War

Why was the League of Nations weak?

Basic Premise: peace could be maintained if all nations acted together to stop aggression

Invasion of Manchuria

What was the impact of Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia?

test of collective security [League of Nations]

How did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles?

Militarism

The Anschluss

Czechoslovakia

Sudetenland

The Munich Conference

negotiation

Neville Chamberlain

appeasement

IX. WORLD WAR II

A. How did Hitler come to power? What were the causes of WW2

Treaty of Versailles

Weimar Republic: weak democracy

Great Depression

Elections

Chancellor

Remilitarization of the Rhineland, Anschluss (unification) with Austria

Appeasement policy: Munich Agreement 1938 (Sudetenland)

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, or the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement (1939)

Attack on Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)

B. What were the effects of World War 2?

Defeat of Fascism; occupationa and democratization of defeated powers (Germany, Japan)

Boundary changes in Eastern Europe

Start of Nuclear Age

Europe’s hold on its colonies weakened during war; strengthening of independence movements in India, elsewhere in Asia, Africa.

Holocaust --> creation of state of Israel

War crimes trials (Tokyo and Nuremburg)

Creation of the United Nations (replaces League of Nations)

Two superpowers remain: US & USSR. Start of the Cold War

X. THE COLD WAR

Superpowers: US and USSR

Occupation of Germany and Japan

Truman doctrine

Marshall Plan

Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift

Communist victory in China and North Korean invasion of South Korea (see last year’s review packet)

Collective security arrangements: NATO Alliance/Warsaw Pact

1956 Hungarian Revolt: crushed

1959 Cuban Revolution: see last year’s review packet

1961 Soviets build the Berlin Wall

“Domino theory,” Vietnam War: see last year’s review packet

1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia during “Prague Spring” (Brezhnev Doctrine)

Soviet human rights violations: treatment of dissidents

nuclear arms race

nuclear arms agreements (from 1960s to 1990s): Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), START (Strategic Armaments Reductions Talks?), etc.

detente

1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Ronald Reagan versus “the evil empire”

“Star War” program (Strategic Defense Initiative)

Lech Walesa and Poland’s Solidarity movement

Mikhail Gorbachev

perestroika

glasnost

1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall.

What were the causes and effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall?

1990 Reunification of Germany.

1991. Collapse of the Soviet Union.

What were the causes and effects of the fall of communism in the USSR?

Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

Transition:

from command to market economy, from communist dictatorship to democracy

Post-communist nationalism in the former USSR and Eastern Europe

separatism: ex. Chechnya

Boris Yeltsin

Czechoslovakia: splits peacefully into Czech Republic and Slovakia

Yugoslavia splits violently: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, + Yugo ( Serbia+Maced.)

Slobodan Milosevic

Bosnia: multi-ethnic state (Croat, Serbian, Muslim/Bosniak)

ethnic cleansing

United Nations

NATO

Dayton Accords

Kosovo (a province within Serbia): Albanians v. Serbians

XI. CHANGE AND CONFLICT

Japan

WWI & Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Germany’s former colonies

sphere of influence

Second World War

Factors leading to Japanese aggression

arable land (limited)

lack of natural resources

population boom

Great Depression

Manchuria, or Manchukuo (1931)

Invasion of China (Oct. 1937)

Rape of Nanking (Dec. 1937-Jan. 1938)

Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)

Battle of Midway

“island hopping”

kamikaze

Manhattan Project

Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug. 6 & 9, 1945)

laws of war (ex. Hague & Geneva Conventions)

U.S. Occupation

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

occupation policies

demilitarization

democratization

new constitution: constitutional monarchy

Emperor Hirohito (figurehead)

punishment (Tokyo War Crimes Trials)

Post-occupation Japan (1950s to today)

“economic miracle” (causes)

trade deficit/surplus

China (1911 Revolution to Today)

Chinese Revolution (1911)

Puyi (last Qing Emperor)

Reasons for revolution

Sun Yat-Sen, or Sun Yixian (dies 1925)

1917 Russian Revolution (Communists/Bolsheviks)

Civil War (1927-1949)

Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT - or Guomindang)

Chiang Kai Shek (or Jiang Jieshi)

Communists

Mao Tse Tong (or Mao Zedong)

The Long March (1933)

1937 Japanese invasion (--> pause in civil war)

1945 - end of WW2, civil war resumes

Cold War (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.) since end of WW2

Chinese Communist victory (1949) - Why did Communists win?

Two Chinas: “Red China” and Taiwan

communism / socialism / capitalism

Mao's version of communism (Maoism)

agrarian reform (landlords v. peasants)

collective farms (or collectives)

nationalization (verb - nationalize)

Great Leap Forward (1958)

communes

Cultural Revolution (1966-76)

Red Guards

Deng Xiao Ping (1980-97)

“One child policy”

Four Modernizations

Tiananmen Square (1989)

Hong Kong (1997)

Korea

North & South Korea

Korean War (1950-1953)

political/economic changes since 1953

nuclear issue

Southeast Asia:

Vietnam War (1964-75) & Cambodia’s “Killing Fields” (1975)

“domino theory”

Ho Chi Minh

independence/partition (1954)

North & South Vietnam

Vietcong (VC)

Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964)

My Lai Massacre (1968)

Vietnamization

Paris Peace Agreement (1973)

Fall of Saigon (1975)

Why did U.S. lose?

Cambodia

Pol Pot/“Killing Fields”

India

World War I & Indian nationalism

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Amritsar Massacre

civil disobedience (satyagraha)

boycott

The Salt March

independence/partition (1947)

Pakistan/Mohammed Ali Jinnah

India/Jawaharlal (Pandit) Nehru

1998 nuclear tests, arms race

Africa

Decolonization

Nigeria 1957

Kenya 1963

South Africa 1994

Middle East

Zionism

Ottoman Empire

Arab nationalism

Balfour Declaration

League of Nations mandate territories

Holocaust

Arab-Israeli Conflict

Israel (David ben Gurion, first P.M.)

Palestine

Arab-Israeli conflict and the peace process

1948-1949: Israeli’s war for independence

Suez Crisis (1956). Suez Canal had been built at end of 1800s, was nationalized by Egyptians in 1956

Six Day War (1967) - Golda Meir (Israeli Prime Minister), Anwar Sadat (Egyptian president)

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) under Yasser Arafat

Yom Kippur War

Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat (Egypt), and Menachem Begin (Israel)

Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, full-scale invasion in 1981 (1982?) to wipe out PLO headquarters, bases, terrorist training camps. (PLO leadership flees to Tunisia.)[1]

the intifada (Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories)

Israeli-Palestinian peace talks:

“peace for land” - Oslo Accords, Wye River Agreement

Arafat, Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin (assassinated by an Israeli for trying to make peace with the Palestinians). Rabin was succeeded by the right-wing Binyamin Netanyahu who was replaced in the last Israeli elections by Ehud Barak.

“final status talks”: status of Jerusalem, security for Israeli settlers in the West Bank, water rights, “right of return” for Palestinian refugees, etc.

Oil Production

OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

cartel

oil embargo (after Yom Kippur War)

Gulf War

Desert Storm

Embargo

“No fly” zone

Kurds

Islamic fundamentalism:

The Iranian Revolution. What were the causes and effects of the Islamic Revolution in Iran?

Shah

Ayatollah Khomeini:

Afghanistan: the Taliban (strict fundamentalist)

Fundamentalist terrorism: Algeria, Egypt, etc.

Latin America

1. What political problems did most Latin American countries face in the early 1900’s?

caudillo

2. Mexican Revolution 1910

Rule of Profriro Diaz

Rule of Alvaro Obregon

nationalize

3. How did United States Policy in Latin America affect its development?

Monroe Doctrine

Good Neighborhood Policy

Roosevelt Corollary

4. development of single resource economies

5. Liberation Theology

6. Argentina

Juan Peron

economic program

descamisados (poor workers)

nationalists

7. Cuba

Batista

U.S. Support

Fidel Castro

Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis

8. Nicaragua

Anastasio Somoza

Sandinistas

Daniel Ortega

1990 Election – compromise government

9. Chiapas Revolutionaries

Zapatista National Liberation Army

Native Ethnic minority (29%)

XII. NEW WORLD ORDER

A. Ethnic Tensions: Cause, Characteristics, Effects

Ireland

Chechnya

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Bosnia Herzogovina

Kosovo

Kurds in Iraq

Rawanda

The Congo

Sierra Leone

B. Science and Technology

1. the information society

2. Green Revolution

3. medicine and vaccinations

C. Global Problems

1. Development of Less Developed Countries [LDC’s]

Problems:

weak infrastructures; government instability; urbanization; civil wars. Ethnic rivalries; cash crops; lack of diversification

Effects:

international debt; illicit drug production; low standard of living; poverty; hunger and famine; low literacy rates; slow progress for women’s rights and health care

2. over-population

3. pollution

4. human rights violations

5. racism

6. terrorism

7. environment: desertification, deforestation, green house effect

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[1] Note: We didn’t cover Lebanon at all in class, but it’s relevant. Lebanon, once a stable nation, had become a chaotic place with Christians fighting Muslims in the 1970s. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the Iranian-backed Hezbollah, or “Party of God,” organized and began attacking Israeli troops and the Israeli-backed Southern Lebanon Army. The recent Israeli pull-out from Southern Lebanon has been seen as a great victory for Hezbollah.

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