Lippincott Williams & Wilkins



Supplemental Content 4:Table S2. Definitions of opioid na?ve, persistent opioid use, as well as the type and formulation of opioid used in each study.AuthorYearArticle TitleStudy DesignLocationDefinition of Chronic Opioid Use (Post-operatively)Definition of Opioid NaiveOpioids UsedLeePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZWU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 12017New Persistent Opioid Use Among Patients With Cancer After Curative-Intent SurgeryRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited States1) Filled prescription within 30 days before surgery and 14 days after discharge; 2) Filled at least one additional opioid prescription between 90 and 180 days after surgeryNo opioid prescriptions between 12 months and 31 days before surgeryNot specifiedMarcusaPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXJjdXNhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 42016Impact of Perioperative Epidural Placement on Postdischarge Opioid Use in Patients Undergoing Abdominal SurgeryRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesOutcome 1: Filled more than two opioid prescriptions within 90 days after dischargeOutcome 2: Filled at least one opioid prescription between 90 and 180 days after surgeryNo Opioid in the 6-months prior to surgeryNot SpecifiedSchoenfeldPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hvZW5mZWxkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVh

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 52017Risk Factors for Prolonged Opioid Use Following Spine Surgery, and the Association with Surgical Intensity, Among Opioid-Naive PatientsRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesAuthors used "Time to Discontinuation". Sustained opioid use was defined as a consistently filled prescription beginning within 30 days of hospital discharge and continuing with no more than 30 days elapsing between prescription refills until 6 months post-operatively.No Opioid in the 6-months prior to surgeryAll medications defined by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency as opioid combinations, opioid partial agonists, or opioidagonists in categories II (high abuse potential) or III (moderate risk of dependence)MuellerPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NdWVsbGVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 62017Lack of Association Between the Use of Nerve Blockade and the Risk of Persistent Opioid Use Among Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroplasty: Evidence From the Marketscan DatabaseRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesFilled at least one opioid prescription between 90 and 365 days after surgeryNo opioid use in the year prior to surgeryPrescriptions for fentanyl (patch or oral form), hydrocodone, hydromorphone (oral form), methadone, morphine, oxymorphone, and oxycodone, and excluded prescriptions containing hydrocodone in cough/cold formulationSunPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 122016Trends and predictors of opioid use after total knee and total hip arthroplastyProspective Cohort StudyMichiganOpioid use at time of interview (180 days after surgery)No opioid at time of interview (day of surgery)Not SpecifiedLindestrandPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaW5kZXN0cmFuZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1ll

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 152014Chronic opioid analgesic usage post-kidney transplantation and clinical outcomesRetrospective Cohort StudyMichigan, United StatesFilled at 3 disctinct time points: 1) 28 to 56 days, 2) 90 to 180 days, and 3) 300 to 365 days after surgery (or first two time intervals if the patient had an event (death and/or graft loss) between three and 12 months)Not Specified; "The most commonly prescribed opioid analgesic was hydrocodone (59.4%) followed by oxycodone (29.8%), hydromorphone (5.2%), fentanyl (2.9%), and others (2.7%) (Fig. 2A)."RozetPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3pldDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 172014Chronic opioid use emerging after bariatric surgeryRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited States1) ≥10 opioid dispensings (over ≥90 days); or 2) ≥120 total days’ supply dispensed (within 330 days, excluding the first 30 days)No opioid in -335 to -1 pre-operativelyNot Specified; total oral and transdermal opioids dispensedHolmanPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2xtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ZT4A

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ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 182014The Effect of Preoperative Counseling on Duration of Postoperative Opiate Use in Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery: A Surgeon-Based Comparative Cohort StudyRetrospective Cohort StudySan Diego, CaliforniaContinuation of prescription opiates greater than 12 weeks postoperativelyNot SpecifiedClarkePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DbGFya2U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 222012A Pilot Cohort Study of the Determinants of Longitudinal Opioid Use After SurgeryProspective Cohort StudyUnited StatesContinuously filled prescriptions (with no gaps >5 days) in the 150 days after dischargeNo definitionNot SpecifiedConnolly, J ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Connolly</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>234</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">23</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>234</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vawadfaz6xts0ke0tr3xwtp8tveas9a5r0wd" timestamp="1522518496">234</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Connolly, J., 3rd</author><author>Javed, Z.</author><author>Raji, M. A.</author><author>Chan, W.</author><author>Kuo, Y. F.</author><author>Baillargeon, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>*U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH daggerDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX double daggerDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX section signSealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.</auth-address><titles><title>Predictors of Long-term Opioid Use Following Lumbar Fusion Surgery</title><secondary-title>Spine (Phila Pa 1976)</secondary-title></titles><pages>1405-1411</pages><volume>42</volume><number>18</number><edition>2017/03/07</edition><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1528-1159 (Electronic)&#xD;0362-2436 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28263225</accession-num><label>r00981</label><urls><related-urls><url> of Long-term Opioid Use Following Lumbar Fusion SurgeryRetrospective Cohort StudyMinnesota 365 days of filled opioid prescriptions (within 24 months following surgery)Not specified; "Opioids belonged to schedules II, III, IV, or IV"Kim S.CPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaW08L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 262012Long-term analgesic use after low-risk surgery: a retrospective cohort studyRetrospective Cohort StudyOntario, CanadaFilled within 60 days of the 1-year anniversary date (eg, 305-425 days after the index date) Did not fill a prescription for an opioid in the 12 months prior to their procedure Not specified; "The most commonly prescribed opioid was codeine. Codeine remained the most commonly used opioid at 1 year after surgery. Long-term opioid users also used more potent long-acting opioids, including transdermal fentanyl and oxycodone."CanciennePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYW5jaWVubmU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFy

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 292017Chronic Opioid Use Following Surgery for Oral Cavity CancerRetrospective Cohort StudyBaltimore, Maryland, United StatesFilled more than 90 days after surgeryNo definitionNot specifiedKimPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaW08L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 302017Preoperative Chronic Opioid Users in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Which Patients Persistently Abuse Opiates Following SurgeryRetrospective Cohort StudyNew York, New YorkOpioid use at 6-months (180 days) post-operativelyNo definitionNot specifiedStafford, CPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TdGFmZm9yZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 312018What factors are associated with increased risk for prolonged postoperative opioid usage after colorectal surgery?Retrospective Cohort StudyMassachusettsOpioid prescription beyond 30 days after date of surgeryNot specifiedPolitzerPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Qb2xpdHplcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 322017Trends in Opioid Utilization Before and After Total Knee ArthroplastyRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited States Prescribed opioids for over 6 contiguous months (followed for 24 months post-operatively)No opioid use within one year before total knee arthroplasty Not specified; Drugs found in results. "Morphine extended release (ER), hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone ER, morphine, and oxycodone, tramadol."O'ConnellPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PJmFwb3M7Q29ubmVsbDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 342018Factors Affecting Long-Term Postoperative Narcotic Use in Discectomy PatientsRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesFilled at least one opioid prescription between 90 and 180 days after surgeryNot specifiedSwenson ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Swenson</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>513</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">35</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>513</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vawadfaz6xts0ke0tr3xwtp8tveas9a5r0wd" timestamp="1553808100">513</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Swenson, C. W.</author><author>Seiler, K.</author><author>Kamdar, N.</author><author>Morgan, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>C.W. Swenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States</auth-address><titles><title>Prevalence of new persistent opioid use among opioid naive women undergoing hysterectomy</title><secondary-title>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</secondary-title><tertiary-title>44th Annual Meeting of the Society Of Gynecologic Surgeons, SGS 2018. United States.</tertiary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</full-title></periodical><pages>S885</pages><volume>218</volume><number>2 Supplement 2</number><keywords><keyword>adult,age,anesthesia,anxiety,bivariate analysis,Black person,*cancer surgery,chronic pain,Current Procedural Terminology,depression,diagnosis,disease simulation,education,female,female genital tract cancer,human,*hysterectomy,International Classificatio</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>Netherlands</pub-location><publisher>Mosby Inc.</publisher><isbn>1097-6868</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>352018Prevalence of new persistent opioid use among opioid naive women undergoing hysterectomy.Retrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesTwo criteria: 1) Filled prescription within 15 to 90 days after discharge and filled at least one additional opioid prescription between 91 and 180 days after surgery; and 2) either A) 1150 OMEs total dose OR B) 39 days supplied and 2 filled prescriptionswomen with any opioid fills from 243 days to 31 days prior to hysterectomyNot specified; Opioids were identified as medications with a therapeutic class of either opioid agonist or opioid partial agonist.Stark ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stark</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>511</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">36</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>511</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vawadfaz6xts0ke0tr3xwtp8tveas9a5r0wd" timestamp="1553808100">511</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>N. Stark</author><author>S. Kerr</author><author>J. Stevens</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prevalence and predictors of persistent post-surgical opioid use: a prospective observational cohort study</title><secondary-title>Anaesthesia and intensive care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Anaesthesia and intensive care</full-title></periodical><pages>700</pages><volume>45</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,*Analgesics, Opioid/tu [Therapeutic Use],Female,Humans,Logistic Models,Male,Middle Aged,*Pain, Postoperative/dt [Drug Therapy],Prevalence,Prospective Studies,Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Australia</pub-location><isbn>0310-057X,0310-057X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>362017Prevalence and predictors of persistent post-surgical opioid use: a prospective observational cohort studyProspective Cohort StudyAustraliaOpioid use, based on questionnaire, between 90 and 120 days after surgeryDefinition UnclearNot SpecifiedPugely ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pugely</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">37</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vawadfaz6xts0ke0tr3xwtp8tveas9a5r0wd" timestamp="1553808100">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pugely, A. J.</author><author>Bedard, N. A.</author><author>Kalakoti, P.</author><author>Hendrickson, N. R.</author><author>Shillingford, J. N.</author><author>Laratta, J. L.</author><author>Saifi, C.</author><author>Lehman, R. A.</author><author>Riew, K. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>A.J. Pugely, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States. E-mail: andrew-pugely@uiowa.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Opioid use following cervical spine surgery: trends and factors associated with long-term use</title><secondary-title>Spine Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Spine Journal</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>adult,*arthrodesis,article,driver,drug dependence,drug withdrawal,female,human,low back pain,major clinical study,observational study,outcome assessment,postoperative period,*prescription,*register,retrospective study,risk assessment,*spine surgery,stud</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>United States</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Inc. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 382018Patients at Risk: Preoperative Opioid Use Affects Opioid Prescribing, Refills, and Outcomes After Total Knee ArthroplastyRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesOpioid use at 6 weeks post-operatively (patient interview)Not definedNot definedGrace ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grace</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>516</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">39</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>516</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vawadfaz6xts0ke0tr3xwtp8tveas9a5r0wd" timestamp="1553808100">516</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grace, T. R.</author><author>Khanna, K.</author><author>Choo, K. J.</author><author>Croci, R.</author><author>Feeley, B. T.</author><author>Ma, C. B.</author><author>Zhang, A. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>T.R. Grace, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Ave, Third Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States. E-mail: trevrgrace@</auth-address><titles><title>The influence of preoperative opioid use on inpatient opioid requirements and discharge prescriptions after primary shoulder arthroplasty</title><secondary-title>Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>adverse drug reaction,aged,*analgesia,article,cohort analysis,controlled study,drug therapy,*epidemic,female,*hospital patient,hospitalization,human,major clinical study,male,pill,*prescription,prospective study,retrospective study,*shoulder replacement</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>United States</pub-location><publisher>Mosby Inc. (E-mail: customerservice@)</publisher><isbn>1058-2746,1532-6500</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> influence of preoperative opioid use on inpatient opioid requirements and discharge prescriptions after primary shoulder arthroplastyRetrospective Cohort StudyUnited StatesOpioid use at 6 weeks post-operatively (patient interview)No opioid identified on patient’s admission recordNot definedWorks Cited ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Lee JS, Hu HM, Edelman AL, Brummett CM, Englesbe MJ, Waljee JF, Smerage JB, Griggs JJ, Nathan H, Jeruss JS, Dossett LA: New Persistent Opioid Use Among Patients With Cancer After Curative-Intent Surgery. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35: 4042-40492.Marcusa DP, Mann RA, Cron DC, Fillinger BR, Rzepecki AK, Kozlow JH, Momoh A, Englesbe M, Brummett C, Waljee JF: Prescription Opioid Use among Opioid-Naive Women Undergoing Immediate Breast Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 140: 1081-10903.Hansen CA, Inacio MCS, Pratt NL, Roughead EE, Graves SE: Chronic Use of Opioids Before and After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Arthroplasty 2017; 32: 811-817 e14.Ladha KS, Patorno E, Liu J, Bateman BT: Impact of Perioperative Epidural Placement on Postdischarge Opioid Use in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery. Anesthesiology 2016; 124: 396-4035.Schoenfeld AJ, Nwosu K, Jiang W, Yau AL, Chaudhary MA, Scully RE, Koehlmoos T, Kang JD, Haider AH: Risk Factors for Prolonged Opioid Use Following Spine Surgery, and the Association with Surgical Intensity, Among Opioid-Naive Patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99: 1247-12526.Mueller KG, Memtsoudis SG, Mariano ER, Baker LC, Mackey S, Sun EC: Lack of Association Between the Use of Nerve Blockade and the Risk of Persistent Opioid Use Among Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroplasty: Evidence From the Marketscan Database. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 1014-10207.Sun EC, Bateman BT, Memtsoudis SG, Neuman MD, Mariano ER, Baker LC: Lack of Association Between the Use of Nerve Blockade and the Risk of Postoperative Chronic Opioid Use Among Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: Evidence From the Marketscan Database. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 999-10078.Brummett CM, Waljee JF, Goesling J, Moser S, Lin P, Englesbe MJ, Bohnert ASB, Kheterpal S, Nallamothu BK: New Persistent Opioid Use After Minor and Major Surgical Procedures in US Adults. JAMA Surg 2017; 152: e1705049.Sun EC, Darnall BD, Baker LC, Mackey S: Incidence of and Risk Factors for Chronic Opioid Use Among Opioid-Naive Patients in the Postoperative Period. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1286-9310.Inacio MC, Hansen C, Pratt NL, Graves SE, Roughead EE: Risk factors for persistent and new chronic opioid use in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study. 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