Biology 12 Chapter 12 Potential Written Test Questions



Biology 12 Digestion, Circulation, Lymphatic and Respiration

Potential Written Test Questions

1. Define physical/ mechanical digestion. Name and describe five forms of physical digestion in the human digestive system.

2. Name the four components of the human saliva. Describe the function of each component in detail.

3. Name the three secretions of the human stomach. Describe the function of each of the components in detail.

4. Name and describe the three functions of the human stomach.

5. Name the four principal sphincters of the human digestive system. State the specific location of each of the sphincters. Describe the role that each of the sphincters has in regulating human digestion.

6. Describe the complete chemical digestion of starch to glucose in the human digestive system. State the location of each step, the chemicals involved, the optimal pH, the reactants and the products.

7. Describe the complete chemical digestion of protein to amino acids in the human digestive system. State the location of each step, the chemicals involved, the optimal pH, the reactants and the products.

8. Describe three functions of the liver that relate to its role in human digestion.

9. Name three secretions of the human pancreas. Describe the function of each of the components in detail.

10. Describe how the small and large intestines are adapted in humans for the absorption of nutrients and water.

11. How are nutrient monomers absorbed into the body from the small intestine? What role do lacteals and blood capillaries play in nutrient absorption?

12. Describe in detail the mechanism of action of the digestive hormone secretin.

13. Describe in detail the mechanism of action of the digestive hormone CCK.

14. Describe in detail the mechanism of action of the digestive hormone gastrin.

15. Describe in detail the mechanism of action of the digestive hormone enterogastrone.

16. Describe the complete digestion of fat globules to fatty acids and glycerol in the human digestive system. State the location of each step, the chemicals involved, the optimal pH, the reactants and the products.

17. Describe the complete chemical digestion of nucleic acids to pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base in the human digestive system. State the location of each step, the chemicals involved, the optimal pH, the reactants and the products.

18. Compare and contrast the atria and ventricles of the human heart with respect to their structure and function.

19. Describe the evolution of the vertebrate heart from fish, through frogs and reptiles, to birds and mammals?

20. Compare and contrast arteries, capillaries and veins with respect to their structure and function. Why does the curve for blood pressure change as blood travels from arteries to veins? For what reason is blood pressure and blood velocity at their lowest in the capillaries? What two structural adaptations exist in the veins to cause a change in the curve for blood velocity?

21. Describe the three major stages of the cardiac cycle of the human heart, relating the structures and functions of the chambers of the heart to the nerve conduction system of the heart. Relate these major stages of the cardiac cycle to the P, QRS and T cycles on the human electrocardiogram.

22. You are a red blood cell. Describe your journey through the adult vascular pathway as you start in the inferior vena cava, travel through blood vessels in contact with the digestive system, and return to the inferior vena cava.

23. You are a red blood cell. Describe your possible journeys through the fetal vascular pathway as you start in the placenta, travel through the fetus’ heart, and return to the placenta.

24. Compare and contrast the lymphatic system and the circulatory system with respect to structures and functions.

25. Describe how the human body regulates the production of red blood cells in response to a decline in low blood oxygen levels?

26. Describe how the human body controls blood clotting in response to a tear in a capillary.

27. Compare and contrast red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets with respect to relative numbers, structure and function.

28. Describe the production and differentiation of blood cells in the human body. Consider site of production, the one progenitor cell, and different pathways of differentiation.

29. Use your knowledge of blood pressure and osmotic pressure in the capillary bed to explain how nutrients, waste, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood and the tissue cells. What role, if any, does the lymphatic system play in this exchange of molecules?

30. Describe three functions of the lymphatic system and three functions of the circulatory system.

31. Describe five functions of the liver in relation to the circulatory, digestive and lymphatic systems.

32. Describe the structure and functions of the six major adaptations to fetal circulation in contrast to adult circulation.

33. Describe the composition of human blood plasma. Describe the functions of each of these sub-components of plasma.

34. What is hemoglobin and how does it function?

35. What is the path of air from the nose to the lungs? What are the special functions of the nasal cavity, the larynx, the trachea, and the alveoli?

36. Name and explain the four stages of human respiration.

37. Describe the mechanics of breathing: inhalation and exhalation.

38. Describe the movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hemoglobin, hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions during external respiration.

39. Describe the movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hemoglobin, hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions during internal respiration.

40. What factors affect hemoglobin’s ability to bind oxygen, and how do they relate to the environmental conditions in the lungs and the body tissues.

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