Activity 5.3.2: Heart Matter



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|Activity 5.3.2 – Heart of the Matter |

Introduction

Listen carefully. Can you hear or feel your heart beating? What do you know about your heart other than it is beating? How does blood enter and exit the heart? What do the valves do? What happens when something doesn’t work correctly? What kinds of heart dysfunctions exist, and which ones can be corrected with surgery?

Of all the organs in the body, the heart is at the core of life. According to the American Medical Association, over 70.1 million Americans have some sort of cardiovascular disease. Deaths by heart related disease remains the #1 killer in the US.

In this activity, you will take a closer look at the heart. You will investigate its function and some of the more common cardiovascular dysfunctions that can occur.

Procedure

As a group, divide and conquer the following questions. Be sure to answer the questions the thoroughly and be able to explain them to your group members. YOUR RESEARCH SHOULD BE RECORDED IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.

DAY ONE:

General Heart Issues:

1. What is the difference between a disease and a disorder?

Disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions.

Disorder a derangement or abnormality of function, a morbid physical or mental state.

2. What are the most prevalent heart issues for adults and children?

For children there are ventricular septal defects or communications between the bottom chambers of the heart are most common.

For adults is cardiovascular disease it causes more than 17 million deaths in the world each year. Cardiovascular disease is responsible for half of all deaths in the United States.

3. What age group may experiences the most heart disease? What is the rate of increase or decrease for each age group? Is heart disease a concern for teenagers?

25 to 34 years 12 deaths

35 to 44 years old 58 deaths

45 to 54 years old 237 deaths

55 to 64 years old 652 deaths

65 to 74 years old 1,508 deaths

75 to 84 years old 3,498 deaths

85 years old and over 8,124 deaths

Heart is concern for teenagers if they have family members that have heart diseases, which might affect their children, or if they are born with a heart disease

4. What is the medical indication that a person needs a heart transplant?

a. How many heart transplants are performed each year?

the range is from 1700 to 2200 heart transplants a year

b. How many people die before receiving a heart transplant?

thousands of people are waiting for a heart. About 35% of them die before a heart becomes available.

c. How does a person get on the recipient list and how is the order of merit determined? When their heart fails and needs to get a heart transplant they are putted in order at which looks like a train, you have to wait your turn, the order is determined by the heart and what kind of heart will your body accept to work with.

5. What is the annual national average for children or newborns in need of a heart? What is the most prevalent cause of heart problems for children and newborns?

11 percent and The use of Drugs, Tobacco, Alcohol will impair the newborn baby, it might slow the brain’s development, it might cause heart disease

6. What are simple, immediate solutions to maintaining a healthy heart?

Regular exercise, healthy diet, and regular checkups to your doctor

Artificial Heart:

7. How does the artificial heart function? How is it different from the human heart?

There’s two different types of artificial heart, cardio west and AbioCor, The cardio west is an artificial heart that only replaces the ventricles and atriums, the AbioCor heart replaces all the veins, arteries, ventricles and atriums around the heart

8. Who invented the artificial heart?

 Paul Winchell

9. Who was the first individual to receive an artificial heart?

Dr. Barney Clark

a. How long did he or she live after receiving the artificial heart? 112 days

b. What engineering problems existed with the first artificial heart that was later addressed in newer models?  Transcutaneous Energy Transfer , this system consists of two coils, one internal and one external, that transmit power via magnetic force from an external battery across the skin without piercing the surface. The internal coil receives the power and sends it to the internal battery and controller device.

10. Who currently manufactures artificial hearts? Where is this company (or companies) located? AbioMed, Danvers Massachusetts

11. What patents currently exist on the artificial heart or on its components?

Winchell, Patents number US4255821

12. How long does it take for one artificial heart to be built and tested?

several days

a. How many are manufactured per year?

only about 3,000

b. What is the average cost to build an artificial heart?

around $70,000

13. When a patient receives an artificial heart, who pays for the heart, surgery and the ongoing care?

14. What factors determine whether a person can be eligible for an artificial heart? Is there a waiting list for an artificial heart?

If the heart fails to work, the person will need an artificial heart. The waiting list is very long. A patient might wait up to more than 1 year.

People in the Field:

a. Who pioneered the surgeries involved with human heart transplant and artificial heart implants first? The first adult human heart transplant was performed by Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. The first human heart transplant was operated on 3 December 1967.

How long did the first operations take? The operation lasted nine hours and was performed by a team of thirty people.

b. What improvements have engineers made to the medical equipment used? Tools are made with a special material, less heavy and being able to do the perfect performance when needed. That is making the job of the doctor easier.

15. Who is currently involved in the improvement of the artificial heart? What are areas of concern for engineers? Engineers are concerned about tools that can be very beneficial to the doctors, heart parts that will increase the lifespan of the artificial heart.

DAY TWO:

Next Steps:

Mitral Valve Prolapse is a type of valve disease. MVP causes the leaflets of the mitral valve to flop back into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. MVP also causes the tissues of the valve to become abnormal and stretchy, causing the valve to leak.

1. As a group, choose a cardiac disease or disorder to research and begin collecting information concerning:

• Cause-  In some people with mitral valve Prolapse, the mitral valve's flaps have extra tissue, bulging like a parachute into their left atrium each time the heart contracts.

• Symptoms- -A racing or irregular heartbeat, Dizziness or lightheadedness

Age of onset, shortness of breath, fatigue, Chest pain that's not caused by a heart attack or coronary artery disease

• Possible treatments- Medications such as aspirin or other blood thinners, Surgery for a new valve

1. Design and sketch a device that can treat this heart problem.

2. Based on your research, create a 3D model that is “representative” of the heart chambers and valves. This model can be created using Autodesk or using materials purchased by your group. One side of your heart’s model should represent a normal heart and valves, while the other side should reflect the disease or disorder researched. Your device created in step 2, should be able to interact with your heart model.

3. Create a tri-fold poster display:

a. Basic research information on your HEART disorder/disease.

i. What is it?

ii. Symptoms and side effects.

iii. When was it discovered and by who?

iv. What are possible treatments?

v. Interesting facts.

b. a sketch of a normal bisected heart

c. 3D model of the heart your group created comparing a normal side to an afflicted side. If you used Autodesk to create your model you will print out a multi view drawing

d. Exploded and multi view drawings of your heart device.

e. Description of your heart device.

f. Basic research information on your JOINT disorder/disease.

i. What is it?

ii. Symptoms and side effects.

iii. When was it discovered and by who?

iv. What are possible treatments?

v. Interesting facts.

g. Picture of functional joint.

h. Exploded and multi view drawings of your joint device.

i. 3D model of your joint with bones and muscles attached

Conclusion

As a group, answer these questions ON YOUR WEEBLY:

1. How would knowledge of the heart structure assist an engineer in designing an artificial heart valve? The structure of the heart would assist an engineer doing repairs on the heart because he would know the size and dimensions and the different techniques that could be used for different functions, for example a valve and the different designs that he could make for its function.

2. Physicians are highly interested in the creation of noninvasive procedures for heart valve implants. Brainstorm and list ways to develop a noninvasive or less invasive method for implanting valves.

3. What is the role of the three components of the heart chamber in an artificial heart? To receive the blood from the body and send it through the heart and out to the lungs and throughout the body.

4. What are some engineering challenges concerning each of the heart valves?

the blood has to be able to flow through without any blood cells sustaining any damage and without any blood getting stuck on the valve. Engineers have to make them as close to human valves as possible.

5. What is the engineering challenge about the blood flow on each side of the heart? The blood has different pressures.

On the left side it has higher pressure than the right side

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