Single-use plastic bottles and their alternatives - Life Cycle Initiative

Single-use plastic bottles

and their alternatives ¨C

Recommendations from

Life Cycle Assessments

Copyright ? United Nations Environment Programme, 2020

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Suggested citation:

(UNEP 2020). United Nations Environment Programme (2020).

Single-use plastic bottles and their alternatives.

Recommendations from Life Cycle Assessments.

Single-use plastic bottles

and their alternatives ¨C

Recommendations from

Life Cycle Assessments

Single-use plastic bOTTLES and their alternatives

1

Acknowledgements

Authors: Gustav Sandin, Sofiia Miliutenko, Christin Liptow (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute AB)

Reviewers:

Bengt Lundin (BillerudKorsn?s), Stewart Harris (American Chemistry Council), Guy Castelan (Plastics Europe), Christian

Junestedt (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency),Yoichi Kodera (Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

& Technology (AIST)), Nils Heuer (UNEP), Julia Koskella (systemiq), Henry King (Unilever), Eva Ahlner (Swedish Environmental

Protection Agency), Beatriz Carneiro (UNEP).

This publication is commissioned and supervised by the United Nations Environment Programme and the Life Cycle Initiative

(Economy Division): Lloren? Mil¨¤ i Canals, Claudia Giacovelli, Feng Wang, Jos¨¦phine Courtois, Oumayma Ouzane

Recommended citation: United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Single-use plastic bottles and their alternatives ¨C

Recommendations from Life Cycle Assessments.

Design and layout: creativevision.co.za

This publication has been developed with the kind financial contribution of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Copyright ? United Nations Environment Programme, 2020

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special

permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. United Nations Environment

Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this

publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from

the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent

of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communication Division, United Nations Environment Programme,

P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion

whatsoever on the part of United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city

or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product

in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of

information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an

editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this publication

are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any

errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.

This report has been reviewed and approved in accordance with IVL¡¯s audited and approved management system.

2

Single-use plastic bOTTLES and their alternatives

Table of contents

1 Introduction

09

1.1 Background.................................................................................................. 10

1.2 Purpose, scope and method...........................................................................11

1.3 LCA method in brief....................................................................................... 13

2 Meta-analysis of the LCA studies

14

2.1 LCA studies comparing different types

of single-use plastic bottles.......................................................................... 16

2.1.1 Virgin, recycled, and bio-based PET bottles

(Benavides et al. 2018)....................................................................... 16

2.1.2 Fossil and bio-based PET bottles (Chen et al. 2016)............................. 17

2.1.3 PLA and PET drinking water bottles (Papong et al. 2014)......................20

2.2 LCA studies comparing single-use plastic bottles

with beverage containers made of other materials.........................................22

2.2.1 PET, HDPE, PP, glass and carton packaging systems

(Schlecht et al. 2018, 2019)................................................................22

2.2.2 Glass bottles, aluminium cans and PET bottles

(Amienyo et al. 2013)..........................................................................24

2.2.3 Studies of reusable steel and aluminium bottles.................................26

2.3 LCA studies comparing single-use plastic bottles

and non-container means for providing drinking water................................... 27

2.3.1 PET bottles and non-container means for providing

drinking water (Garcia-Suarez et al. 2019)........................................... 27

3 Conclusions

29

3.1 Environmental impacts of single-use plastic bottles

and their alternatives....................................................................................30

3.1.1

Comparisons of different single-use plastic bottles..............................30

3.1.2 Comparisons of single-use plastic bottles and

beverage containers made of other materials...................................... 31

3.1.3 Comparisons of plastic bottles and non-container

means for providing drinking water.....................................................32

3.2 Important aspects in life cycle assessments of plastic bottles

and their alternatives.................................................................................... 33

3.3 Important aspects in policy making...............................................................36

References

38

Single-use plastic bOTTLES and their alternatives

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