Stepek AP Human Geography



AP Human Geography Unit 7b Guided Reading: Urban Patterns and Social Issues Mr. StepekKey Issue #1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? (Rubenstein p 404 – 410) Define and describe the CBD?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Retail Services in the CBD:Type of retailerReason to originally locate the CBD?Changes in Recent YearsWhy do business services such as advertising, banking, finance, journalism and law locate in the CBD?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What has the extreme competition for land in the CBD resulted in? _______________________________________High demand and expense has resulted in CBD land use being described as what? __________________Examples:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the vertical geography of skyscrapers: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What two activities have traditionally been excluded from the CBD? ____________________________Why have factories moved out from the central city? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How have cities repurposed former industrial use buildings? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What groups of people originally lived “downtown”? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where did they go in the 20th century? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How has this changed in the 21st century? What groups have been especially attracted to downtown living? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How are CBDs in Europe different from those in North America (read and pick out the main points)? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Issue #2: Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas (Rubenstein p 410 – 412)? Models of Urban StructureWhat do the three models of urban structure help us to understand?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where were the three models describing the internal structure of cities developed?__________________________Why?________________________________________________________________________________Reproduce the Concentric Zone Model by _______________________ ( = year) below:Legend w/notes from lectureCBD (see above)Zone of TransitionZone of Working Class (“Independent workers’”) HomesZone of Middle-Class (“Better Residences”) HousingCommuter’s Zone Review and draw bid-rent theory (lecture)DiagramNotesReproduce the Sector Model by __________________________________ ( = year) below:Overall idea:Legend w/notes from lectureCBD (see above)Transportation and IndustryLow-class ResidentialMiddle-Class ResidentialHigh Class ResidentialReproduce the Multiple Nuclei Model by _________________________ ( = year) below:Legend w/notes from lectureCBD Wholesale/light manufacturingLow-class residentialMedium-class residentialHigh-class residentialHeavy manufacturingOutlying business districtResidential suburbIndustrial suburbAt what level of aggregation is the data for urban patterns spatially analyzed? ______________________________What kind of study is this? _______________________________________________________________What are the two main criticisms in applying the models of urban structure (see also de Blij p 310)?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applying the Models Outside of North America (Rubenstein p 413 - 414):In contrast to most U.S. cities, where do wealthy Europeans live? ________________________________________ Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is a similarity in how wealthy urban Europeans live compared to Americans? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________(de Blij p 325) Because of their age, how are European cities different from American cities? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How are the downtown areas different in Europe than in America (de Blij p 325)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Before electricity, how were social classes segregated in European cities? __________________________________Describe. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Today, where do low-income urban Europeans tend to live? _____________________________________________What are the physical characteristics of these low-income suburbs? _____________________________What problems do the residents face? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who are these residents more likely to be? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(de Blij p 325) What connection do they have to Europe? Give some examples ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are two reasons European officials encouraged the construction of these high-density suburbs?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Review) By what term do we call this process? ______________________________________________Urban Development and Models in Less Developed Countries (Rubenstein p 414 – 418, de Blij 314 – 317, 326 – 327)Is the structure of cities in LDCs, more similar to those in North America or Europe? How? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What three stages of development have most cities in LDCs gone through? _______________________ b. ______________________ c.___________________________________Describe the layout of a typical Islamic city _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the urban plan standardized for Latin American cities under the Law of the Indies (1573)? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In post-independence Latin American cities, in what sector do the elite live? Describe. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Due to housing shortages and rapid urbanization where do many poor migrants to LDC cities live? ____________________________________________ What does de Blij (p 316) called these settlements? _____________________What are some other names for them (indicate countries)? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe what these settlements (physical conditions, economic roles and ethnic segregation) are like (Rubenstein p 417 – 418, de Blij p 326 – 327). __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Along what lines are cities in LDC regions segregated (de Blij p 327) ______________________________What is the informal economy that flourishes in these areas (de Blij p 327)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________To what does de Blij ascribe the chaotic and mixed land-use found in the global periphery (p 316 – 317)?____________________________________________________________________________________What common trait does one see in all cities in the global periphery that is more intensive and has a greater scale of contrast than in MDCs (de Blij p 317)? ________________________________________In what way are major port cities and former colonial cities in LDCs segregated (de Blij p 327 – 328)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________African and Asian City structures (READ de Blij p 313 - 314)Sub-Saharan African City Model (by de Blij)Southeast Asian City Model (by McGee)Latin American Model (READ de Blij 311 – 312) by _______________________ and _________________________ :Commercial/CBDMarketIndustrial ZoneElite ResidentialZone of MaturityZone of in situ accretionShantytowns (see #20 above). What is a disamenity sector?GentrificationMiddle-class residentialKey Issue #3: Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? (Rubenstein p 418 – 423)What is filtering? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What has happened to inner city neighborhoods which experienced a great deal of filtering? _____________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is redlining (compare Rubenstein p 420 and de Blij p 317)? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Review definition of blockbusting (de Blij p 317) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What did this lead to (de Blij p 317)? _______________________________________________________What effect did suburbanization have on cities (p 317 – 318)? __________________________________How have some cities tried to counter this (de Blij p 318 – 19)? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Can you think of a Chicago example (lecture)? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the process called urban renewal. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Public HousingWhat did public housing replace? _________________________________________________________When was public housing mostly constructed? ______________________________________________Why were high-rise public housing projects considered unsatisfactory living environments for families?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________As a result, what has happened to most high-rise public housing? _______________________________What has happened to the supply and demand of public housing in general since 1980? __________________________________________________________________________________________________What is gentrification? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What attracts middle-class people to inner-city living? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What effect has this had on low-income people in gentrifying neighborhoods? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inner-city Social IssuesWho are the “underclass” and what issues do they face? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the “culture of poverty” (read p 422, we will discuss/take notes during lecture)?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What two ways do local governments try to close the gap between the cost of services and the funding available from taxes? 1. _______________________________________ 2. _________________________________________What are subprime mortgages? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is foreclosure? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is “being underwater” (lecture)? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Issue 4: Suburban Challenges (Rubenstein p 424 – 434)What % of Americans live in the central city? _____________ suburbs? ____________ rural areas?______________Define the three levels of urban settlementsCity __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What population trend have central cities experienced since 1950? _______________________Urbanized area ________________________________________________________________________Metropolitan statistical area _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What problem has made it hard for localities to deal with problems? _____________________________Metropolitan areas that overlap are called? ___________________________________________________________What is the structure of the peripheral model? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What develops around the beltway of the peripheral model? ___________________________________(add definition from lecture) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Can you think of locations in the Chicagoland area that may qualify? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reproduce the Peripheral (Galactic) Model (p 427) by _________________________ (1997) below:Legend w/notes from lectureCentral CitySuburban Residential AreaShopping MallIndustrial DistrictOffice ParkService CenterAirport ComplexCombined Employment and Shopping Center(Lecture) Reproduce the Urban Realms by _________________________________________ ( 1964) below:Legend w/notes from lectureWhat is the density gradient? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In what two ways has the density gradient changed in American cities in recent years (this is changing)?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SEE CHART ON MY WEBSITE ABOUT HOW THE DENSITY GRADIENT HAS CHANGED IN THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODELWhat is urban sprawl (de Blij p 320)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are three negative effects of urban sprawl (Rubenstein p 428)?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What surrounds some European cities and limits suburban sprawl?______________________________What is the attempt to limit suburban sprawl through legislation/regulation? ______________________(de Blij p 320) What process demolishes older buildings in the suburbs for new construction?____________________ What (hideous) supersized homes often replace them?____________________What do some argue teardowns can limit urban sprawl (de Blij p 320)? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(de Blij p 321) What is New Urbanism? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is a building goal for housing under New Urbanism? ______________________________________In what two ways are suburban areas segregated (Rubenstein p 429)? ____________________________________________________________ What are gated communities (de Blij p 322 – 324)? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________What laws prevent mixed land use in suburbs? ________________________________________________________What is happening in the inner suburbs of some metropolitan areas? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is this called (lecture)? _____________________________________________________________What dominates the suburban shopping landscape? ____________________________________________________(lecture) Why is this description outdated? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What 20th century form of transportation is critical for life in the suburbs? __________________________________What are the three main advantages of public transportation over the automobile? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________While overall investments and ridership in public transit has declined (despite its advantages) what one type of public transit has been exception to that trend?________________________________________________________What disadvantageous cycle is funding for public transportation caught in? 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