The Essential Guide to User Interface Design - 3rd Edition



The Essential Guide to User Interface Design - 3rd Edition

Wilbert O. Galitz

TEST ANSWERS

Step 10: Provide Effective Internationalization and Accessibility

Short Answer

1. What is internationalization?

Internationalization is the process of isolating culturally specific elements from a product. The German text of a program developed in Germany, for example, is isolated from the program itself. This occurs in the country where the product is developed.

2. Define accessibility.

Accessibility, in a general sense, means a system must be designed to be usable by an almost unlimited range of people, essentially anyone who desires to use it. In a narrower sense, accessibility can be defined as providing easy access to a system for people with disabilities.

3. What are the two most commonly spoken languages in the world?

English—About 35 percent of Web users speak English as their first language.

Chinese—About 14 percent speak Chinese.

4. In writing words and text, why is it desirable to use simple English?

Simple English text will be easier and less expensive to translate.

English is the most widely used language in the world. An estimate for its speakers ranges from 700 million to 2 billion. Although many speakers of English have been taught it as a second language and may not all be facile readers and writers, they can communicate using it.

5. What is localization?

Localization is the process of infusing a specific cultural context into a previously internationalized product. Translating a screen written in German into English is an example of localization.

6. When is localization necessary?

When the market includes few or no English speakers.

When translation is required by law or by custom.

When the widest possible market is desired.

7. What six kinds of user disabilities must always be considered in design?

Visual disabilities can range from slightly reduced visual acuity to total blindness.

Hearing disabilities range from an inability to detect certain sounds to total deafness.

Physical movement disabilities include difficulties in, or an inability to, perform certain physical tasks such as moving a mouse, pressing two keyboard keys simultaneously, or accurately striking a single keyboard key.

Speech or language disabilities may find it difficult to read and write (as with dyslexia).

Cognitive disabilities include memory impairments and perceptual problems.

Seizure disorders are sensitive to visual flash rates, certain rates triggering seizures.

8. What are six design guidelines that will improve usability for senior citizens?

Provide large targets to make selection easier.

Reduce the number of selections or clicks:

Do not require double-clicks

Do not use pull-down menus.

Do not have a deep page hierarchy.

Concentrate important information at the top of pages.

Avoid the need to scroll to find information.

Put most links in a bulleted, not tightly clustered, list.

Provide a clear differentiation between visited and non-visited links.

Use few colors, and avoid using blue and green tones.

Provide a larger type size, 12-14 point sans serif font (Helvetica, Arial).

9. For people with visual impairments, why are (1) a simple and consistent layout and (2) locating important information at the top of a page significant design guidelines?

A simple and consistent layout permits a screen to be more quickly navigated.

Important information at the top of a page also aids screen readers because the reader reads left-to-right and top-to-bottom.

10. What are the degenerative effects caused by aging?

Diminished vision.

Motor impairments.

Reduced attention.

Reduced memory.

11. Why is the usability of Web sites generally lower for seniors?

First, Web site designers are typically young and possess non-diminished physical and mental capabilities. Many then, erroneously, make the assumption that all users possess the same skills as they do.

Second, many seniors retired without having extensive experience using computers and the Internet. Consequently, their understanding of technology is poor. A similar erroneous assumption is made (consciously or unconsciously), that the users know as much as they do (a common design problem that has existed throughout the history of computer system design).

Senior users, in spite of a loss in capabilities, do desire, and are entitled to, a usable and productive Web experience.

True/False (Answers highlighted and underlined)

1. All barriers that make a system difficult or impossible to use must be minimized.

True or False?

2. Color associations among different cultures are pretty much the same.

True or False?

3. Test all aspects of accessibility as part of the normal system testing process.

True or False?

4. Localization must be performed even when the audience already reads English.

True or False?

5. Provide a complete and simple keyboard interface for people with physical movement disabilities.

True or False?

6. Screen flickering or flashing is usually not a problem for people with seizure disorders.

True or False?

7. There are few significant differences in the needs and capabilities of younger and older system users.

True or False?

8. What the user perceives must be considered reality.

True or False?

9. Few significant cultural differences exist for images and symbols.

True or False?

10. Various governmental guidelines and/or requirements exist that must be adhered to in design.

True or False?

Multiple Choice (Answers highlighted and underlined)

1. For translating screens from English to another language, what is the range of additional space that should be allowed for expansion of the various screen components to another language?

a) 5 to 10 %

b) 20 to 50 %

c) 25 to 100 %

d) 30 to 200 %

e) 50 to 250%

f) None

2. In accessibility design, the general design guidelines include which of the following?

a) Consider accessibility issues during system planning, design, and testing.

b) Provide compatibility with installed accessibility utilities.

c) Provide a customizable interface.

d) Follow standard Windows conventions.

e) Use standard Windows controls.

f) Assure online forms can be easily completed.

g) Provide documentation on all accessible features.

h) Test all aspects of accessibility as part of the normal system testing process.

i) All of the above.

j) None of the above.

3. Which of these languages is considered the most concise?

a) Czech

b) Dutch

c) English

d) Finnish

e) German

f) All are concise

4. Which of the following describe the proper use of images and symbols for international systems?

a) Adhere to local cultural and social norms.

b) Use locally accepted symbols.

c) Develop generic images.

d) Be particularly careful with images of men.

e) Be particularly careful with hand gestures.

f) Review proposed graphical images early in the design cycle.

g) All of the above.

5. Which of the following are design guidelines for people with physical movement disabilities?

a) Provide captions or transcripts of important audio content.

b) Provide on-screen keyboards.

c) Limit the use of time-based interfaces.

d) Streamline the page design.

e) Ensure compatibility with screen-enlargement utilities.

f) Use audio as an enhancing design characteristic.

g) Provide voice-input systems.

h) Permit modification and simplification of the interface.

i) Avoid moving or changing text.

j) Ensure compatibility with screen-review utilities.

k) None of the above.

6. Which of the following are design guidelines for people with hearing disabilities?

a) Provide captions or transcripts of important audio content.

b) Provide on-screen keyboards.

c) Limit the use of time-based interfaces.

d) Streamline the page design.

e) Ensure compatibility with screen-enlargement utilities.

f) Use audio as an enhancing design characteristic.

g) Provide voice-input systems.

h) Permit modification and simplification of the interface.

i) Avoid moving or changing text.

j) Ensure compatibility with screen-review utilities.

k) None of the above.

7. Which of the following are design guidelines for people with cognitive disabilities?

a) Provide captions or transcripts of important audio content.

b) Provide on-screen keyboards.

c) Limit the use of time-based interfaces.

d) Streamline the page design.

e) Ensure compatibility with screen-enlargement utilities.

f) Use audio as an enhancing design characteristic.

g) Provide voice-input systems.

h) Permit modification and simplification of the interface.

i) Avoid moving or changing text.

j) Ensure compatibility with screen-review utilities.

k) None of the above.

8. In translating screens or Web pages from English to another language, which of the following must not be done.

a) Using acronyms and abbreviations.

b) Using slang or obscure phrasing.

c) Allowing additional screen space for the translation.

d) Using a telegraphic writing style.

e) Adhering to local user language idioms and cultural contexts.

f) Using an over-friendly writing style.

g) Modifying mnemonics for keyboard access.

9. What percent of Web users are reported to have a disability that makes traditional Web use difficult or impossible?

a) 16

b) 12

c) 8

d) 4

e) 2

f) 1

g) 0

10. Which of the following are design guidelines for low literacy users?

a) Provide captions or transcripts of important audio content.

b) Provide on-screen keyboards.

c) Limit the use of time-based interfaces.

d) Streamline the page design.

e) Ensure compatibility with screen-enlargement utilities.

f) Use audio as an enhancing design characteristic.

g) Provide voice-input systems.

h) Permit modification and simplification of the interface.

i) Avoid moving or changing text.

j) Ensure compatibility with screen-review utilities.

k) None of the above.

11. Which of the following are design guidelines for people with visual disabilities?

a) Provide captions or transcripts of important audio content.

b) Provide on-screen keyboards.

c) Limit the use of time-based interfaces.

d) Streamline the page design.

e) Ensure compatibility with screen-enlargement utilities.

f) Use audio as an enhancing design characteristic.

g) Provide voice-input systems.

h) Permit modification and simplification of the interface.

i) Avoid moving or changing text.

j) Ensure compatibility with screen-review utilities.

k) None of the above.

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