Golf Course Monitoring - Miami-Dade County

DERM TECHNICAL REPORT

Environmental Quality Monitoring at Five Municipal Golf Courses

in Miami-Dade County

Prepared By

the DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

in cooperation with the

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER SERVICES

Final Report

December 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures

List of Tables

Abbreviations

Sample Identification Nomenclature

Executive Summary

Introduction

Background

Purpose and Scope

Previous Studies

Environmental Setting of Miami-Dade County

Study Site Selection

Assessment and Monitoring Program Design

Sampling Methodology

Analytical Methods

Statistical Methods

Results and Discussion

Arsenic

Arsenic in Soils

Arsenic in Groundwater

Arsenic Levels at Different Golf Course Areas

Arsenic in Surface Water And Sediments

Private Home Well Sampling

Arsenic in Fertilizers

Pesticides

Pesticides in Groundwater

Pesticides in Surface Water

Nutrient Components

Phosphates in Groundwater

Nitrates in Groundwater

Nitrates and Phosphates in Pond

Conclusions

Recommendations

References

Appendices

DERM Technical Report

Environmental Quality Monitoring at Five Golf Courses in Miami-Dade County

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LIST OF FIGURES

page

Figure 1:

Map of the State of Florida and Miami-Dade County

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Figure 2:

Map of Miami-Dade County

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Figure 3:

Interpreted Groundwater Flow Direction for Miami-Dade County

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Figure 4:

Generalized Cross-Section of the Biscayne Aquifer

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Figure 5a:

Mean Soil Arsenic Concentrations

20

Figure 5b:

Mean Arsenic Concentrations in Soil: Older versus Newer Golf Courses 20

Figure 6:

Soil Arsenic Concentration at Different Intervals in the Soil Profile Versus 23

February 1997 Shallow Groundwater Arsenic Concentrations

Figure 7a&b: Arsenic Concentration in Soil Core and Surficial Soil at Mix/Load Sites 25

Figure 7c&d: Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater at Mix/Load sites

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Figure 8a&b: Arsenic Concentration in Soil Core and Surficial Soil at Fairways

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Figure 8c&d: Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater at Fairway Sites

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Figure 9a&b: Arsenic Concentration in Soil Core and Surficial Soil at Green Sites

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Figure 9c&d: Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater at Green Sites

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Figure 10a&b: Arsenic Concentration in Soil Core and Surficial Soil at Tee Sites

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Figure 10c&d: Arsenic Concentration in Groundwater at Tee Sites

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Figure 11:

Arsenic Concentration in Surface Water and Sediments

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Figure 12:

Nitrate Concentration in Groundwater

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:

Table 2:

Table 3:

Table 4:

Table 5:

Table 6a:

Table 6b:

Table 7:

Table 8:

Table 9:

Table 10:

Table 11:

Table 12:

Table 13:

Table 14:

Distribution of Monitoring Wells by Golf Course Area

Parameters of Interest

Summary Statistics for Soil Arsenic Concentrations

Summary Statistic for Arsenic in Shallow Groundwater

Summary Statistic for Arsenic in Deep Groundwater

Summary Statistic for Arsenic at Mix Load Sites

Summary Statistic for Arsenic at Mix Load Sites (Briar Bay &

Greynolds Park)

Summary Statistics for Arsenic at Fairway Sites

Summary Statistics for Arsenic at Green Sites

Summary Statistics for Arsenic at Tee Sites

Arsenic in Fertilizer Formulations Used at Golf Courses

Pesticides Detected above PQL in Groundwater

Pesticides Detected in Pond Samples

Summary Statistics for Nitrates in Groundwater

Nutrient Concentrations in Golf Course Ponds

DERM Technical Report

Environmental Quality Monitoring at Five Golf Courses in Miami-Dade County

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ABBREVIATIONS USED

BDL

bls

DERM

FDOH

ENP

EPA

FDACS

FDEP

MCL

MDL

MSMA

PGA

ug/L

mg/kg

PQL

USGA

CTL

Below Detection Limit

below land surface

Miami-Dade County Department of Environmental Resources

Management

Florida Department of Health

Everglades National Park

Environmental Protection Agency

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Maximum Contaminant Level

Method Detection Limit

Monosoduim Methanearsonate

Professional Golf Association

micrograms per liter

milligrams per kilogram

Practical Quantitation Limit

United States Golf Association

Soil Cleanup Target Level

SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION NOMENCLATURE

(used in Appendix)

BBML:

BBF2:

BBF4:

GCML:

GCG13:

GCT10:

GPML:

GPG4:

GPT8:

KBML:

KBF14:

KBT18:

PMML:

PMF18:

PMG7:

Briar Bay Golf Course Mix/load Site

Briar Bay Golf Course Fairway #2

Briar Bay Golf Course Fairway #4

Golf Club of Miami Mix/Load Site

Golf Club of Miami Green #13

Golf Club of Miami Tee #10

Greynolds Park Golf Course Mix/Load Site

Greynolds Park Golf Course Green #4

Greynolds Park Golf Course Tee #8

Key Biscayne Golf Course Mix/Load Site

Key Biscayne Golf Course Fairway #14

Key Biscayne Golf Course Tee #18

Palmetto Golf Course Mix/Load Site

Palmetto Golf Course Fairway #18

Palmetto Golf Course Green #7

DERM Technical Report

Environmental Quality Monitoring at Five Golf Courses in Miami-Dade County

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Several studies have documented soil and groundwater contamination nationally as a result of

agrichemicals used in golf course turf maintenance. At the state and local level, environmental

resources degradation attributable to golf course maintenance has also been documented. This

report presents the results of a study, co-sponsored by the Miami-Dade County Department of

Environmental Resources Management (DERM) and the Florida Department of Agriculture and

Consumer Services (FDACS). The study quantifies the environmental impact of agrichemical

turf maintenance at five golf courses in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Five publicly owned golf courses participated in the study. Groundwater, surface water and

sediments were sampled quarterly at the participating golf courses in 1997; however, surface

water and sediments were not sampled during the first quarter. Soil profile samples were

obtained during monitoring well installation and surficial soil samples were obtained during the

quarterly sampling events thereafter. Groundwater and surface water were sampled and

analyzed for a total of fifty-one pesticide residues, arsenic, nitrates, and phosphates. Soil and

sediments were sampled for arsenic.

Arsenic was detected in all environmental media at all the golf courses. Arsenic was ubiquitous

in golf course soils: seventy-five percent (75%) of soil borings and surficial soil samples

exceeded the Florida residential soil cleanup target level (CTL); sixty-two percent (62%)

exceeded the industrial CTL. Highest soil arsenic concentrations occurred in surficial soils but

overall soil arsenic concentrations were not correlated with depth in the soil profile. There were

no statistically significant differences in soil core or surficial soil arsenic concentration either

between golf courses or between golf course areas (greens, tees, fairways and mix/load).

Arsenic was detected in eighty-five percent (85%) of shallow (7-12 ft) groundwater samples.

Concentrations exceeded the current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 50 ug/L in thirty ¨C

two percent (32%) of the samples while seventy-seven percent (77%) exceeded 10 ug/L, the

revised arsenic MCL that is scheduled to take effect in 2006 (2006 MCL). The highest

groundwater arsenic concentrations occurred in the samples obtained from mix/load sites.

Among the play areas (tees, greens and fairways), tee sites had the highest arsenic concentrations

in shallow groundwater and represented a statistically different population from greens and

fairways.

Arsenic was detected in deeper (21-28 ft) groundwater in thirty-seven percent (37%) of the

samples; however, the MCL was not exceeded. The 2006 MCL was exceeded in twelve percent

(12%) of the samples.

Surface water samples were obtained from four golf course ponds. Arsenic was detected in

eighty-three percent (83%) of the surface water samples; none of the samples exceeded the

surface water cleanup target level (50 ug/L).

DERM Technical Report

Environmental Quality Monitoring at Five Golf Courses in Miami-Dade County

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