Water Quality, Pesticide Occurrence, and Effects of ...

Water Quality, Pesticide Occurrence,

and Effects of Irrigation with

Reclaimed Water at Golf Courses

in Florida

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4250

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Prepared in cooperation with the

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

and HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY

Water Quality, Pesticide Occurrence, and

Effects of Irrigation With Reclaimed Water at

Golf Courses in Florida

By Amy Swancar

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4250

Prepared in cooperation with the

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

and HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY

Tallahassee, Florida

1996

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not

implyh endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information

write to:

Copies of this report can be

purchased from:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey, WRD

227 N. Bronough Street, Suite 3015

Tallahassee, FL 32301

U.S. Geological Survey

Books and Open-File Reports Section

Federal Center

Box 25425

Denver, CO 80225

CONTENTS

Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Previous Studies .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Approach ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Description of the Study Areas.............................................................................................................................................. 8

Buckhorn Springs Golf Course....................................................................................................................................11

Pebble Creek Golf Course ...........................................................................................................................................12

Groves and Highlands Golf Courses ...........................................................................................................................15

Winter Pines Golf Course ............................................................................................................................................15

Ventura Golf Course ....................................................................................................................................................18

Bonaventure Golf Course ............................................................................................................................................18

Pensacola Naval Air Station Golf Course ...................................................................................................................18

Skiing Paradise Golf Course........................................................................................................................................22

Water Quality.........................................................................................................................................................................22

Field Measurements.....................................................................................................................................................24

Ground Water.....................................................................................................................................................24

Treated Effluent and Irrigation Water................................................................................................................27

Pond Water.........................................................................................................................................................27

Major Ions, Nutrients, and Trace Elements .................................................................................................................28

Buckhorn Springs Golf Course..........................................................................................................................28

Pebble Creek Golf Course .................................................................................................................................31

Groves Golf Course ...........................................................................................................................................32

Highlands Golf Course ......................................................................................................................................34

Winter Pines Golf Course..................................................................................................................................34

Ventura Golf Course ..........................................................................................................................................35

Bonaventure Golf Course ..................................................................................................................................35

Pensacola Naval Air Station Golf Course .........................................................................................................35

Skiing Paradise Golf Course..............................................................................................................................36

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Surfactants.................................................................................................................37

Quality-Assurance Samples.........................................................................................................................................38

Pesticide Occurrences at Florida Golf Courses .....................................................................................................................38

Summary of Pesticide Occurrences at Nine Florida Golf Courses .............................................................................38

Discussion of Pesticides Found in Water Samples ......................................................................................................46

Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water...........................................................................................................................50

Environmental Factors that Affect Pesticide Occurrence......................................................................................................53

Irrigation Rates ............................................................................................................................................................53

Soil Properties..............................................................................................................................................................54

Depth to Water .............................................................................................................................................................54

Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................55

References .............................................................................................................................................................................57

Appendix. Water quality data from monitor wells associated with reclaimed-water irrigation on golf courses .................81

FIGURES

1.Map showing location of golf courses participating in the study .............................................................................. 5

2.Schematic of typical well construction ...................................................................................................................... 8

Contents

III

3. Map showing sampling sites at Buckhorn Springs golf course near Tampa, Florida .............................................. 12

4. Hydrogeologic section A-A¡¯ through Buckhorn Springs golf course ....................................................................... 13

5-11. Maps showing:

5. Sampling sites at Pebble Creek golf course, near Tampa, Florida ........................................................................... 14

6. Sampling sites at the Groves and Highlands golf courses, near Sarasota, Florida................................................... 16

7. Sampling sites at Winter Pines golf course, near Orlando, Florida.......................................................................... 17

8. Sampling sites at Ventura golf course, near Orlando, Florida.................................................................................. 19

9. Sampling sites at Bonaventure golf course, near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida ................................................................ 20

10. Sampling sites at Pensacola NAS golf course, near Pensacola, Florida .................................................................. 21

11. Sampling sites at Skiing Paradise golf course, near Clermont, Florida ................................................................... 23

12-13. Graphs showing:

12. Summary of pH and specific conductance values of ground water at golf courses................................................. 25

13. Summary of dissolved oxygen and alkalinity in ground water at golf courses ....................................................... 26

14. Trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of ground water from Buckhorn Springs

and Pebble Creek golf courses................................................................................................................................. 29

15. Trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of treated effluent and irrigation water.................................... 30

16. Trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of golf course ponds ................................................................ 31

17. Trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of ground water from the Groves and

Highlands golf courses ............................................................................................................................................ 32

18. Trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of ground water from Winter Pines and

Ventura golf courses ................................................................................................................................................ 36

TABLES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Sampling site information ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Chemical constituents analyzed for the study............................................................................................................... 9

Rainfall and irrigation at nine golf courses, 1992-93.................................................................................................... 10

Water-quality data ......................................................................................................................................................... 61

Pesticides detected in water samples ............................................................................................................................ 40

Summary of pesticide occurrences at nine Florida golf courses................................................................................... 44

Characteristics of pesticides in water samples .............................................................................................................. 47

Groupings of water-quality constituents for statistical treatment ................................................................................. 51

Statistical summary of significant differences between ground-water quality grouped by irrigation type

for paired golf courses ................................................................................................................................................... 52

10. Summary of golf course information including frequency of pesticide occurrences ................................................... 54

ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

?S/cm

mg/L

?g/L

microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius

milligrams per liter

micrograms per liter

ACRONYMS

DO

DOC

FDEP

GC

IFAS

MBAS

MCL

MDL

IV

Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved organic carbon

Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Guidance concentration

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

Methylene blue active substances

Maximum contaminant level

Method detection limit

Contents

MSMA

NAS

NTU

PQL

TDS

USGS

WTP

Monosodium methanearsonate

Naval Air Station

Nephelometric turbidity unit

Practical quantitation limit

Total dissolved solids

U.S. Geological Survey

Wastewater treatment plant

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