FPL-040 - FDEP (Florida Department of Environmental ...

FPL-040

Final

Technical Report: Development of Cleanup Target Levels (CTLs)

For Chapter 62-777, F.A.C.

Prepared for the Division of Waste Management Florida Department of Environmental Protection

By Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

February, 2005 FPL-040-001

February, 2005

Table of Contents

I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 7

II. General Concepts and Approaches............................................................................................. 8 A. Risk or Hazard.......................................................................................................................... 8 1. Cancer Risks ............................................................................................................8 2. Non-cancer Hazards.................................................................................................9 B. Toxicity Values ......................................................................................................................... 9 1. Primary Sources .......................................................................................................9 2. Secondary Sources ................................................................................................10

III. Development of Groundwater Cleanup Target Levels............................................................ 12 1. Development of Groundwater Cleanup Target Levels for Class C Carcinogens......................................................................................................13

IV. Development of Surface Water Cleanup Target Levels ......................................................... 14 A. Human Health ........................................................................................................................ 14 B. Aquatic Toxicity Criteria ........................................................................................................ 16

V. Development of Soil Cleanup Target Levels............................................................................ 16 A. Development of Default SCTLs ........................................................................................... 18 1. Direct Contact SCTLs Based on Chronic Exposure ...............................................18 2. Development of Acute Toxicity SCTLs for Some Chemicals in Chapter 62-777, F.A.C......................................................................................29 3. Development of Default SCTLs Based on Migration to Groundwater (Leaching) ...................................................................................42 B. Development of Site-Specific SCTLs ................................................................................. 43 1. Direct Contact SCTLs .............................................................................................44 2. SCTLs Based on Leachability.................................................................................50 C. Special Cases ........................................................................................................................ 51 1. Development of SCTLs for Ammonia .....................................................................51 2. Development of the Direct Exposure SCTLs for Arsenic........................................53 3. Development of CTLs for Chloroform .....................................................................54 4. Development of the Direct Exposure SCTLs for Lead............................................54 5. Development of SCTLs for Methylmercury.............................................................58 6. Development of SCTLs for Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TRPHs) ....................................................................................58

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7. Development of SCTLs for Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs)....................................59

8. Development of SCTLs for Carcinogenic Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ...................................................................................................61

9. Development of CTLs for Vinyl Chloride.................................................................62

VI. Chemical Interactions .................................................................................................................. 63

VII. Sources of Variability and Uncertainty ...................................................................................... 67

A. Variability and Uncertainty in Toxic Potency Estimates................................................... 67

B. Variability and Uncertainty in Exposure Parameters........................................................ 69 1. Soil Ingestion Rate..................................................................................................71 2. Groundwater Ingestion Rate...................................................................................71 3. Body Weight ...........................................................................................................72 4. Exposed Skin Surface Area....................................................................................72 5. Inhalation Rate........................................................................................................72 6. Relative Source Contribution ..................................................................................73 7. Averaging Time.......................................................................................................73 8. Exposure Frequency and Exposure Duration.........................................................73 9. Adherence Factor ...................................................................................................74 10. Dermal Absorption Factor.......................................................................................74 11. Particulate Emission Factor (PEF)..........................................................................74 12. Physical/chemical parameters ................................................................................75 13. Volatilization Factor ................................................................................................75 14. Dilution Attenuation Factor .....................................................................................76

C. Overall Conservatism of the Exposure Parameters ......................................................... 76

VIII. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 78

IX. References .................................................................................................................................... 78

X. References Available Via the Internet ....................................................................................... 84

XI. List of Acronyms and Definitions................................................................................................ 85

XII. Appendix A. Derivation of Body Weight, Dermal Surface Area, and Inhalation Rate Estimates ................................................................................................... 92

A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 92

B. Description of NHANES III ................................................................................................... 93 1. Body weights ..........................................................................................................94 2. Surface area ...........................................................................................................95

C. Inhalation Rates ..................................................................................................................... 97

XIII. Appendix B: Derivation of Inhalation and Dermal Toxicity Values.....................................107

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A. Inhalation Toxicity Values...................................................................................................107 1. Reference Dose (RfD) ..........................................................................................108 2. Cancer Slope Factor (CSF) ..................................................................................109

B. Dermal Toxicity Values .......................................................................................................110 1. Reference Dose (RfD) ..........................................................................................110 2. Cancer Slope Factor (CSF) ..................................................................................111

XIV. Appendix C: Technical Basis for the TRPH SCTLs ..............................................................112 A. Development of SCTLs for Hydrocarbon Fractions Developed by the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group ..................................................112 1. Calculation of TRPH Fraction-Specific Physical Properties..................................113 2. Derivation of TRPH Fraction Toxicological Values ...............................................115 3. Derivation of TRPH SCTLs...................................................................................115 B. Development of SCTLs for Hydrocarbon Fractions Identified Using the MADEP Approach................................................................................................................117 1. Analytical Methodology.........................................................................................117 2. Development of Cleanup Target levels.................................................................119 3. SCTLs for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fractions Identified Using the MADEP Approach...........................................................................................121

XV. Appendix D: Guidance for Comparing Site Contaminant Concentration Data with Soil Cleanup Target Levels ...................................................122

A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 122 B. Comparison with Direct Contact SCTLs...........................................................................123

1. Comparison Using the Maximum Concentration ....................................................124 2. Comparison Using the 95% UCL Concentration ...................................................125 C. Comparison with Leachability-based SCTLs...................................................................131

XVI. Appendix E: Guidance for Comparing Site Contaminant Concentration Data with Groundwater and Surface Water Cleanup Target Levels.......................................................................................................132

A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 132 B. Determining the Applicable Cleanup Target Level for Comparison.............................134 C. Apportioning the CTLs. .......................................................................................................135

XVII. Figures.......................................................................................................................................... 137

XVIII. Principal Tables ..........................................................................................................................150

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List of Tables and Figures

Table 1 Groundwater and Surface Water Cleanup Target Levels .......................Principal Tables

Table 2 Soil Cleanup Target Levels .....................................................................Principal Tables

Table 3 Default Parameters for Figures 4, 5, and 7 .............................................Principal Tables

Table 4 Chemical-Specific Values .......................................................................Principal Tables

Table 5a Sources and Derivation of Toxicity Values Used in Calculations for Carcinogens......................................................................................Principal Tables

Table 5b Sources and Derivation of Toxicity Values Used in Calculations for Non-Carcinogens ..............................................................................Principal Tables

Table 6 Chemicals Sorted by Target Organ ........................................................Principal Tables

Table 7 Health-Based Values for GCTLs in Chapter 62-785, F.A.C. ...................Principal Tables

Table 8 Soil Saturation (Csat) Limits for Chapter 62-777, F.A.C. ........................Principal Tables

Table 9 Surrogate Toxicity Values ............................................................................................ 12

Table 10 RfDs for Class C Carcinogens Based on Non-Cancer Health Effects.......................... 14

Table 11 Bioconcentration Factors (BCF) and resultant Surface Water Cleanup Target Levels (SWCTL)........................................................................... 15

Table 12 Input Precision for Physical/Chemical Parameters ...................................................... 28

Table 13 Calculated Density Values for Some Chemicals .......................................................... 29

Table 14 Surrogate Density Values for Some Chemicals ........................................................... 29

Table 15 Provisional Acute Oral Reference Doses and Corresponding Acute Toxicity SCTLs for Eight Chemicals....................................................................... 41

Table 16 Methods for Determining Site-Specific Measured Values for the Derivation of the Volatilization Factor .................................................................... 45

Table 17 Equations, Sources, and Methods for Deriving Soil Characteristics Using Site-Specific Data ........................................................................................ 46

Table 18 SCTLs for Ammonia as a Function of Soil pH at an Ambient Temperature of 25?C ............................................................................................. 53

Table 19 Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) Used to Express PCDD and PCDF Concentrations as 2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents............................................. 61

Table 20 Toxic Equivalency Factors for Carcinogenic PAHs ...................................................... 62

Table 21

Exposure Assumptions Used for the Lifetime Resident ............................................... 63

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