Ground-Water Contamination Potential and Quality in Polk ...
Ground-Water Contamination Potential and Quality
in Polk County, Florida
ByG.L Barr
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4086
Prepared in cooperation with
POLK COUNTY, FLORIDA, and the
SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
Tallahassee, Florida
1992
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
For additional information
write to:
Copies of this report can be
purchased from:
District Chief
U.S. Geological Survey
Suite 3015
U.S. Geological Survey
Books and Open-File Reports Section
Federal Center
227 N. Bronough Street
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Box 25425
Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS
Abstract 1
Introduction 1
Purpose and scope 3
Acknowledgments 3
Previous investigations 3
Description of the area 3
Methods of investigation 4
Hydrogeologic framework 7
Surficial aquifer system 10
Intermediate aquifer system or intermediate confining unit 15
Upper Floridan aquifer 17
Factors that affect the potential for ground-water contamination 23
Anthropogenic factors 23
Hydrogeologic factors 24
Karst features 24
Subsurface fractures 27
Estimated potential for contamination 28
Surficial aquifer system 29
Intermediate aquifer system 29
Upper Floridan aquifer 30
Ground-water quality 33
Surficial aquifer system 36
Undeveloped areas 36
Areas near point-source waste discharges 36
Phosphate-mining and reclamation areas 37
Areas near phosphate chemical-processing plants 37
Intermediate aquifer system 37
Undeveloped areas 37
Citrus farming areas 37
Areas near point-source waste discharges 38
Phosphate-mining and reclamation areas 38
Areas near phosphate chemical-processing plants 38
Upper Floridan aquifer 38
Undeveloped areas 38
Citrus farming areas 39
Phosphate mining and reclamation areas 39
Intermediate aquifer system-Upper Floridan aquifer 39
Summary and conclusions 39
References cited 41
FIGURE
1-5. Maps showing:
1. Location of study area 2
2. Water-quality data-collection sites for selected previous investigations 5
3. Principal geomorphic features of the Polk County area 6
4. Locations of wells used for water-quality sampling during this study 7
5. Locations of generalized hydrogeologic sections A-A' through E-E' 11
Contents
III
6-10. Generalized hydrogeologic section:
6. A-A' 11
7. B-B' 12
8. C-C 12
9. D-D' 13
10. E-F 13
11-27. Maps showing:
11. Generalized thickness of the surficial aquifer system in Polk County 14
12. Generalized water table in the surficial aquifer system, 1975 15
13. Generalized thickness of the intermediate aquifer system and the
intermediate confining unit in Polk County 16
14. Generalized thickness of the uppermost intermediate confining bed and area
of occurrence of the intermediate confining unit in Polk County 17
15. Generalized thickness of the lowermost intermediate confining bed and area
of occurrence of the intermediate confining unit in Polk County 18
16. Model-derived values for leakance of the uppermost and lowermost
confining beds of the intermediate aquifer system 19
17. Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system in September 1986
and May 1987 during high and low water-level periods 20
18. Generalized depth to the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer 20
19. Variation of recharge to or discharge from the Upper Floridan aquifer 21
20. Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in September 1986 and
May 1987 during high and low water-level periods 22
21. Head difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the intermediate
aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer, September 1986 22
22. Projected population growth for census tracts in Polk County from
1980 to 2000 23
23. Areas with reported water use for citrus farming and generalized locations of
citrus farming areas 25
24. Location of phosphate chemical-processing plants 26
25. Location of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation facility sites
where there is a potential for ground-water contamination 27
26. Contributing basins and internally drained basins within the major river
basins in Polk County 28
27. Location of sinkholes and depressions in Polk County 29
28. Photographs showing the Peace River bed during a low-flow period and a
swallow hole and connecting cavity near Bartow, April 1985 30
29. Diagrams showing surface and subsurface karst features at Crooked Lake near
Hillcrest Heights 31
30. Diagram showing vertical fractures in subsurface strata with photolinear surface
expressions, karst features, and flow path of contaminant 32
31-35. Maps showing:
31. Location of photolinear features in selected areas of Polk County 32
32. Wetlands and uplands of Polk County and estimated potential for
contamination of the surficial aquifer system 33
33. Estimated potential for contamination of the intermediate aquifer system 34
34. Estimated potential for contamination of the Upper Floridan aquifer 35
35. Locations of selected wells that contained water with detectable quantities of
ethylene dibromide 36
Contents
IV
TABLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Selected studies reporting ground-water quality in Polk County, Florida 4
Description of wells sampled during this study 8
Stratigraphy and hydrogeology 10
Hydraulic properties of the surficial aquifer system 14
Hydraulic properties of the intermediate aquifer system 18
Hydraulic properties of the Upper Floridan aquifer 21
Physical and chemical characteristics of ground water in Polk County, Florida 43
Trace elements in ground water in Polk County, Florida 49
Biological constituents in ground water in Polk County, Florida 55
Volatile organic compounds in ground water in Polk County, Florida 57
Pesticides in ground water in Polk County, Florida 67
Nutrients in ground water in Polk County, Florida 75
Radiochemicals in ground water in Polk County, Florida 77
Water quality in the surficial aquifer system for selected land-use types in
Polk County, Florida 81
Water quality in the intermediate aquifer system for selected land-use types in
Polk County, Florida 83
Water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer for selected land-use types in
Polk County, Florida 87
Composite-water quality for samples collected from multiaquifer wells for
selected land-use types in Polk County, Florida 89
Wells that contained water with constituent concentrations exceeding Florida
Department of Environmental Regulation maximum contaminant levels or with
detectable concentrations of organic compounds in Polk County, Florida 91
Contents
V
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