MRSA Research Studies - Civil Eats



APPENDIX C1

MRSA Research Bibliography

This categorically-organized bibliography focuses on MRSA research. The collection contains 628 research studies, 45 research-based reports by government agencies, by independent, non-industrial organizations, or by university researchers, and 53 media articles, each of which centers on a specific aspect of the MRSA research.

After each study, the country in which the research examined the occurrence of MRSA is identified in boldface. The affiliation of the lead researcher (collaborative work may involve professors from other universities as well as well as researchers from government agencies or institutes, not to mention researchers in other countries) is identified as well. All studies were published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals, thus meeting the highest possible research standards. For several of the studies we have identified ensuing scientific dialogues.

The research articles are divided according to each article's primary focus on one of the following thirteen lines of inquiry. Within each category, the individual studies are alphabetized according to the last name of the first researcher listed in each of the studies.

Research Studies p. 2

• Detection of MRSA in livestock, particularly swine 57 p. 2

• Links between human exposure to pigs, to pig workers,

and human MRSA colonization/infection 121 p. 11

• MRSA and/or ST398 in retail meat products 26 p. 31

• Impact of pig waste slurry applications to agricultural

fields on microbial soil organisms, on soil, on plant

activity, and on groundwater 93 p. 34

• Spread of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance & pathogens

• to wildlife 12 p. 47

• through field applications of pig waste slurry 46 p. 49

• via air transport 25 p. 55

• Role of CAFO use of antibiotics for growth promotion

& therapeutic use in developing antibiotic resistance 73 p. 59

• Other antibiotic-resistant pathogens resulting from

agricultural use of antibiotics 38 p. 68

• Livestock-Associated pathogens infecting humans

who have no contact with animals 27 p. 74

• Risks posed by MRSA & SA colonization 44 p. 79

• Medical screening for MRSA & SA detection

and ensuing medical procedures to reduce health risks 48 p. 86

• U.S. Veterans Affairs MRSA Screening Initiative and

its use in VA hospitals to eliminate MRSA 18 p. 94

Research-based Reports p. 97

Media Coverage of Research p. 101

MRSA Research Studies

Detection of MRSA in livestock, particularly swine

Agersø Y, Hasman H, Cavaco LM, Pedersen K, & Aarestrup FM (2012, May 25). Study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Danish pigs at slaughter and in imported retail meat reveals a novel MRSA type in slaughter pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 157 (1-2): 246-250. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.023. DENMARK – Research Group for Microbial Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby; Zoonosis Laboratory, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Agersø Y, Vigre H, Cavaco LM, & Josephsen MH (2014, August). Comparison of air samples, nasal swabs, ear-skin swabs and environmental dust samples for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pig herds. Epidemiology and Infection, 142 (8): 1727-1736. doi: 10.1017/S095026881300280X. DENMARK – Research Group for Microbial Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby; Research Group of Epidemiology and Risk Modeling, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg; Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg

Alt K, Fetsch A, Schroeter A, Guerra B, Hammerl JA, Hertwig S, Senkov N, Geinets A, Mueller-Graf C, Braeunig J, Kaesbohrer A, Appel B, Hensel A, & Tenhagen BA (2011, November 10). Factors associated with the occurrence of MRSA CC398 in herds of fattening pigs in Germany. doi: 10.1186/1746-61487-69. BMC Veterinary Research, 7: 69. GERMANY – Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Arriola CS, Güere ME, Larsens J, Skov RL, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, & Silbergeld EK (2011, December). Presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs in Peru. PLoS One, 6 (12): e28529. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028529. PERU – School of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos Major National University, Lima. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of International Health; Department of Environmental Health Sciences. DENMARK – Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Asai T, Hiki M, Baba K, Usul M, Ishihara K, & Tamura Y (2012). Presence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 and ST9 in swine in Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 65 (6): 551-552. doi: 10.7883/yoken.65.551. JAPAN – National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo; School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido

Bangerter PD, Sidler X, Perreten V, & Overesch G (2016). Longitudinal study on the colonisation and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farms. Veterinary Microbiology, 183: 125-134. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.007. SWITZERLAND – Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern; Division of Swine Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich

Battisti A, Franco A, Merialdi G, Hasman H, Iurescia M, Lorenzetti R, Feltrin F, Zini M, & Aarestrup FM (2010, May 19). Heterogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Italian finished pig holdings. Veterinary Microbiology, 142 (3-4): 361-366. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.008. ITALY – Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Bologna. DENMARK – Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Copenhagen

Broens EM, Espinosa-Gongora C, Graat EA, Vendrig N, Van Der Wolf PJ, Guardabassi L, Butaye P, Nielsen JP, De Jong MC, & Van De Giessen AW (2012, May 18). Longitudinal study on transmission of MRSA CC398 within pig herds. BMC Veterinary Research, 8: 58. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-58. THE NETHERLANDS – Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Pig Health Department, Animal Health Service, Deventer. DENMARK – Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg. BELGIUM – Operational Directorate of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Bruxelles; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke

Broens EM, Graat EA, Van der Wolf PJ, Van de Giessen AW, & De Jong MC (2011, October 1). Prevalence and risk-factor analysis of livestock associated MRSA-positive pig herds in The Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 102 (1): 41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.06.005. THE NETHERLANDS – Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen

Broens EM, Graat EA, Van der Wolf PJ, Van de Giessen AW, van Duijkeren E, & Wagenaar JA (2011, February 1). MRSA CC398 in the pig production chain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 98 (2-3): 182-189. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.10.010. THE NETHERLANDS – Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Pig Health Department, Animal Health Service, Deventer; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad

Butaye P, Argudin MA, & Smith TC (2016, March). Livestock-associated MRSA and its current evolution. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 3 (1): 19-31. doi: 10.1007/s40588-016-0031-9. WEST INDIES – Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis. BELGIUM – National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussells. USA – Kent State University Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, Kent, OH

Crombé F, Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, & Butaye P (2013, March 20). Transmission dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4: 57. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00057. BELGIUM – Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent

Crombé F, Willems G, Dispas M, Hallin M, Denis O, Suetens C, Gordts B, Struelens M, & Butaye P (2012, April). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pigs in Belgium. Microbial Drug Resistance, 18 (2): 125-131. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0138. BELGIUM – Department of General Bacteriology, CODA-SERVA-VAR, Brussels; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke; Department of Biocontrol, CODA-SERVA-VAR, Brussels; Laboratoire de Réference MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Epidemiology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels; Federal Platform for Infection ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerpen

de Neeling AJ, van den Broek MJ, Spalburg EC, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Dam-Deisz WD, Boshuizen HC, van de Giessen AW, van Duijkeren E, & Huijsdens XW (2007, June 21). High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 122 (3-4): 366-372. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.027. THE NETHERLANDS – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen; Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Deurenberg RH, Vink C, Kalenic S, Friedrich AW, Bruggeman CA, & Stobberingh EE (2007, March). The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13 (3): 322-335. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01573.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht Infection Centre (MINC), University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht. CROATIA – Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb. GERMANY – Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital of Münster, Münster

Dressler AE, Scheibel RP, Wardyn S, Harper AL, Hanson BM, Kroeger JS, Dickema DJ, Bender JB, Gray GC, & Smith TC (2012, May 12). Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and molecular characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus in pigs at agricultural fairs in the USA. The Veterinary Record, 170 (19): 495. doi: 10.1136/vr.100570. USA – Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville

Ekkelenkamp MB, Sekkat M, Carpaij N, Troelstra A, & Bonten MJM (2006). Endocarditis due to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus originating from pigs. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 150: 2442-2447. THE NETHERLANDS – University of Utrecht, Utrecht

Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, & Spratt BG (2002, May 28). The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (11): 7687-7692. doi: 10.1073/pnas.122108599. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath; Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Nottingham, Nottingham; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London

Espinosa-Gongora C, Broens EM, Moodley A, Nielsen JP, & Guardabassi L (2012, June 2). Transmission of MRSA CC398 strains between pig farms related by trade of animals. The Veterinary Record, 170 (22): 564. doi: 10.1136/vr.100704. DENMARK – University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Department of Large Animal Sciences. THE NETHERLANDS – Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen

Fluit AC (2012, August). Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18 (8): 735-744. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03846.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht

Gómez-Sanz E, Torres C, Lozano C, Fernández-Pérez R, Aspiroz C, Ruiz-Larrea F, & Zarazaga M (2010, October). Detection, molecular characterization, and clonal diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and CC97 in Spanish slaughter pigs of different age groups. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7 (10): 1269-1277. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0610. SPAIN – Departmento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño; Servico Microbiologia, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza

Guardabassi L, Stegger M, & Skov R (2007, June). Retrospective detection of methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Danish slaughter pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 122 (3-4): 384-386. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.021. DENMARK – Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg; Staphylococcus Reference Laboratory, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Hall S, Kearns A, & Eckford S (2015). Livestock-associated MRSA detected in pigs in Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 176: 151-152. doi: 10.1136/vr.h627. UNITED KINGDOM – Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey; Staphylococcus Reference Service, Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections, Public Health, London; Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, Surrey

Hartley H, Watson C, Nugent P, Beggs N, Dickson E, & Kearns A (2014). Confirmation of LA-MRSA in pigs in the UK. Veterinary Record, 175: 74-75. doi: 10.1136/vr.g4620. UNITED KINGDOM – Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast; Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow; Staphylococcus Reference Service, Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London

Hasman H, Moodley A, Guardabassi L, Stegger M, Skov RL, & Aarestrup FM (2010, March 24). Spa type distribution in Staphylococcus aureus originating from pigs, cattle and poultry. Veterinary Microbiology, 141 (3-4): 326-331. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.025. DENMARK – Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen, Department of Disease Biology, Frederiksberg; Statens Serum Institut, National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Copenhagen

Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Bager F, & Aarestrup FM (2002, December). Streptogramin resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolated from production animals in Denmark in 1997. Microbial Drug Resistance, 8 (4): 369-374. doi: 10.1089/10766290260469642. DENMARK – Section for Antimicrobial Resistance and Environmental Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen; Danish Zoonosis Centre, Copenhagen

Kadlec K, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Steinacker U, Kaspar H, Mankertz J, & Schwarz S (2009, December). Diversity of antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from diseased swine. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 64 (6): 1156-1164. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp350. GERMANY – Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee; CLONDIAG GmbH, Jena; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin

Kehrenberg C, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Schwarz S, & Witte W (2009, February). Methicillin-resistant and –susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains of clonal lineages ST398 and ST9 from swine carry the multidrug resistance gene cfr. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53 (2): 779-781. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01376-08. GERMANY– Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Neustadt-Mariensee; Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode

Larsen J, Imanishi M, Hinjoy S, Tharavichitkul P, Duangsong K, Davis MF, Nelson KE, Larsen AR, & Skov RL (2012, February). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in pigs in Thailand. PLoS One, 7 (2): 1-3. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031245. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. USA – Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. THAILAND – Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.

Levy SB, FitzGerald GB, & Macone AB (1976, March 4). Spread of antibiotic-resistant plasmids from chicken to chicken and from chicken to man. Nature, 260: 240-242. USA – Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA

Levy SB, FitzGerald GB, & Macone AB (1976, September 9). Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm. The New England Journal of Medicine, 295 (11): 583-588. USA – Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA

Lim SK, Nam HM, Jang GC, Lee HS, Jung SC, & Kwak HS (2012, February 24). The first detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pigs in Korea. Veterinary Microbiology, 156 (1): 88-92. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.011. KOREA – National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Gyeonggi-do

Lo YP, Wan MT, Chen MM, Su HY, Lauderdale TL, & Chou CC (2012, December). Molecular characterization and clonal genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of pig origin in Taiwan. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 36 (6): 513-521. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.05.001. TAIWAN – National Taiwan University, Taipei: School of Veterinary Medicine; Center for Zoonoses Research. National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Taiwan

Meemken D, Blaha T, Tegeler R, Tenhagen B-A, Guerra B, Hammerl JA, Hertwig S, Käbohrer A, Appel B, & Fetsch A (2010, December). Livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LaMRSA) isolated from lesions of pigs at necropsy in northwest Germany between 2004 and 2007. Zoonoses and Public Health, 57 (7-8): e143-e148. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01313.x GERMANY – Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum; Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Molla B, Byrne M, Abley M, Mathews J, Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray P, Sreevatsan S, Wang P, & Gebreyes WA (2012, November). Epidemiology and genotypic characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains of porcine origin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50 (11): 3687-3693. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01971-12. USA – Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus; Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA; Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Nicholson TL, Shore SM, Smith TC, & Frana TS (2013, August 9). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolates of swine origin form robust biofilms. PLoS One, 8 (8): e73376. doi: 10.1371/jouurnal.pone.0073376. USA – National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames

Overesch G, Büttner S, Rossano A, & Perreten V (2011, June 24). The increase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the presence of an unusual sequence type ST49 in slaughter pigs in Switzerland. BMC Veterinary Research, 7: 30. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-30. SWITZERLAND – University of Bern, Bern, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology: Vetsuisse Faculty; Centre for Zoonoses, Animal Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotic Resistance (ZOBA), Vetsuisse Faculty; Federal Veterinary Office, Bern

Peeters LEJ, Argudin MA, Azadikhah S, & Butaye P (2015, October). Antimicrobial resistance and population structure of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from pig farms. Veterinary Microbiology, 180 (1-2): 151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.018. BELGIUM – Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke. WEST INDIES – University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis

Petinaki E & Spilopoulou I (2012 July). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among companion and food-chain animals: Impact of human contacts. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18 (7): 626-634. doi: 10.1111/j.1469--691.2012.03881.x. GREECE – Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine: University of Thessalia, Larissa; University of Patras, Patras. National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, Patras

Pomba C, Hasman H, Cavaco LM, da Fonseca JD, & Aarestrup FM (2009, August). First description of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC30 and CC398 from swine in Portugal. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 34 (2): 193-194. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.019 PORTUGAL – Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon. DENMARK – EU Community Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Price LB, Stegger M, Hasman H, Aziz M, Larsen J, Andersen PS, Pearson T, Waters AE, Foster JT, Schupp J, Gillece J, Driebe E, Liu CM, Springer B, Zdovc I, Battisti A, Franco A, Zmudzki J, Schwarz S, Butaye P, Jouy E, Pomba C, Porrero MC, Ruimy R, Smith TC, Robinson DA, Weese JS, Arriola CS, Yu F, Laurent F, Keim P, Skov R, & Aarestrup FM (2012, February 21). Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio, 3 (1): e00305-e00311. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00305-11 USA – Translational Genomics Research Institute, Pathogen Genomics Division, Flagstaff, AZ; Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Coralville; Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson. DENMARK – Department of Microbial Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby. BELGIUM – Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke; Unit of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research, Brussells. FRANCE – Anses, Plooufragan Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan; University Paris-Diderot and National Reference Center, Bacterial Resistance in the Commensal Flora, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris; Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hôpital de la Croix Fousse, National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Lyon. AUSTRIA – Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit GmbH, Bereich Humanmedizen, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Graz. SLOVENIA – Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana. ITALY – Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome. POLAND – Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy. GERMANY – Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee. PORTUGAL – Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon. SPAIN – Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid. CANADA – Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. CHINA – Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou

Quitoco IM, Ramundo MS, Silva-Carvalho MC, Souza RR, Beltrame CO, de Oliveira TF, Araújo R, Del Peloso PF, Coelho LR, & Figueiredo AM (2013, August 27). First report in South America of companion animal colonization by the USA1100 clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ST30) and by the European clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (ST71). BMC Research Notes, 6: 336. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-336. BRAZIL– Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Veterinária, Rio de Janeiro; Espaco Pet Veterinária, Rio de Janeiro; Laboratório Richet, Rio de Janeiro

Springer B, Orendi U, Much P, Höger G, Ruppitsch W, Krziwanek K, Metz-Gercek S, Mittermayer H (2009). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A new zoonotic agent? Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 121 (3-4): 86-90. doi: 10.1007/s00508-008-1126y. AUSTRIA – Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance and National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Graz; Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, National Reference Center for Nosocomial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance, Elisabethinen Hospital Linz, Linz

Tsai H-Y, Liao C-H, Cheng A, Liu C-Y, & Huang Y-T (2012, May). Isolation of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 9 in pigs in Taiwan. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 39 (5): 449-451. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.001. TAIWAN – Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei

Tulinski P, Duim B, Wittink FR, Jonker MJ, Breit TM, van Putten JP, Wagenaar JA, & Fluit AC (2014, October 20). Staphylococcus aureus ST398 gene expression profiling during ex vivo colonization of porcine nasal epithelium. BMC Genomics, 15: 915. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-915. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; MicroArray Department, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht

Tulinski P, Fluit AC, Wagenaar JA, Mevius D, van de Vijver L, & Duim B (2012, January). Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci on pig farms as a reservoir of heterogeneous staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (2): 299-304. doi: 10.1128/AEM.05594-11. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad; Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen

van den Bogaard AEJM, London N, & Stobberingh EE (2000, May). Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 45 (5): 663-671. doi: 10.1093/jac/45.5.663. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht

Vanderhaeghen W, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, & Butaye P (2010, May). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food production animals. Epidemiology and Infection, 138 (5): 606-625. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809991567. BELGIUM – Operational Directorate of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR/CODA/CERVA), Ukkel; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke

van de Vijver LP, Tulinski P, Bondt N, Mevius D, & Verwer C (2014, August). Prevalence and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in organic pig herds in The Netherlands. Zoonoses and Public Health, 61 (5): 338-345. doi: 10.1111/zph.12076. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht; LEI, Agricultural Economics Research Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Hague; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad; Department of Animal and Environment, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen

van Duijkeren E, Ikawaty R, Broekhuizen-Stins MJ, Jansen MD, Spalburg EC, de Neeling AJ, Allaart JG, van Nes A, Wagenaar JA, & Fluit AC (2008, January 25). Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains between different kinds of pig farms. Veterinary Microbiology, 126 (4): 383-389. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.021. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Bilthoven; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Verhegghe M, Crombé F, Pletinckx LJ, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, & Rasschaert G (2014, September 13). Genetic diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates obtained from piglets from farrowing to slaughter age on four farrow-to-finish farms. Veterinary Research, 45 (1): 89. doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0089-4. BELGIUM – Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Food Safety Research Group, Melle; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke; Department of HIVB, Catholic University, College South-West-Flanders (KATHO), Roeselare; Department Biosystems, Division Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), Brussels

Verhegghe M, Pletinckx LJ, Crombé F, Vandersmissen T, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Heyndrickx M, & Rasschaert G (2013, August). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in pig farms and multispecies farms. Zoonoses and Public Health, 60 (5): 366-374. doi: 10.1111/zph.12007. BELGIUM – Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke; Department of HIVB, Catholic University, College South-West-Flanders (KATHO), Roeselare; Department Biosystems, Division Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Animal Health Care Flanders (DGZ), Drongen; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), Brussels

Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C, & Wulf M (2005, December). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11 (12): 1965-1966. doi: 10.3201/eid1112.050428. THE NETHERLANDS – Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Wagenaar JA, Yue H, Pritchard J, Broekhuizen-Stins M, Huijsdens X, Mevius DJ, Bosch T, & Van Duijkeren E (2009, November 18). Unexpected sequence types in livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): MRSA ST9 and a single variant of ST9 in pig farming in China. Veterinary Microbiology, 139 (3-4): 405-409). doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.014. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen, Lelystad; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Bilthoven. CHINA – College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Ghendu. CANADA – Livestock Health Extension Services Project, Agriteam Canada, Chongqing and Gansu, China/BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Abbotsford, British Columbia

Weese JS (2010). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals. ILAR Journal [National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources], 51 (3): 233-244. CANADA – Department of Pathobiology and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario

Wulf M, van Nes A, Eikelenboon-Boskamp A, de Vries J, Melchers W, Klaasen C, & Voss A (2006, December). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary doctors and students, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (12): 1939-1941. doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060355. THE NETHERLANDS – Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Utrecht University, Utrecht; Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Zhu Y-G, Johnson TA, Su J-Q, Qiao M, Guo G-X, Stedtfeld RD, Hashsham SA, & Tiedje JM (2013, February 26). Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (9): 3435-3440. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222743110/-/DCSupplemental. CHINA – Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. USA – Center for Microbial Ecology, Departments of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing

Links Between Human Exposure to Pigs, to Pig Workers, and Human MRSA Colonization / Infection

Ahmad A, Ghosh A, Schal C & Zurek L (2011, January 26). Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiology, 11 (1): 23. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-23. USA – Kansas State University, Manhattan: Department of Entomology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology; Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO

Alvarado CS, Gibbs SG, Gandara A, Flores C, Hurd WW, & Green CF (2012, March). The potential for community exposures to pathogens from an urban dairy. Journal of Environmental Health, 74 (7): 22-28. USA – Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE

Armand-Lefevre L, Ruimy R, & Andremont A (2005, May). Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human controls and pigs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11 (5): 711-714. doi: 10.3201/eid1105.040866. FRANCE – Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Paris

Aspiroz C, Lozano C, Vindel A, Lasarte JJ, Zarazaga M, & Torres C (2010, January). Skin lesion caused by ST398 and ST1 MRSA, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (1): 157-159. doi: 10.3201/eid1601.090694. SPAIN – Hospital Royo villanova, Zaragoza; Universidad de La Rioja, Logoño; Centro Nacional Microbiologia, Madrid; Centro Salud San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza

Aubry Damon H, Grenet K, Sall-Ndiaye P, Che D, Cordeiro E, Bougnoux M-E, Rigaud E, Le Strat Y, Lemanissier V, Armand-Lefèvre L, Deizescaux D, Desenclos, J-C, Liénard M, & Andremont A (2004, May). Antimicrobial resistance in commensal flora of pig farmers. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10 (5): 873-878. doi: 10.3201/eid1005.030735. FRANCE – Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health, Saint Maurice; Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique, Paris; National Mutualité Sociale Agricole, Bagnolet; National Federation of Cattle and Pig Raisers, Paris; Ambroise Hospital, Assistance Publique, Paris

Ballhausen B, Jung P, Kriegeskorte A, Makgotlho PE, Ruffing U, von Müller L, Köck R, Peters G, Herrmann M, Ziebuhr W, Becker K, & Bischoff M (2014, October). LA-MRSA, CC398 differ from classical community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA lineages: Functional analysis of infection and colonization processes. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 304 (7): 777-786. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.006. GERMANY – Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital of Münster, Münster

Bisdorff B, Scholhölter JL, Claußen K, Pulz M, Nowak D, & Radon K (2012 October). MRSA-ST398 in livestock farmers and neighbouring residents in a rural area in Germany. Epidemiology and Infection, 140 (10): 1800-1808. doi: 10.1017/S0950268811002378. GERMANY – Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Munich; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Munich; Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover

Boost M, Ho J, Guardabassi L, & O'Donoghue M (2013). Colonization of butchers with livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Zoonoses and Public Health, 60: 572-576. doi: 10.1111/zph.12034. HONG KONG – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University: Department of Health Technology & Information; School of Nursing

Bootsma MC, Wassenberg MW, Trapman P, & Bonten MJ (2011, April 6). The nosocomial transmission rate of animal-associated ST398 meticillin-resistant [sic] Staphylococcus aureus. The Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 8 (57): 578-584. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0349. THE NETHERLANDS – Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Julius Center for Health Research and Primary Care, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

Brennan GI, Abbott Y, Burns A, Leonard F, McManus BA, O'Connell BO, Coleman DC, & Shore AC (2016, February 17). The emergence and spread of multiple livestock-associated clonal complex 398 methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains among animals and humans in the Republic of Ireland, 2010-2014. PLoS One, 11 (2): e0149396. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.014396. IRELAND – National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James, Hospital, Dublin; Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University, University of Dublin, Trinity College; Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin

Carrel M, Schweizer ML, Sarrazin MV, Smith TC, & Perencevich EN (2014, February). Residential proximity to large numbers of swine in feeding operations is associated with increased risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at time of hospital admission in rural Iowa veterans. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 35 (2): 190-193. doi: 10.1086/674860. USA – University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine. Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA; Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Cui S, Li J, Hu C, Jin S, Li F, Guo Y, Ran L, & Ma Y (2009, October). Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from swine and workers in China. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 64 (4): 680-683. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp275. CHINA – The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing; The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing

Cuny C, Friedrich AW, & Witte W (2012, February). Absence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex CC398 as a nasal colonizer of pigs raised in an alternative setting. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (4): 1296-1297. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07260-11. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode. THE NETHERLANDS – Department for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen

Cuny C, Köck R, & Witte W (2013, August). Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and its relevance for humans in Germany. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 303 (6-7): 331-337. doi: 10.1015/j.ijmm.2013.02.010. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode; Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster

Cuny C, Nathaus R, Layer F, Strommenger B, Altmann D, & Witte W (2009, August). Nasal colonization of humans with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 with and without exposure to pigs. PLoS One, 4 (8): e6800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006800. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode; Robert Koch Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Berlin; Rolf Nathaus, Veterinary Practice, Reken

Dahms C, Hübner NO, Cuny C, & Kramer A (2014, August 21). Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in farm workers and the livestock environment in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 56: 63. doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0053-3. GERMANY – University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald; Institute of Medical Diagnostic (IMD), Greifswald; Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode

Dahms C, Hübner NO, Wilke F, & Kramer A (2014, September 30). Mini-review: Epidemiology and zoonotic potential of multiresistant bacteria and Chlostridium difficile in livestock and food. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 9 (3): Doc21. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000241. GERMANY – University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald; Institute of Medical Diagnostic (IMD), Greifswald

Declercq P, Petré D, Gordts B, & Voss A (2008, December). Complicated community-acquired soft-tissue infection by MRSA of porcine origin. Infection, 36 (6): 590-592. doi: 10.1007/s15010-007-7029-4. BELGIUM – Department of Microbiology, St. Jozefskliniek, Izegem; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Jozefskliniek, Izegem; Department of Microbiology, Brugge. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Denis O, Suetens C, Hallin M, Catry B, Ramboer I, Dispas M, Willems G, Gordts B, Butaye P, & Struelens MJ (2009, July). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in swine farm personnel, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (7): 1098-1101. doi: 10.3201/eid1507.080652. BELGIUM – Université Libre de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Brussels; Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels; AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge

Deurenberg RH, Nulens E, Valvatne H, Sebastian S, Driessen C, Craeghs J, De Brauwer E, Heising B, Kraat YJ, Riebe J, Stals FS, Trienekens TA, Scheres J, Friedrich AW, van Triel FH, Beisser PS, & Stobberingh EE (2009, May). Cross-border dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Euregio Meuse-Rhin region. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (5): 727-734. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.071618. THE NETHERLANDS – University Hospital Maastricht; Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen; Orbis Medical and Care Center, Sittard; Laurentius Hospital, Roemond; VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo. BELGIUM – General Hospital Sint-Jan, Brugge; General Hospital Vesalius, Tongeren. GERMANY – General Hospital Düren, Düren; Laboratory Aachen, Aachen, University of Münster, Münster

de Vries LE, Christensen H, Skov RL, Aarestrup FM, & Agersø Y (2009, September). Diversity of the tetracycline resistant gene tet(M) and identification of Tn916- and Tn5801-like (Tn6014) transposons on Staphylococcus aureus from humans and animals. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 64 (3): 490-500. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp214. DENMARK – Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksburg; National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen; Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen

Dukic VM, Lauderdale DS, Wilder J, Daum RS, & David MZ (2013, January). Epidemics of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8 (1): e52722. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052711. USA – Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL: Department of Health Studies; Department of Pediatrics; Department of Medicine

Espinosa-Gongora C, Moodley A, Lipinska U, Broens EM, Hermans K, Butaye P, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F, & Guardabassi L (2014, July 7). Phenotypes and genotypes of old and contemporary porcine strains indicate a temporal change in the S. aureus population structure in pigs. PLoS One, 9 (7): e101988. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101988. DENMARK–Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg. BELGIUM – Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke; Unit of General Bacteriology, Centrum voor Onderzoek in Diergeneeskunde en Agrochemie - Centre d/Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CODA-CERVA), Brussels. THE NETHERLANDS – Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Center, Department Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Fang HW, Chiang PH, & Huang YC (2014, February 13). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in pigs and related personnel in Taiwan. PLoS One, 9 (2): e88826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088826. TAIWAN – School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan; Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan, Taoyuan

Feingold BJ, Silbergeld EK, Curriero FC, van Cleef BAGL, Heck MEOC, & Kluytmans JAJW (2012, November). Livestock density as risk factor for livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands. Emergent Infectious Diseases, 18 (11): 1841-1849. doi: 10.3201/eid1811.111850. USA – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. THE NETHERLANDS – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Amphia Hospital, Breda; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam

Fitzgerald JR (2012, April). Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus: Origin, evolution and public health threat. Trends in Microbiology, 20 (4): 192-198. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.006. UNITED KINGDOM – The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh

Frana TS, Beahm AR, Hanson BM, Kinyon JM, Layman LL, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, & Smith TC (2013). Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pork farms and visiting veterinary students. PLoS One, 8 (1): e53758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053738. USA – Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City

Garcia-Graells C, Antoine J, Larsen J, Catry B, Skov R, & Denis O (2012, March). Livestock veterinarians at high risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Epidemiology and Infection, 140 (3): 383-389. doi: 10.1017/S0950268811002263. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Université Libre Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels; Healthcare Associated Infections & Antimicrobial Resistance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Garcia-Graells C, van Cleef BA, Larsen J, Denis O, Skov R, & Voss A (2013, May 31). Dynamic of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in pig farm households: A pilot study. PLoS One, 8 (5): e65512. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065512. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Université Libre Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Center for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Gilchrist MJ, Greko C, Wallinga DB, Beran GW, Riley DG, & Thorne PS (2007, February). The potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (2): 313-316. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8837. USA – University Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City, IA; College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN; Iowa State University, Ames. SWEDEN – National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala

Golding GR, Bryden L, Levett PN, McDonald RR, Wong A, Graham MR, Tyler S, Van Domselaar G, Mabon P, Kent H, Butaye P, Smith TC, Kadlec K, Schwarz S, Weese SJ, & Mulvey MR (2012, December). Whole-genome sequence of livestock-associated ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans in Canada. Journal of Bacteriology, 194 (23): 6627-6628. doi: 10.1128/JB.01680-12. CANADA – National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan; Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. BELGIUM – CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent. GERMANY – Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee

Golding GR, Bryden L, Levett PN, McDonald RR, Wong A, Wylie J, Graham MR, Tyler S, Van Domselaar G, Simor AE, Gravel D, & Mulvey MR (2010, April). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type ST 398 in humans, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (4): 587-594. doi: 10.3201/eid.1604.091435. CANADA – National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan; Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Cadham Provincial Laboratories, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario; Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

Gordoncillo MJ, Abdujamilova N, Perri M, Donabedian S, Zervos M, & Bartlett P (2012, May). Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in backyard pigs and their owners, Michigan, USA. Zoonoses and Public Health, 59 (3): 212-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01437.x. USA – Michigan State University, East Lansing: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; National Food Safety & Toxicology Center. Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI

Graveland H, Duim B, van Duijkeren E, Heederik D, & Wagenaar JA (2011, December). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 301 (8): 630-634. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.004. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen, Lelystad; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht

Groves MD, Crouch B, Coombs GW, Jordan D, Pang S, Barton MD, Giffard P, Abraham S, & Trott DJ (2016, January). Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian veterinarians. PLoS One, 11 (1): e0146034. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146034. AUSTRALIA – School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Department of Microbiology, Path West Laboratory Medicine, WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, West Australia; New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, New South Wales; Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia

Hallin M, De Mendonça R, Denis O, Lefort A, El Garch F, Butaye P, Hermans K, & Struelens MJ (2011, March). Diversity of accessory genome of human and livestock-associated ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 11 (2): 290-299. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.10.021. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Service de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels; IRIBHN, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires Mont Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Brussels; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Disease, Ghent University, Merelbeke

Harper AL, Ferguson DD, Leedom Larson KR, Hanson BM, Male MJ, Donham KJ, & Smith TC (2010). An overview of livestock-associated MRSA in agriculture. Journal of Agromedicine, 15: 101-104. doi: 10.1080/10599241003627110. USA – University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City: Department of Occupational & Environmental Health; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology

Harrison EM, Paterson GK, Holden MT, Larsen J, Stegger M, Larsen AR, Petersen A, Skov RL, Christensen JM, Bak Zeuthen A, Heltberg O, Harris SR, Zadoks RN, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, & Holmes MA (2013, April). Whole genome sequencing identifies zoonotic transmission of MRSA isolates with the novel mecA homologue mecC. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 5 (4): 509-515. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201302622. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton; Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik; Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Sygehus.

Hartmeyer GN, Gahrn-Hansen B, Skov RL, & Kolmos HJ (2010, April). Pig-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus: Family transmission and severe pneumonia in a newborn. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 42 (4): 318-320. doi: 10.3109/00365540903510708. DENMARK – Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense; Staphylococcus Reference Laboratory, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Hatcher SM, Rhodes SM, Stewart JR, Silbergeld E, Pisanic N, Larsen J, Jiang S, Krosche A, Hall D, Carroll KC, & Heaney CD (2017, April). The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among industrial hog operation workers, community residents, and children living in their households: North Carolina, USA. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125 (4): 560-569. doi: 10.1289/EHP35. USA – Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help, Warsaw, NC. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health and Engineering; Department of Epidemiology. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen

Hetem DJ, Bootsma MC, Troelstra A, & Bonten MJ (2013, November). Transmissibility of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19 (11): 1797-1802. doi: 10.3201/eid1911.121085. THE NETHERLANDS – University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht; University of Utrecht, Utrecht

Hollenbeck, JE (2013). Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOS) as potential incubators for flu outbreaks. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 11 (2): 205-209. USA – Professor of Science Education, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany

Huang E, Gurzau AE, Hanson BM, Kates AE, Smith TC, Pettigrew MM, Spinu M, & Rabinowitz PM (2014, July-August). Detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among swine workers in Romania. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 7 (4): 323-332. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.03.008. USA – Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT; College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; University of Washington, Seattle. ROMANIA – Environmental Health Center, Cluj-Napoca; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca

Huber H, Koller S, Giezendanner N, Stephan R, & Zweifel C (2010, April 22). Prevalence and characteristics of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans in contact with farm animals, in livestock, and in food of animal origin, Switzerland, 2009. Euro Surveillance, 15 (16): pii=19542. doi: 10.5167/uzh-41122. SWITZERLAND – Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich

Huijsdens XW, van Dijke BJ, Spalburg E, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Heck ME, Pluister GN, Voss A, Wannet WJ, & de Neeling AJ (2006, November 10). Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 5: 26. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-5-26. THE NETHERLANDS – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Bilthoven; St. Jansgasthuis, Department of Medical Microbiology, Weert; Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen

Hunter PA, Dawson S, French GL, Goossens H, Hawkey PM, Kuijper EJ, Nathwani D, Taylor DJ, Teale CJ, Warren RE, Wilcox MH, Woodford N, Wulf MW, & Piddock LJ (2010, February). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in animals and man: Prescribing, practices and policies. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 65 (Supplement I): i3-i17. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp433. UNITED KINGDOM – Burnthouse, Cowfold, West Sussex; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; St. Thomas'Hospital and Kings' College, London; Health Protection Agency, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham; Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey; Department of Microbiology, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury; Department of Microbiology, The General Infirmary, Leeds; Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring and Reference Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London; Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. BELGIUM – Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven

Jamrozy DM, Fielder MD, Butaye P, & Coldham G (2012). Comparative genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolated from animals and humans. PLoS One, 7 (7): e40458. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040458. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London. BELGIUM – Unit of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent

Joaquin NMQ, Diekema DJ, Perencevich EN, Bailey G, Winokur PL, & Schweizer ML (2013, March). Long-term risk for readmission, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and death among MRSA-colonized veterans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57 (3): 1169-1172. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01968-12. USA – Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Division of Infectious Diseases; Division of General Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine. Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA

Khanna T, Friendship R, Dewey C, & Weese JS (2008, April 30). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs and pig farmers. Veterinary Microbiology, 128 (3-4): 298-303. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.006. CANADA – Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario: Department of Population Medicine; Department of Pathobiology

Khachatourians GG (1998, November 3). Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 159 (9): 1129-1136. CANADA – Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

Köck R, Harlizius J, Bressan N, Laerberg R, Wieler LH, Witte W, Deurenberg RH, Voss A, Becker K, & Friedrich AW (2009). Prevalence and molecular characteristics methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among pigs on German farms and import of livestock-related MRSA into hospitals. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 28: 1375-1382. doi: 10.1007/s10096-009-0795-4. GERMANY – Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Müenster, Müenster; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Müenster, Müenster; Chamber for Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia, Animal Health Services, Bonn; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University Berlin, Berlin; Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht; Department of Medical Microbiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital and Radboud, University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen

Köck R, Loth B, Köksal M, Schulte-Wülwer J, Harlizius J, & Friedrich AW (2012, June). Persistence of nasal colonization with livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farmers after holidays from pig exposure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (11): 4046-4047. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00212-12. GERMANY – Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Müenster, Müenster; Pig Health Services, Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen, Meppen; Pig Health Services, Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bonn. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen

Köck R, Schaumburg F, Mellmann A, Köksal M, Jurke A, Becker K, & Friedrich AW (2013, February. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as causes of human infection and colonization in Germany. PLoS One, 8 (2): e55040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055040. GERMANY – University Hospital Müenster, Müenster: Institute of Hygiene; Institute of Medical Microbiology. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen; Department for Infectiology and Hygiene, North Rhine-Westphalian Center for Health, Müenster

Krziwanek K, Metz-Gercek K, & Mittermayer H (2009, May). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from human patients, Upper Austria. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (5): 766-769. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.080326. AUSTRIA – Austrian National Reference Center for Nosocomial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Elisabethinen Hospital Linz, Linz

Leedom Larson KR, Harper AL, Hanson BM, Male MJ, Wardyn SE, Dressler SE, Wagstrom EA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ, Donham KJ, & Smith TC (2011, January). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pork production shower facilities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77 (2): 696-698. doi: 10.1128/AEM.O1128-10. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health; Center for Emerging Diseases; Department of Epidemiology. Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Program of Hospital Epidemiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City

Leedom Larson KR, Smith TC, & Donham KJ (2010, December). Self-reported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in USA pork producers. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 17 (2): 331-334. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165713. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology

Lewis HC, Mølbak K, Reese C, Aarestrup FM, Selchau M, Sørum M & Skov RL (2008, September). Pigs as source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 infections in humans, Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14 (9): 1383-1389. doi: 10.320 07-1576 Research. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, Copenhagen; Vejle Hospital, Vejle; Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Lozano C, Aspiroz C, Ara M, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, & Torres C (2011, June). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in a farmer with skin lesions and in pigs of his farm: clonal relationship and detection of Inu(A) gene. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17 (6): 923-927. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03437.x. SPAIN – Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño; Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza; Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital Clínico Universatario Lozana Blesa, Zaragoza

Lozano C, Aspiroz C, Charlez L, Gómez-Sanz E, Toledo M, Zarazaga M, & Torres C (2011, June). Skin lesion by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398-t1451 in a Spanish pig farmer: Possible transmission from animals to humans. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (6): 605-607. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0226. SPAIN – Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño. Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza: Unidad de Microbiología; Unidad de Dermatología

Lozano C, Aspiroz C, Lasarte JJ, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, & Torres C (2011, January). Dynamic of nasal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 and ST1 after mupirocin treatment in a family in close contact with pigs. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases, 34 (1): e1-e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.006. SPAIN – Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño; Laboratorio Microbiología, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza; Pediatría, Centro Salud de Zuera, Zaragoza

Lozano C, Rezusta A, Gómez P, Gómez-Sanz E, Báez N, Martin-Saco G, Zarazaga M, & Torres C (2012, February). High prevalence of spa types associated with the clonal lineage of CC398 among tetracycline-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a Spanish hospital. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 67 (2): 330-334. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr497. SPAIN – Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño; Hospital Universitario Miguel de Servet, Zaragoza; IIS Aragón, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza

McCarthy AJ, van Wamel W, Vandendriessche S, Larsen J, Denis O, & Garcia-Graells C (2012, December). Staphylococcus aureus CC398 clade associated with human-to-human transmission. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (24): 8845-8848. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02398-12. UNITED KINGDOM – Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Science, St. George’s University of London, London. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Service de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussells. DENMARK – Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY

Monaco M, Pedroni P, Sanchini A, Bonomini A, Indelicato A, & Pantosti A (2013, June 3). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus responsible for human colonization and infection in an area of Italy with high density of pig farming. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13: 258. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-258. ITALY – Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Presidio Ospedaliero Manerbio-Leno, Azienda Ospedaliera Desenzano del Garda, Brescia

Moodley A, Nightingale EC, Stegger M, Nielsen SS, Skov RL, & Guardabassi L (2008, April). High risk for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Danish veterinary practitioners. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 34 (2): 151-157. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1219. DENMARK – Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Department of Large Animal Sciences. Staphylococcal Reference Library, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Nadimpalli M, Rinsky JL, Wing S, Hall D, Stewart J, Larsen J, Nachman KE, Love DC, Pierce E, Pisanic N, Strelitz J, Harduar-Morano L, & Heaney CD (2015, February). Persistence of livestock-associated antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among industrial hog operation workers in North Carolina over 14 days. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72 (2): 90-99. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102095. USA – Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering: Department of Epidemiology. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Health Policy and Management; Department of Epidemiology. Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, NC; Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Nair R, Wu J, Carrel M, O'Brien A, Quick M, Farina S, Wardyn S, Thapaliya D, Grenier D, & Smith TC (2016, July). Prospective multicenter surveillance identifies Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by livestock-associated strains in an agricultural state. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 85 (3): 360-366. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.014. USA – University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology. University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, Iowa City. Kent State University College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences & Epidemiology, Kent, OH

Neela V, Zafrul AM, Mariana NS, van Belkum A, Liew YK, & Rad EG (2009, December). Prevalence of ST( methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pigs and pig handlers in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47 (12): 4138-4149. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01363-09. MALAYSIA – Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam

Neyra RC, Frisancho JA, Rinsky JL, Resnick C, Carroll KC, Rule AM, Ross T, You Y, Price LB, & Silbergeld EK (2014, May). Multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hog slaughter and processing plant workers and their community in North Carolina (USA). Environmental Health Perspectives, 122 (5): 471-477. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306741. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC

Neyra RC, Vegosen L, Davis MF, Price L, & Silbergeld EK (2012, June). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: An unrecognized work-related risk in food animal production. Safety and Health at Work, 3: 85-91. doi: 10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.2.85. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Environmental Health Sciences. The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ

Nijsten R, London N, van den Bogaard A, & Stobberingh E (1996, June). Antibiotic resistance from Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of pig farmers and pigs. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 37 (6): 11311-1140. doi: 10.1093/jac/37.6.1131. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Microbiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht

Oppliger A, Moreillon P, Charrière N, Giddey M, Morisset D, & Sakwinska O (2012, November). Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains acquired by pig farmers from pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (22): 8010-8014. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01902-12. SWITZERLAND – Institut Universitaire Romand de Santé au Travail, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, Lausanne

Ormland Ø & Hoffman L (2012). Occupational acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans – A description of MRSA carrier and infected cases from the Region of North Jutland in Denmark. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 19 (4): 637-640. DENMARK – Department of Occupational Medicine, Aalborg Hospital, Århus University Hospital, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg

Osadebe LU, Hanson B, Smith TC, & Heimer R (2013, May). Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Connecticut swine and swine farmers. Zoonoses and Public Health, 60 (3): 234-243. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01527.x. USA – Yale University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT; University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City

Paget J, Aangenend H, Kühn M, Hautvast J, van Oorschot D, Loohuis AO, van der Velden K, Friederich AW, Voss A, & Köch R (2015, November 30). MRSA carriage in community outpatients: Cross-sectional prevalence study in a high-density livestock farming area along the Dutch-German border. PLoS One, 10 (11): e0139589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139589. THE NETHERLANDS – Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen; Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht; GGD Gelderland-Zuid (Municipal Health Service Gelderland-South), Nijmegen; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen. GERMANY – University Hospital Müenster, Institute of Hygiene, Müenster

Pan A, Battiti A, Zoncada A, Bernieri F, Boldini M, Franco A, Giorgi M, Iurescia M, Lorenzotti S, Martinotti M, Monaci M, & Pantosti A (2009, May). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 infection, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (5): 845-847. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.081417. ITALY – Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Istituto Zooprofiiattico Sperimentale delle Regione Lazio e Toscana, Rome; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Cremona; Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Cremona, Cremona; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome

Paterson GK, Harrison EM, & Holmes MA (2014, January). The emergence of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends in Microbiology, 22 (1): 42-47. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.003. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge

Petersen A, Stegger M, Heltberg O, Christensen J, Zeuthen A, Knudsen LK, Urth T, Sorum M, Schouls L, Larsen J, Skov R, & Larsen AR (2013, January). Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the novel mecC gene in Denmark corroborates a zoonotic reservoir with transmission to humans. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19 (1): E16-E22. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12036. DENMARK – Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse; Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg Sygehus, Aalborg. THE NETHERLANDS – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven

Pletinckx LJ, Verhegghe M, Crombé F, Dewulf J, De Bleecker Y, Rasschaert G, Butaye P, Goddeeris BM, & De Man I (2013, May 1). Evidence of possible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 spread between pigs and other animals and people residing on the same farm. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 109 (3-4): 293-303. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.10.019. BELGIUM – Catholic University College South-West-Flanders (KATHO), Department of HIVB, Roeselare; Catholic University Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Heverlee; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Food Safety, Melle; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Merelbeke; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Merelbeke; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), Brussels

Porphyre T, Giotis GS, Lloyd GH, & Stärk KD (2012). A metapopulation model to assess the capacity of spread of meticillin-resistant [sic] Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in humans. PLoS One, 7 (10): e47504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047504. UNITED KINGDOM – Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield

Potel C, Álvarez-Fernández M, Constenla L, Álvarez P, & Perez S (2010, March). First human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in Spain. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 29 (3): 351-352. doi: 10.1007/s10096-009-0860-z. SPAIN – Microbiology Laboratory & Research Laboratory, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Pontevedra

Rasigade J-P, Laurent F, Vandenesch F, & Etienne J (2010, August). Lethal necrotizing pneumonia caused by ST398 Staphylococcus aureus strain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (8): 1330. doi: 10.3201/eid1608.100317. FRANCE – Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris. Response by Davies PR, Wagstrom EA, & Bender JB (2011, June). Lethal necrotizing pneumonia caused by ST398 Staphylococcus aureus strain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17 (6): 1152-1153. doi: 10.3201/eid1706.101394. USA – University of Minnesota Reply by Rasigade J-P, Laurent F, Vandenesch F, & Etienne J (2011, June). Lethal necrotizing pneumonia caused by ST398 Staphylococcus aureus strain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17 (6): 1153-1154. doi: 10.3201/eid1706.110465. FRANCE – Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris.

Reynaga E, Navarro M, Vilamala A, Roure P, Quintana M, Garcia-Nuñez M, Figueras R, Torres C, Lucchetti G, & Sabria M (2016, November 28). Prevalence of colonization by methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pigs and pig farm workers in Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16: 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-2050-9. SPAIN – Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona: Department of Internal Medicine; Microbiology Department; Epidemiology Department. Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Epidemiology Department Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Infectious Diseases Unit, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias it Pujol Foundation, Badalona, Barcelona; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid; Veterinary, Associació Tecnicosanitiària del Porcí (ASSAPORC), Vic, Barcelona; Area de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño; Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona

Rinsky JL, Nadimpalli M, Wing S, Hall D, Baron D, Price LB, Larsen J, Stegger M, Stewart J, & Heaney CD (2013, July 2). Livestock-associated methicillin and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus is present among industrial, not antibiotic-free livestock operation workers in North Carolina. PLoS One, 8 (7): e67641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067641. USA – University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, NC; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Department of Environmental Health Sciences AND Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Ruhlmann CH, Kolmos HJ, Kristiansen JE, & Skov R (2008, October 20). Pigs as an infection source for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 170 (43): 3436. Abstract retrieved November 14, 2014, from . DENMARK – Odense Universitets Hospital, Odense

Safdar N & Bradley EA (2008, April). The risk of infection after colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. American Journal of Medicine, 121 (4): 310-315. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.07.034. USA – Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison

Schaumburg F, Köck R, Mellmann A, Richter L, Hasenberg F, Kriegeskorte A, Friedrich AW, Gatermann S, Peters G, von Eiff C, Becker K, & Study Group (2012, October). Population dynamics among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Germany during a 6-year period. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50 (10): 3186-3192. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01174-12. GERMANY – Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster; Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Ruhr University, Bochum. THE NETHERLANDS – Department for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen

Schijffelen MJ, Boel CH, van Strijp JA, & Fluit AC (2010, June 14). Whole genome analysis of a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolate from a case of human endocarditis. BMC Genomics, 11: 376. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-376. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht

Schinasi L, Wing S, Augustino KL, Ramsey KM, Nobles DL, Richardson DB, Price LB, Aziz M, MacDonald PD, & Stewart JR (2014, June 23). A case control study of environmental and occupational exposures associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in patients admitted to a rural tertiary care hospital in a high density swine region. Environmental Health, 13 (1): 54. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-54. USA – The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. Department of Infection Control, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC; Division of Infectious Diseases, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville; Division of Pathogen Genomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC

Sharma A, Rogers C, Rimland D, Stafford C, Satola S, Crispell E, & Gaynes R (2013, June). Post-discharge mortality in patients hospitalized with MRSA infection and/or colonization. Epidemiology and Infection, 141 (6): 1187-1198. doi: 10.1017/S0950268812001963. USA – Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, GA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA

Smith TC (2015, February 5). Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus: The United States experience. PLoS Pathogens, 11 (2): e1004564. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004564. USA – Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Smith TC, Gebreyes WA, Abley MJ, Harper AL, Forshey BM, Male MJ, Martin HW, Molla BZ, Sreevatsan S, Thakur S, Thiruvengadam M, & Davies PR (2013, May 7). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs and farm workers on conventional and antibiotic-free swine farms in the USA. PLoS One, 8 (5): e63704. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063704. USA – Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger JS, Tinkler GP, Moritz ED, Capuano AW, Herwaldt LA, & Diekema DJ (2009, January). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers. PLoS One, 4 (1): e4258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004258. USA – University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health; Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine; Program of Hospital Epidemiology, UI Hospitals and Clinics; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine

Smith TC, Moritz ED, Leedom Larson KR, & Ferguson DD (2010, January-March). Environment as a factor in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission. Reviews on Environmental Health, 25 (2): 121-134. doi: 10.1515/REVEH.2010.25.2.121. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Occupational & Environmental Health; Great Plains Center for Agriculture Health; Heartland Center for Occupational Health and Safety

Smith TC & Pearson N (2011, April). The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (4): 327-339. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0072. USA – Department of Epidemiology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Soavi L, Stellini R, Signorini L, Antonini B, Pedroni P, Zanetti L, Milanesi B, Pantosti A, Matteelli A, Pan A, & Carosi G (2010, February). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus ST398, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (2): 346-348. doi: 10.3201/eid1602.091478. ITALY – University of Brescia, Brescia; Presidio Ospedaliero di Manerbio, Manerbio; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona

Sun J, Yang M, Sreevatsan S, Bender JB, Singer RS, Knutson TP, Marthaler DG, & Davies PR (2017, October 19). Longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in a cohort of swine veterinarians in the United States. BMC Infectious Diseases, 17 (1): 690. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2802-1. USA – University of Minnesota, St. Paul: Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences

Uhlemann AC, Porcella SF, Trivedi S, Sullivan SB, Hafer C, Kennedy AD, Barbian KD, McCarthy AJ, Street C, Hirschberg DL, Lipkin WI, Lindsay JA, DeLeo FR, & Lowy FD (2012, March-April). Identification of a highly transmissible animal-independent Staphylococcus aureus ST398 clone with distinct genomic and cell adhesion properties. mBio, 3 (2): e00027-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00027-12. USA – Columbia University, New York, NY: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public Health. National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT: Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section; Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis; Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Infection, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London

van Belkum A, Melles DC, Peeters JK, van Leeuwen WB, van Duijkeren E, Huijsdens XW, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, Verbrugh HA, & the Dutch Working Party on Surveillance and Research of MRSA-SOM (2008, March). Methicillin-resistant and –susceptible Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in pigs and humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14 (3): 479-483. doi: 10.3201/eid1403.070760. THE NETHERLANDS – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; University of Utrecht, Utrecht; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven

Van Cleef BA, Broens EM, Voss A, Huijsdens XW, Züchner L, Van Benthem BH, Kluytmans JA, Mulders MN, & Van De Giessen AW (2010, May). High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands. Epidemiology and Infection, 138 (5): 756-763. doi: 10.1017/S0950268810000245. THE NETHERLANDS – RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven; VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam; Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Nijmegen; Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) Region East, Zutphen

Van Cleef BA, van Benthem BH, Verkade EJ, van Rijen M, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MF, Graveland H, Bosch T, Verstappen KMHW, Wagenaar JA, Bos MEH, Heederik D, & Kluytmans JAJW (2015, May 18). Livestock-associated MRSA in household members of pig farmers: Transmission and dynamics of carriage, a prospective cohort study. PLoS One, 10 (5): e0127190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127190. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS – Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine

Van Cleef BA, van Benthem BH, Verkade EJ, van Rijen M, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MF, Schouls LM, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, Graveland H, Bos ME, Heederik D, & Kluytmans JA (2014, October). Dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pig farmers: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20 (10): 0764-0771. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12582. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam

Van Cleef BA, Verkade EJM, Wulf MW, Buiting AG, Voss A, Huijsdens XW, van Pelt W, Mulders MN, & Kluytmans JA (2010, February). Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in communities with high pig densities in The Netherlands. PLoS One, 5 (2): e9385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009385. THE NETHERLANDS – Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; EU-HEALTH Project PILGRIM of the 7th Framework Programme, Nijmegen; Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; PAMM Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Veldhoven; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen

Van Den Broek IV, Van Cleef BA, Haenen A, Broens EM, Van Der Wolf PA, Van Den Broek MJ, Huijsdens XW, Kluytmans JA, Van De Giessen AW, & Tiermersma EW (2009, May). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms. Epidemiology and Infection, 137 (5): 700-708. doi: 10.1017/S0950268808001507. THE NETHERLANDS – Centre Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven: Epidemiology & Surveillance Unit; Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology; Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening. Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, WIAS, Wageningen University; Pig Health Department, Animal Health Service, Deventer; Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Region East, Zutphen; VU Medical Center, Amsterdam; Amphia Hospital, Breda

Vandendriessche S, Vanderhaeghen W, Soares FV, Hallin M, Catry B, Hermans K, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F, Struelens MJ, & Denis O (2013, July). Prevalence, risk factors and genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carried by humans and animals across livestock production sectors. Journal of Microbial Chemotherapy, 68 (7): 1510-1516. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt047. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Service de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussells; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center (VAR), Brussels; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Healthcare-Associated Infections, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels. SWEDEN – Microbiology Coordination Section, European centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm

van Loo I, Huijsdens X, Tiemersma E, de Neeling A, van de Sande-Bruinsma N, Beaujean D, Voss A, & Kluytmans J (2007, November). Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin in humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (11): 1834-1839. doi: 10.3201/eid1312.070384. THE NETHERLANDS – St. Elizabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; VUmc Medical University, Amsterdam; Amphia Hospital, Breda

van Rijen MM, Bosch T, Verkade EJ, Schouls L, Kluytmans JA, & CAM Study Group (2014, June 27). Livestock-associated MRSA carriage in patients without direct contact with livestock. PLoS One, 9 (6): e100294. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100294. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Center for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control JK, VUmc Medical University, Amsterdam

van Rijen MML, Van Køulen PH, & Kluytmans (2008, January 15). Increase in a Dutch hospital of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus related to animal farming. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46: 261-263. doi: 10.1086/524672. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Vumc Medical University, Amsterdam

Verkade E & Kluytmans J (2014, January). Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Animal reservoirs and human infection. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 21: 523-530. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.013. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Medical Microbiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam

Verkade E, van Benthem B, Kluytmans-van den Bergh M, van Cleef B, van Rijen M, Bosch T, & Kluytmans J (2013, July 15). Dynamics and determinants of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in livestock veterinarians: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57 (2): e11-e17. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit228. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam

Wardyn SE, Forshey BM, Farina SA, Kates AE, Nair R, Quick MK, Wu JY, Hanson BM, O'Malley SM, Shows HW, Heywood EM, Beane-Freeman LE, Lynch CF, Carrel M, & Smith TC (2015, July 1). Swine farming is a risk factor for infection with and high prevalence of carriage of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Infection Diseases, 61 (1): 59-66. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ234. USA - College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health. Department of Geographical and Sustainable Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Wardyn SE, Forshey BM, & Smith TC (2012, August). High prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization isolates in rural Iowa. Microbial Drug Resistance, 18 (4): 427-433. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0239. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Biostatistics

Wassenberg MW, Bootsma MC, Troelstra A, Kluytmans JA, & Bonten MJ (2011, February). Transmissibility of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ST398) in Dutch hospitals. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17 (2): 316-319. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03260.x. THE NETHERLANDS – University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht: Department of Medical Microbiology; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam

Williamson DA, Bakker S, Coombs GW, Tan HL, Monecke S, & Heffernan H (2014, May). Emergence and molecular characterization of clonal complex 398 (CC398) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in New Zealand. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69 (5): 1426-1430. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt499. NEW ZEALAND – Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland. AUSTRALIA – School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia; Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia. GERMANY – Technical University of Dresden, Dresden; Alere Technologies, Jena

Witte W, Strommenger B, Stanek C, & Cuny C (2007, February). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in humans and animals, Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (2): 255-258. doi: 10.3201/eid1302.060924. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode. AUSTRIA – Veterinary University, Vienna

Wulf MW, Sørum M, van Nes A, Skov R, Melchers WJ, Klaassen CH, & Voss A (2008, January). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among veterinarians: An international study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14 (1): 29-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01873.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen. DENMARK – Staphylococcus Laboratory, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Wulf MW, Tiemersma E, Kluytmans J, Bogaers D, Leenders AC, Jansen MW, Berkhout J, Ruijters E, Haverkate D, Isken M, & Voss A (2008, October). MRSA carriage in healthcare personnel in contact with farm animals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 70 (2): 186-190. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.06.006. THE NETHERLANDS – PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Department of Medical Microbiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch; Department of Medical Microbiology, Viecuri Medical Centre, Venlo; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Nijmegen University Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Wulf MW, van Nes A, Eikelenboon-Boskamp A, de Vries J, Melchers W, Klaasen C, & Voss A (2006, December). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary doctors and students, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (12): 1939-1941. doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060355. THE NETHERLANDS – Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Utrecht University, Utrecht; Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Wulf MW, Verduin CM, van Nes A, Huijsdens X, & Voss A (2012, January). Infection and colonization with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 versus other MRSA in an area with a high density of pig farms. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 32 (1): 61-65. doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1269-z. THE NETHERLANDS – PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven; Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Saint Anna Hospital, Geldrop; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; University Medical Centre Saint Radboud, Nijmegen

Wulf M & Voss A (2008, June). MRSA in livestock animals – An epidemic waiting to happen? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14 (6): 519-521. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x. THE NETHERLANDS – PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven; Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre

Ye X, Fan Y, Wang X, Liu W, Yu H, Zhou J, Chen S, & Yao Z (2016). Livestock-associated methicillin and multidrug resistant S. aureus in humans is associated with occupational pig contact, not pet contact. Scientific Reports, 6: 19184. doi: 10.1038/srep19184. CHINA – School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou; Leliu Hospital of Shunde, Shunde

Zurek L & Ghosh A (2014, June). Insects represent a link between food animal farms and the urban environment for antibiotic resistant traits. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80 (12): 3562-3567. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00600-14. USA – Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture

MRSA and/or ST398 in Retail Meat Products

Beneke B, Klees S, Stührenberg B, Fetsch A, Kraushaar B, & Tenhagen BA (2011, January). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a fresh meat pork production chain. Journal of Food Protection, 74 (1): 126-129. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-250. GERMANY – Institute of Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Detmold; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Bhargava K, Wang X, Donabedian S, Zervos M, & Zhang Y (2011, June). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17 (6): 1135-1137. doi: 10.3201/eid1706.101095. USA – Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI

Boost MV, Wong A, Ho J, & O'Donoghue M (2013, July). Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from retail meats in Hong Kong. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10 (8): 705-710. doi: 10.1090/fpd.2012.1415. HONG KONG – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University: Department of Health Technology & Information; School of Nursing

Davis GS, Waits K, Nordstrom L, Weaver B, Aziz M, Gauld L, Grande H, Bigler R, Horwinski J, Porter S, Stegger M, Johnson JR, Liu CM, & Price LB (2015). Intermingled Klebsiella pneumoniae populations between retail meats and human urinary tract infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61 (6): 892-899. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ428. USA – George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC; Flagstaff Medical Center, Flagstaff, AZ; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ; VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

de Boer E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis JT, Wit B, Huijsdens XW, de Neeling AJ, Bosch T, van Oosterom RA, Vila A, & Heuvelink AE (2009, August 31). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 134 (1-2): 52-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.007. THE NETHERLANDS – Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen; Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, den Haag; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven

Dhup V, Kearns AM, Pichon B, & Foster HA (2015, October). First report of identification of livestock-associated MRSA ST9 in retail meat in England. Epidemiology and Infection, 143 (14): 2989-2992. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815000126. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Parasitology and Disease Research, University of Salford, Salford; Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London

Doyle ME, Hartmann FA, & Lee Wong AC (2012, December). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: Implications for our food supply? Animal Health Research Reviews, 13 (2): 157-180. doi: 10.1017/S1466252312000187. USA – University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison: Food Research Institute; Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; Department of Bacteriology

Hadjirin NF, Lay, EM, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, & Holmes MA (2015, June 18). Detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in retail pork, United Kingdom, February 2015. Euro Surveillance, 20 (24): pii=21156. doi: . UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Veterinary Medicine, & Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow

Hammad AM, Watanabe W, Fujii T, & Shimamoto T (2012, June 1). Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant and – susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from Japanese retail ready-to-eat raw fish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156 (3): 286-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.022. EGYPT – Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofía University, Sadat City. JAPAN – Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima

Hanson BM, Dressler AE, Harper AL, Scheibel RP, Wardyn SE, Roberts LK, Kroeger JS, & Smith TC (2011, September). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on retail meat in Iowa. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 4 (4): 169-174. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.06.001. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Epidemiology; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases. Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Jackson CR, Davis JA, & Barrett JB (2013, April). Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat and humans in Georgia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51 (4): 1199-1207. doi: 10.1128/JCM.o3166-12. USA – Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA

Kadiriya J, Smith TC, & Thapaliya D (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed Research International, 2014: 827965. doi: 10.1155/2014/827965. USA – Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Kaszanyitzky ÉJ, Tenk M, Ghidán Á, Fehérvári GY, & Papp M (2007, April 1). Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci strains isolated from slaughter animals on the data of Hungarian resistance monitoring system from 2001 to 2004. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 115 (1): 119-123. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.004. HUNGARY – Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest; Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest; Institute for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest

Kluytmans JAJW (2010, January). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in food products: Cause for concern or case for complacency? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16 (1): 11-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03110.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam

Lassok B & Tenhagen BA (2013, June). From pig to pork: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain. Journal of Food Protection, 76 (6): 1095-1108. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-341. GERMANY – Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Lim SK, Nam HM, Park HJ, Lee HS, Choi MJ, Jung SC, Lee JY, Kim YC, Song SW, & Wee SH (2010, April). Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in raw meat in Korea. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20 (4): 775-778. doi: 10.4014/jmb.0912.12022. KOREA – National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Gyeonggi-do

Lozano C, López M, Gómez-Sanz E, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C, & Zarazaga M (2009, December). Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in food samples of animal origin in Spain. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 64 (6): 1325-1326. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp378. SPAIN – Departmento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño

O’Brien AM, Hanson BM, Farina SA, Wu JY, Simmering JE, Wardyn SE, Forshey BM, Kulick ME, Wallinga DB, & Smith TC (2012). MRSA in conventional and alternative retail pork products. PLoS One, 7 (1): e30092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030092. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Biostatistics. Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Coralville, IA; Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN

Ogata K, Narimatsu H, Suzuki M, Higuchi W, Yamamoto T, & Taniguchi (2012, April). Commercially distributed meat as a potential vehicle for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (8): 2797-2802. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07470-11. JAPAN – Oita Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Oita; Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Aichi; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata; University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Fukuoka

Pu S, Han F, & Ge B (2009, January). Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from Louisiana retail meats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 (1): 265-267. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01110-08. USA – Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge

Rizzotti L, Simeoni D, Cocconcelli P, Gazzola Si, Dellaglio F, & Torriani S (2005). Contribution of Enterococci to the spread of antibiotic resistance in the production chain of swine meat commodities. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (5): 955-965. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-68.5.955. ITALY – Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza; Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona

van Loo IH, Diederen BM, Savelkoul PH, Woudenberg JH, Roosendaal R, van Belkum A, Lemmens-den Toom N, Verhulst C, van Keulen PH, & Kluytmans JA (2007, November). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat products, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (11): 1753-1755. doi: 10.3201/eid1311.07-358. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; St. Elizabeth Hospital, Tilburg; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam

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Vragovic N, Bazulic D, Jakupovic E, & Zdolec N (2012, December). Dietary exposure assessment of streptomycin and tetracycline in food of animal origin on the Croatian market. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance Communications, 5 (4): 236-240. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2012.698396. CROATIA – EC Inspekt, Zagreb; Residues Analysis Center, Zagreb; Department of Hygiene and of Foodstuffs of Animal Origin, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Zabreb

Waters AE, Contente-Cuomo T, Buckhagen J, Liu CM, Watson L, Pearce K, Foster JT, Bowers J, Driebe EM, Engelthaler DM, Keim PS, & Price LB (2011, May). Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US meat and poultry. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52 (10): 1227-1230. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir181. USA – Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff

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Impact of Pig Waste Slurry Applications to Agricultural Fields On Microbial Soil Organisms, On Soil, on Plant Activity, and On Groundwater:

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Ahmad Z, Abid-Elbasit MAM, Butt SJ, Khan S, Liaquat M, Gurmani AR, Basir A, Kakar KM, & Qadir M (2015). Spreading of bio-wastes onto soil surfaces to control pathogens: Human health and environmental consequences. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 17: 671-680. doi 10.17957/IJAB/15.0002. PAKISTAN – University of Haripur; PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi; University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. SOUTH AFRICA - University of Johannesburg. CANADA - United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton, Ontario.

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Blackwell PA, Kay P, & Boxall ABA (2007, February). The dissipation and transport of veterinary antibiotics in a sandy loam soil. Chemosphere, 67 (2): 292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.095. UNITED KINGDOM – Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Derby, Derbyshire; EcoChemistry Team, University of York/Central Science Laboratory, York

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Boxall ABA, Blackwell, Cavallo R, Kay P, & Tolls J (2002, May). The sorption and transport of a sulphonamide antibiotic in soil systems. Toxicology Letters, 131 (1-2): 19-28. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00063-2. UNITED KINGDOM – Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Cranfield University, Derby. THE NETHERLANDS – Institute for Risk Assessment Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Burkhardt M & Stamm C (2007, March 1). Depth distribution of sulfonamide antibiotics in pore water of an undisturbed loamy grassland soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36 (2): 588-596. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0358. SWITZERLAND – Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf: Department of Urban Water Management; Department of Environmental Chemistry

Burkhardt M, Stamm C, Waul C, Singer H, & Müller S (2005, July 5). Surface runoff and transport of sulfonamide antibiotics and tracers on manured grassland. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34 (4): 1363-1371. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.0261. SWITZERLAND – Department of Water and Agriculture, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dübendorf; Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), Bern. DENMARK – Department of Environment and Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Cavallin JE, Durhan EJ, Evans N, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Kolpin DW, Kolodziej EP, Foreman WT, LaLone CA, Makynen EA, Seidl SM, Thomas LM, Villeneuve DL, Weberg MA, Wilson VS, & Ankley GT (2014, August). Integrated assessment of runoff from livestock farming operations: Analytical chemistry, in vitro bioassays, and in vivo fish exposures. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 33 (8): 1849-1857. doi: 10.1002/etc.2627. USA – ORISE Research Participation Program, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN; National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC; US Geological Survey, Iowa City, IA; National Water Quality Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Denver, CO; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno

Chander Y, Kumar K, Goyal SM, & Gupta SC (2005, October 12). Antibacterial activity of soil-bound antibiotics. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34 (6): 1952-1957. doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0017. USA – Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul

Chang B-V, Hsu F-Y, & Liao H-Y (2014, June). Biodegradation of three tetracyclines in swine waste. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, & Agricultural Wastes, 49 (6): 449-455. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2014.894784. TAIWAN – Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei; Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taipei

Chee-Sanford JC, Aminov RI, Krapic IJ, Garrigues-Jeanjean N, & Mackie RI (2001, April). Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwaters underlying two swine production facilities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67 (4): 1494-1502. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.4.1494-1502.2001. USA – Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign

Chitescu CL, Nicolau AI, & Stolker AAM (2013). Uptake of oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and ketoconazole from fertilised soils by plants. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (6): 1138-1146. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.725479. ROMANIA – Faculty of Food Science & Engineering, University Dunarea de Jos Galati, Galati. THE NETHERLANDS – RIKILT – Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen

Daghrir P & Drogui P (2013, September). Tetracycline antibiotics in the environment: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 11 (3): 209-227. doi: 10.1007/s10311-013-0404-8. CANADA – Instítut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec

Ding C & He J (2010). Effect of antibiotics in the environment on microbial populations. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 87: 925-941. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2649-5. SINGAPORE – Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Ding GC, Radl V, Schloter-Hai B, Jechalke S, Heuer H, Smalla K, & Schloter M (2014, March 26). Dynamics of soil bacteria communities in response to repeated applications of manure containing sulfadiazine. PLoS One, 9 (3): e92958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092958. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg

Eckel WP (2002, September 15). Comment on "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4003. doi: 10.1021/es025709f. USA – United States EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Arlington, VA. See also Kolpin et al (2002, March 15) "Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.," Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (6): 1202-1211. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Eckel] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4004. See also Ericson et al (2002, September 15) "Comment on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4005-4006. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Ericson et al] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4007-4008.

Ericson JF, Laenge R, & Sullivan DE (2002, September 15). Comment on "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4005-4006. USA – Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT; Pharmacta Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI. GERMANY – Experimental Toxicology, Schering AG Research Laboratories, Berlin See also Kolpin et al (2002, March 15) "Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.," Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (6): 1202-1211. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Ericson et al] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4007-4008. See also Eckel (2002, September 15) "Comment on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4003. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Eckel] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4004.

Fang H, Han YL, Yin YM, Jin XX, Wang SY, Tang FF, Cai L, & Yu YL (2014). Microbial response to repeated treatments of manure containing sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline in soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 49: 609-615. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2014.911592. CHINA – College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Fründ HC, Schlösser A, & Westendarp H (2000). Effects of tetracycline on the soil microflora determined with microtiter plates and respiration measurement. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundichen, Gesellschaft Bd 93: 244-247. GERMANY – University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück

Ghosh S & LaPara TM (2007, July). The effects of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in farm animals on the proliferation and persistence of antibiotic resistance among soil bacteria. The ISME Journal, 1 (3): 191-203. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2007.31. USA – Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Gillings MR (2013, January 22). Evolutionary consequences of antibiotic use for the resistome, mobilome and microbial pangenome. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4: 4. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00004. AUSTRALIA – Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney

Girotto E, Ceretta CA, Lourenzi CR, Lorensini F, Tiecher TL, Viera RCB, Trentin G, Basso CJ, Miotto A, & Brunetto G (2013). Nutrient transfers by leaching in a no-tillage system through soil treated with repeated pig slurry applications. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 95: 115-131. doi: 10.1007/s10705-013-9552-2. BRAZIL – Insituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Câmpus Ibirubá, Santa Maria; Department of Soil Science of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; Department of Agronomy of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – CESNORS, Santa Maria; Department of Rural Engineering of the Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis

Girotto E, Ceretta CA, Rossato LV, Farias JG, Tiecher TL, De Conti L, Schmatz R, Brunetto G, Schetinger MR & Nicoloso FT (2013, July). Triggered antioxidant defense mechanism in maize grown in soil with accumulation of Cu and Zn due to intensive application of pig slurry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 93: 145-155. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.021. BRAZIL – Insituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Câmpus Ibirubá, Ibirubá; Departmento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria: Departmento de Biologia; Departmento de Química

Grote M, Schwake-Anduschus C, Michel R, Stevens H, Heyser W, Langenkämper G, Betsche T, & Freitag M (2007, March). Incorporation of veterinary antibiotics into crops from manured soil. Landbauforschung Völkenrode, 1, 57: 25-32. GERMANY – Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn; Center for Environmental Research & Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen; Department of Agriculture, University of Applied Sciences Südwestfalen, Soest; Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Detmold

Halling-Sørensen B, Jacobsen A-M, Jensen J, Sengeløv G, Vaclavik E, & Ingerslev F (2005, April). Dissipation and effects of chlortetracycline and tylosin in two agricultural soils: A field-scale study in southern Denmark. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24 (4): 8802-810. doi: 10.1897/03-576-1. DENMARK – Section of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical University of Denmark, Copenhagen; National Environmental Research Institute, Section of Terrestrial Ecotoxicology, Silkeborg; Danish Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen

Halling-Sørensen B, Nielsen SN, Lanzky PF, Ingerslev F, Lützhølt HCH, & Jørgensen SE (1998, January). Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment – A review. Chemosphere, 36 (2): 357-393. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00354-8. DENMARK – Section of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen

Halling-Sørensen B, Sengeløv G, & Tjørnelund J (2002, April). Toxicity of tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products to environmentally relevant bacteria, including selected tetracycline-resistant bacteria. Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 42 (3): 263-271. doi: 10.1007/s00244-001-0017-2. DENMARK – Section of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen; Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Hammesfahr U, Bierl R, & Thiele-Bruhn S (2011). Combined effects of the antibiotic sulfadiazine and liquid manure on the soil microbial-community structure and functions. Journal of Plant Nutrition & Soil Science, 174 (4): 614-623. doi: 10.1002/jpln.201000322. GERMANY – Soil Science, Faculty of Geography/Geosciences, University of Trier, Trier; Hydrology, Faculty of Geography/Geosciences, University of Trier, Trier

Hammesfahr U, Heuer H, Manzke B, Smalla K, & Thiele-Bruhn S (2008, July). Impact of the antibiotic sulfadiazine and pig manure on the microbial community structure in agricultural soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40 (7): 1583-1591. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.010. GERMANY – Department of Soil Science, University of Trier, Trier; Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and Biosafety, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Braunschweig; Department of Marine Chemistry, Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde, Rostock

Hammesfahr U, Kotzerke A, Lamshöft, Wilke B-M, Kandeler E, & Thiele-Bruhn S (2011). Effects of sulfadiazine-contaminated fresh and stored manure on a soil microbial community. European Journal of Soil Biology, 47: 61-68. doi: 10.1016.j.ejsobi.2010.10.004. GERMANY – Soil Science, University of Trier, Trier; Institute of Ecology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin; Institute of Environmental Research, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund; Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart

Hamscher G, Pawelzick HT, Höper H, & Nau H (2005, April). Different behavior of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in sandy soils after repeated fertilization with liquid manure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24 (4): 861-868. doi: 10.1897/04-182R.1 GERMANY – Department of Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover; Institute of Soil Technology Bremen, Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (NLfB), Bremen

Heaney CD, Myers K, Wing S, Hall D, Baron D, & Stewart JR (2015). Source tracking swine fecal waste in surface water proximal to swine concentrated animal feeding operations. Science of the Total Environment, 511: 676-683. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.062. USA – USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Epidemiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, NC

Hong PY, Yannarell AC, Dai Q, Ekizoglu M, & Mackie RI (2013, April). Monitoring the perturbation of soil and groundwater microbial communities due to pig production activities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 (8): 2620-2629. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03760-12. USA – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana: Department of Animal Sciences; Institute of Genomic Biology; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences. CHINA – College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. TURKEY – Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hacettepe, Ankara

Hu D & Coats JR (2009, September). Laboratory evaluation of mobility and sorption for the veterinary antibiotic, tylosin, in agricultural soils. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, (9): 1634-1638. doi: 10.1039/b900973f USA – Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Hu X, Zhou Q, & Luo Y (2010, September). Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. Environmental Pollution, 158 (9): 2992-2998. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023. CHINA – Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang

Jahne MA, Rogers SW, Holsen TM, Grimberg SJ, Ramler IP, & Kim S (2016). Bioaerosol deposition to food crops near manure application: Quantitative microbial risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45: 666-674. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.o4.0187. USA – Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY: Institute for a Sustainable Environment; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY

Jechalke S, Focks A, Rosendahl I, Groeneweg J, Siemens J, Heuer H, & Smalla K (2014, January). Structural and functional response of the soil bacterial community to application of manure from difloxacin-treated pigs. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 87 (1): 78-88. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12191. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig; Soil Science and Ecology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 3, Jülich. THE NETHERLANDS – Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen

Jechalke S, Heuer H, Siemens J, Amelung W, & Smalla K (2014, September). Fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in soil. Trends in Microbiology, 22 (9): 536-545. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.005. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig; Soil Science and Ecology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn

Jensen LB, Baloda S, Boye M, & Aarestrup FM (2001, June). Antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas spp. and the Bacillus cereus group isolated from Danish agricultural soil. Environment International, 26 (7-8): 581-587. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00045-9. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Jjemba PK (2002, December). The potential impact of veterinary and human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on arable land: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93 (1-3): 267-278. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00350-4. USA – Environmental Associates Ltd., Ithaca, NY

Jongbloed AW & Lenis NP (1998, October). Environmental concerns about animal manure. Journal of Animal Science, 76 (10): 2641-2648. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Nutrition of Pigs and Poultry, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad

Kay P, Blackwell PA, & Boxall AB (2005, May). Transport of veterinary antibiotics in overland flow following the application of slurry to arable land. Chemosphere, 59 (7): 951-959. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.055. UNITED KINGDOM – Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Cranfield University, Derby

Kemper N (2008). Review: Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecological Indicators, 8: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002. GERMANY – Christian-Albrechts-Universitat Kiel, Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung, Kiel

Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, & Buxton HT (2002, March 15). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (6): 1202-1211. doi: 10.1021/es011055j. USA – United States Geological Survey: Iowa City, IA; Denver, CO; Ocala, FL; Lawrence, KS; Boulder, CO; West Trenton, NJ. See also Eckel WP (2002, September 15) "Comment on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4003. doi: 10.1021/es025709f. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Arlington, VA. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Eckel] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18: 4004. doi: 10.1021/es0201350. See also Ericson et al (2002, September 15) "Comment on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4005-4006. doi: 10.1021/es0200903. USA – Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT; Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI. GERMANY – Schering AG Research Laboratories, Berlin. See also Kolpin et al (2002, September 15) "Response to comment [by Ericson et al] on 'Pharmaceuticals, hormones..., etc.,'" Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4007-4008. doi: 10.1021/es020136s. USA – United States Geological Survey: Iowa City, IA; Denver, CO; Ocala, FL; Lawrence, KS; Boulder, CO; West Trenton, NJ

Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, & Buxton HT (2002, September 15). Response to comment [by Eckel] on "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4004. USA – United States Geological Survey: Iowa City, IA; Denver, CO; Ocala, FL; Lawrence, KS; Boulder, CO; West Trenton, NJ

Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, & Buxton HT (2002, September 15). Response to comment [by Ericson et al] on "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (18): 4007-4008. doi: 10.1021/es0201350. USA – United States Geological Survey: Iowa City, IA; Denver, CO; Ocala, FL; Lawrence, KS; Boulder, CO; West Trenton, NJ

Kotzerke A, Sharma S, Schauss K, Heuer H, Thiele-Bruhn S, Smalla K, Wilke BM, & Schloter M (2008, May). Alterations in soil microbial activity and N-transformation processes due to sulfadiazine loads in pig manure. Environmental Pollution, 153 (2): 315-322. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.08.020. GERMANY – Berlin University of Technology, Institute of Ecology, Berlin; GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Soil Ecology, Neuherberg; Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), Braunschweig; Trier University, Soil Science, Trier

Lee YH, Chung Y-C, & Jung J-Y (2008). Effects of chemical and enzymatic treatments on the hydrolysis of swine wastewater. Water Science & Technology, 58 (7): 1529-1534. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.496. SOUTH KOREA – Center for Environmental Technology Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul

Liu F, Wu J, Ying G-G, Luo Z, & Feng H (2012, September). Changes in functional diversity of soil microbial community with addition of antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and chlortetracycline. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 95 (6): 1615-1623. doi: 10.1007/x00253-011-3831-0. CHINA – Chinese Academy of Science: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes, Changsha; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Xiamen. College of Resource and Environmental Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou

Liu F, Ying GG, Tao R, Zhao JL, Yang JF, & Zhao LF (2009, May). Effects of six selected antibiotics on plant growth and soil microbial and enzymatic activities. Environmental Pollution, 157 (5): 1636-1642. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.021. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; College of Resource and Environmental Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou

Liu L, Liu Y-h, Liu C-x, & Huang X (2016, October). Accumulation of antibiotics and tet resistance genes from swine wastewater in wetland soils. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 15 (10): 2137-2145. CHINA – Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Liu X, Zhang W, Hu Y, Hu Erdan, Xie X, & Wang L (2015). Arsenic pollution of agricultural soils by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Chemosphere, 119: 273-281. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.067. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guanzhou; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Migliore L, Brambilla G, Cozzolino S, & Gaudio L (1995, February). Effect on plants of sulphadimethoxine used in intensive farming (Panicum miliaceum, Pisum sativum and Zea mays). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 52 (2): 103-110. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(94)00549-T. ITALY – Il Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples; Laboratorio di Medicina Veterinaria, Rome; Orto Botanico, Università 'Federico II', Naples; Dipt. Genetica, Biologia Generale e Molecolare, Università 'Federico II', Naples

Milac N, Milanovic M, Letic NG, Sekulic MT, Radonic J, Mihajlovic I, & Miloradov MV (2013, August). Occurrence of antibiotics as emerging contaminant substances in aquatic environment. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23 (4): 296-310. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2012.733934. SERBIA – University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad: Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Technical Sciences

Minden V, Deloy A, Volkert AM, Leonhardt SD, & Pufal G (2017, March). Antibiotics impact plant traits, even at small concentrations. AoB Plants, 9 (2): plx010. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plx010. BELGIUM – Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels. GERMANY – Landscape Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Oldenburg; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg

Mishra A, Benham BL, & Mostaghimi S (2008). Bacterial transport from agricultural lands fertilized with animal manure. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 189: 127-134. doi: 10.1007/s11270-007-9561-3. USA – Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg

Nelson KL, Brözel VS, Gibson SA, Thaler R, & Clay SA (2011). Influence of manure from pigs fed chlortetracycline as growth promotant on soil microbial community structure. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 27: 659-668. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0504-6. USA – South Dakota State University: Department of Plant Science; Biology and Microbiology; Animal and Range Science

Nwosu VC (2001, June). Antibiotic resistance with particular reference to soil microorganisms. Research in Microbiology, 152 (5): 421-430. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01215-3. USA – Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham

Ollivier J, Kleineidam K, Reichel R, Thiele-Bruhn S, Kotzerke A, Kindler R, & Wilke BM (2010, December). Effect of sulfadiazine-contaminated pig manure on the abundances of genes and transcripts involved in nitrogen transformation in the root-rhizosphere complexes of maize and clover. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76 (24): 7903-7909. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01252-10. GERMANY – Chair of Soil Ecology, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg; Terrestrial Ecogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Department of Soil Science, University of Trier, Trier; Institute of Ecology, Technical University Berlin, Berlin

Oun A, Kumar A, Harrigan T, Angelakis A, & Xagoraraki I (2014). Effects of biosolids and manure application on microbial water quality in rural areas in the US. Water, 6: 3701-3723. doi: 10.3390/w6123701. USA – Michigan State University, East Lansing: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering. INDIA – Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi. GREECE – National Agricultural Research Foundation, Hellas

Peng F-J, Zhou L-J, Ying G-G, Liu Y-S, & Zhao J-L (2014). Antibacterial activity of the soil-bound antimicrobials oxytetracycline and ofloxacin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33 (4): 776-783. doi: 10.1002/etc.2513. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing

Popowska M, Rzeczycka M, Miernik A, Krawczyk-Balska A, Walsh F, & Duffy B (2012, March). Influence of soil use on tetracycline, streptomycin, and erythromycin resistance and associated resistance genes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56 (3): 1434-1443. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05766-11. POLAND – Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw. SWITZERLAND – Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Division of Plant Protection, Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Wädenswil

Qiao M, Chen W, Su J, Zhang B, & Zhang C (2012, June). Fate of tetracyclines in swine manure of three selected swine farms in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24 (6): 1047-1052. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60890-5. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen; College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian

Reichel R, Radl V, Rosendahl I, Albert A, Amelung W, Schloter M, & Thiele-Bruhn S (2014). Soil microbial community responses to antibiotic-contaminated manure under different soil moisture regimes. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 98: 6487-6495. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5717-4. GERMANY – Soil Science, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Trier; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn. Helmholz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim: Research Unit for Environmental Genomics; Research Unit for Environmental Simulation

Sapkota AR, Curriero FC, Gibson KE, & Schwab KJ (2007, July). Antibiotic-resistant enterococci and fecal indicators in surface groundwater impacted by a concentrated swine feeding operation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (7): 1040-1045. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9770. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Biostatistics. Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Maryland, College Park

Sarmah AK, Meyer MT, & Boxall AB (2006, October). A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (Vas) in the environment. Chemosphere, 65 (5): 725-759. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026. NEW ZEALAND – Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Hamilton. USA – US Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS. UNITED KINGDOM – EcoChemistry Team, York University/CSL, Sand Hutton, York

Schmitt H, Stoob K, Hamscher G, Smit E, & Seinen W (2006, April). Tetracyclines and tetracycline resistance in agricultural soils: Microcosm and field studies. Microbial Ecology, 51 (3): 267-276. doi: 10.1007/s00248-006-9035-y. THE NETHERLANDS – Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht; RIVM, Bilthoven. SWITZERLAND – EAWAG, Dübendorf. GERMANY – Department of Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover

Segura PA, François M, Gagnon C, & Sauvé S (2009, May). Review of the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated wastewaters and natural and drinking waters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117 (5): 675-684. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11776. CANADA – Département de Chimie, Univérsite de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, Montréal, Québec

Sharpe RR & Harper LA (2002, March-April). Nitrous oxide and ammonia fluxes in a soybean field irrigated with swine effluent. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31 (2): 524-532. USA – Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center, USDA-ARS, Watkinsville, GA

Stone JJ, Dreis EK, Lupo CD, & Clay SA (2011). Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 46 (8): 752-762. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2011.603988. USA – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City; Department of Plant Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings

Szatmári I, Barcza T, Körmöczy PS, & Laczay P (2012, February). Ecotoxicological assessment of doxycycline in soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 47 (2): 126-135. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2012.624476. HUNGARY – Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest

Tasho RP & Cho JT (2016, September 1). Veterinary antibiotics in animal waste, its distribution in soil and uptake by plants: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 563-564: 366-376. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.140. REPUBLIC OF KOREA – Chonbuk National University, Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeollabuk-do

Thiele-Bruhn S (2003, April). Pharamaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166 (2): 145-167. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200390023. GERMANY – Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Rostock, Rostock

Thiele-Bruhn S & Beck I-C (2005, April). Effects of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics on soil microbial activity and microbial biomass. Chemosphere, 59 (4): 457-465. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.023. GERMANY – Institute of Land Use, Soil Science, University of Rostock, Rostock

Tong L, Li P, Wang Y, & Zhu K (2009, February). Analysis of veterinary antibiotic residues in swine wastewater and environmental water samples using optimized SPE-LC/MS/MS. Chemosphere, 74 (8): 1090-1097. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.051. CHINA – MOE Key Laboratory of Bioecology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan; Provincial Institute of Qualiy Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of Products, Wuhan

Wang N, Guo X, Xu J, Kong X, Gao S, & Shan Z (2014, July). Pollution characteristics and environmental risk assessment of typical veterinary antibiotics in livestock farms in Southeastern China. Journal of Environmental Science & Health, Part B-Pesticides, Food Contaminants, & Agricultural Wastes, 49 (7): 468-479. doi: 10.1080/03601234.896660. CHINA – Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Recourse Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing; College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing

Wang Q, Guo M, & Yates SR (2006, January 11). Degradation kinetics of manure-derived sulfadimethoxine in amended soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54 (1): 157-163. doi: 10.1021/jf052216w. USA – Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside; Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover

Wang S & Wang H (2015, August). Adsorption behavior of antibiotic in soil environment: A critical review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 9 (4): 565-574. doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0801-2. CHINA – State Key Joint Laboratory on Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing

Wegst-Uhrich SR, Navarro DA, Zimmerman L, & Aga DS (2014, January 17). Assessing antibiotic sorption in soil: A literature review and new case studies in sulfonamides and macrolides. Chemistry Central Journal, 8 (1): 5-16. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-8-5. USA – Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo. AUSTRALIA – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Glen Osmond, South Australia

Weiss K, Schüssler W, & Porzelt M (2008, July). Sulfamethazine and flubendazole in seeping water after the sprinkling of manured areas. Chemosphere, 72 (9): 1292-1297. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.053. GERMANY – Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, München

Westergaard K, Müller AK, Christensen S, Bloem J, & Sørensen SJ (2001). Effects of tylosin as a disturbance on the soil microbial community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33 (15): 2061-2071. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00134-1. DENMARK – University of Copenhagen: Department of General Microbiology; Department of Terrestrial Ecology. THE NETHERLANDS – Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen

Winckler C & Grafe A (2001, June). Use of veterinary drugs in intensive animal production: Evidence for persistence of tetracycline in pig slurry. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 1 (2): 66-70. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2013.772644. GERMANY - Research Centre for Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Vechta

Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xie Y, & Zhang H (2010, April). Influence of tetracycline exposure on the growth of wheat seedlings and the rhizosphere microbial community structure in hydroponic culture. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 45 (3): 190-197. doi: 10.1080/03601231003613492. CHINA – College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang

Yi L, Zhao H, Yuan Z, Zhou D, & Liang Y (2016, October). Depression of soil microbial respiration, ammonification and cellulose degradation under the stress of antibiotic residuals. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 15 (10): 2189-2194. CHINA – School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing

Zhang H, Luo Y, Wu L, Huang Y, & Christie P (2015, April). Residues and potential ecological risks of veterinary antibiotics in manures and composts associated with protected vegetable farming. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 22 (8): 5908-5918. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3731-9. CHINA – Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing. UNITED KINGDOM – Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Zheng W-l, Zhang Li-f, Zhang K-y, Wang X-y, & Xue F-q (2012, July). Determination of tetracyclines and their epimers in agricultural soil fertilized with swine manure by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11 (7): 1189-1198. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60114-2. CHINA – Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang

Spread of MRSA to Wildlife:

Gómez P, González-Barrio D, Benito D, Garcia JT, Viñuela J, Zarazaga M, Ruiz-Fons F, & Torres C (2014, August). Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecC gene in wild mammals in Spain. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69 (8): 2061-2064. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt327. SPAIN – Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Servico de Microbiologia y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid; Servico de Medicina Interna, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahondo; Unidad de Enfermedaes Infecciosas, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo

Gonçalves A, Igrejas G, Radhouani H, Correia S, Pacheco R, Santos T, Monteiro R, Guerra A, Petrucci-Fonseca F, Brito F, Torres C, & Poeta P (2013, April). Antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci and Escherichia coli isolates recovered from Iberian wolf. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 56 (4): 268-274. doi: 10.1111/lam.12044. PORTUGAL –University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Center for Animal Science and Veterinary. Grupo Lobo, Lisbon Faculty of Science, Lisbon. SPAIN – Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño.

Guenther S, Grobbel M, Heidemanns K, Schlegel M, Ulrich RG, Ewers C, & Wieler LH (2010, August 1). First insights into antimicrobial resistance among faecal Escherichia coli isolates from small wild mammals in rural areas. The Science of the Total Environment, 408 (17): 3519-3522. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.005. GERMANY – Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems

Guenther S, Grobbel M, Lübke-Becker A, Goedecke A, Friedrich ND, Wieler LH, & Ewers C (2010, July 29). Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli from common European wild bird species. Veterinary Microbiology, 144 (1-2): 219-225. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.016. GERMANY – Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Fachbereich für Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin; Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus von Liebig Universität Gießen, Gießen

Kozak GK, Boerlin P, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, & Jardine C (2009, February). Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 (3): 559-566. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01821-08. CANADA – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario: Department of Pathobiology; Department of Population Medicine. Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario

Loncaric I, Kübber-Heiss A, Posautz A, Stalder GL, Hoffmann D, Rosengarten R, & Walzer C (2013, October). Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Carrying the mecC gene, isolated from wildlife. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68 (10): 2222-2225. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt186. AUSTRIA – Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel

Loncaric I, Stalder GL, Mehinagic K, Rosengarten R, Hoelzl F, Knauer F, & Walzer C (2013, December 31). Comparison of ESBL-and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from migratory and resident population of rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria. PLoS One, 8 (12): e84048. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084048. AUSTRIA – University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna: Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene; Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution

Porrero MC, Mentaberre G, Sánchez S, Fernández-Llario P, Gómez-Barrero S, Navarro-Gonzalez N, Serrano E, Casas-Díaz E, Marco I, Fernández-Garayzabal JF, Mateos A, Vidal D, Lavin S, & Domínguez L (2013, October). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in different free-living wild animal species in Spain. Veterinary Journal, 198 (1): 127-130. doi: 10.1016/jl.2013.06.004. SPAIN – Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid; Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Wildlife Diseases Research Group, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real; Red de Recursos Faunísticos, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres; Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida; Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid

Radhouani H, Poeta P, Gonçalves A, Pacheco R, Sargo R, & Igrejas G (2012, June). Wild birds as biological indicators of environmental pollution: Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and enterococci isolated from common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Journal of Medical Microbiology, 61 (Pt 6): 837-843. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.038364-0. PORTUGAL – University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; Center of Collecting, Welcome and Handling of Wild Animals (CRATAS). Center of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Vila Real

Radhouani H, Silva N, Poeta P, Torres C, Correia S, & Igrejas G (2014, February 5). Potential impact of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife, environment and human health. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 23. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00023. PORTUGAL – University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre; Veterinary Science Department. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Area, University of La Rioja, Logroño

Silva N, Igrejas G, Figueiredo N, Gonçalves A, Radhouani H, Rodrigues J, & Poeta P (2010, September 15). Molecular characterization of microbial resistance in enterococci and Escherichia coli isolates from European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The Science of the Total Environment, 408 (20): 4871-4876. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.046. PORTUGAL – University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real: Veterinary Science Department; Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology. Centre of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Villa Real

Wardyn SE, Kaufmann LK, & Smith TC (2012, October). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in central Iowa wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48 (4): 1069-1073. doi: 10.7589/2011-10-295. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology. Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames

Spread of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance & Pathogens to Plant Life & Humans Through Field Applications of Pig Waste Slurry:

Bassil RJ, Bashour II, Sleiman IT, & Abou-Jawdeh YA (2013). Antibiotic uptake by plants from manure-amended soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 48 (7): 570-574. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2013.774898. LEBANON – Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, American University of Beirut, Beirut

Binh CT, Heuer H, Kaupenjohann M, & Smalla K (2008, October). Piggery manure used for fertilization is a reservoir for transferable antibiotic resistant plasmids. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 66 (1): 25-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00526.x GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Crops (JKI), Braunschweig; Institute of Ecology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin

Boxall AB, Johnson P, Smith EJ, Sinclair CJ, Stutt E, & Levy LS (2006, March 22). Uptake of veterinary medicines from soils into plants. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 54 (6): 2288-2297. doi: 10.1021/jf053041t. UNITED KINGDOM – Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York; Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York; Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton; MRC Institute for Environment and Health, Leicester

Byrne-Bailey KG, Gaze WH, Kay P, Boxall AB, Hawkey PM, & Wellington EM (2009, February). Prevalence of sulfonamide resistance genes in bacterial isolates from manured agricultural soils and pig slurry in the United Kingdom. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53 (2): 696-702. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00652-07. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands; Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Derby, Derbyshire; Department of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham

Campagnolo ER, Johnson KR, Karpati A, Rubin CS, Kolpin DW, Meyer MT, Esteban JE, Currier RW, Smith K, Thu KM, & McGeehin M (2002, November). Antimicrobial residues in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations. The Science of the Total Environment, 299 (1-3): 89-95. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00233-4. USA – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office; Health Studies Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health. United States Geological Survey: Water Resources Division, Iowa City, IA; Water Resources Division, Raleigh, NC. Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines, IA; Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease Control, Columbus, OH; Institute for Rural and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City

Casey JA, Curriero FC, Cosgrove SE, Nachman KE, & Schwartz BS (2013, November 25). High-density livestock operations, crop field application of manure, and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Pennsylvania. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173 (21): 1980-1990. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10408. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Biostatistics; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Health Policy & Management. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, MD. Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA

Casey JA, Shopsin B, Cosgrove SE, Nachman KE, Curriero FC, Rose HR, & Schwartz BS (2014, May). High-density livestock production and molecularly characterized MRSA infections in Pennsylvania. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122 (5): 464-470. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307370. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Biostatistics. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD: Division of Infectious Disease; Department of Medicine. Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Center for Health Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA

Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapic IJ, Lin YF, Yannarell AC, Maxwell S, & Aminov RI (2009, April 27). Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38 (3): 1086-1108. doi: 10.2134/jeq2008.0128. USA – USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, and Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, Urbana. University of Illinois, Urbana: Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences; Institute for Genomic Biology; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences. Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey; Illinois State Water Survey. SCOTLAND – Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen

Chen Q, An X, Li H, Su J, Ma Y, & Zhu Y-G (2016, August). Long-term field application of sewage sludge increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Environment International, 92-93: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.026. CHINA – Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen

Davis JG, Truman CC, Kim SC, Ascough JC 2nd, & Carlson K (2006, October 27). Antibiotic transport via runoff and soil loss. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35 (6): 2250-2260. doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0348. USA – Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO: Department of Soil & Crop Sciences; Department of Civil Engineering. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, GA. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Great Plains Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO

Dolliver H & Gupta S (2008, May 2). Antibiotic losses in leaching and surface runoff from manure-amended agricultural land. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37 (3): 1227-1237. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0392. USA – Department of Plant and Earth Science, University of Wisconsin – River Falls, River Falls; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Dolliver H, Kumar K, & Gupta S (2007, June 27). Sulfamethazine uptake by plants from manure-amended soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36 (4): 1224-1230. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0266. USA – Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Research and Development, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, IL

Gerba CP & Smith, Jr, JE (2005, January). Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34: 42-48. doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0042. USA – Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson; Office of Research and Development, United States EPA, Cincinnati, OH

Graham JP & Nachman KE (2010, December). Managing waste from confined animal feeding operations in the United States: The need for sanitary reform. Journal of Water & Health, 8 (4): 646-670. doi: 10.2166/wh.2010.075. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for a Livable Future

Graves AK, Liwimbi L, Israel DW, van Heugten E, Robinson B, Cahoon CW, & Lubbers JF (2011, March). Distribution of ten antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from swine manure, lagoon effluent and soil collected from a lagoon waste application field. Folia Microbiologica, 56 (2): 131-137. doi: 10.1007/s12223-011-0019-z. USA – North Carolina State University, Raleigh: Department of Soil Science; Department of Animal Science.

He L-Y, Ying G-G, Liu Y-S, Su H-C, Chen J, Liu S-S, & Zhao J-L (2016). Discharge of swine wastes risks water quality and food safety: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine sources to the receiving environments. Environment International, 92-93: 210-219. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.023. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment of Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou

Heuer H, Focks A, Lamschöft M, Smalla K, Matthies M, & Spiteller M (2008, July). Fate of sulfadiazine administered to pigs and its quantitative effect on the dynamics of bacterial resistance genes in manure and manured soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40 (7): 1892-1900. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.014. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig; Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück; Institute of Environmental Research, University of Dortmund, Dortmund

Heuer H, Schmitt H, & Smalla K (2011, June). Antibiotic resistance gene spread due to manure application on agricultural fields. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 14 (3): 236-243. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.009. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Department of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig. THE NETHERLANDS – Institute for Risk Assessment Services, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Heuer H & Smalla K (2007, March). Manure and sulfadiazine synergistically increased bacterial antibiotic resistance in soil over at least two months. Environmental Microbiology, 9 (3): 657-666. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01185.x. GERMANY – Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), Braunschweig

Heuer H, Solehati Q, Zimmerling U, Kleineidam K, Schloter M, Focks A, Thiele-Bruhn S, & Smalla K (2011, April). Accumulation of sulfonamide resistance genes in arable soils due to repeated application of manure containing sulfadiazine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77 (7): 2527-2530. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02577-10. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Department of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Terrestrial Ecogenetics, Neuherberg; Universität Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Osnabrück; Department of Soil Science, University of Trier, Trier

Hoese A, Clay SA, Clay DE, Oswald J, Trooien T, Thaler R, & Carlson CG (2009, May). Chlortetracycline and tylosin runoff from soils treated with antimicrobial containing manure. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 44 (4): 371-378. doi: 10.1080/03601230902801075. USA – South Dakota State University, Brookings: Plant Science Department; Agriculture and Bioengineering Department; Animal Sciences Department

Jechalke S, Kopmann C, Rosendahl I, Groeneweg J, Weichelt V, Krögerrecklenfort E, Brandes N, Nordwig M, Ding GC, Siemens J, Heuer H, & Smalla K (2013, March). Increased abundance and transferability of resistance genes after field application of manure from sulfadiazine-treated pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 (5): 1704-1711. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03172-12. GERMANY – Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 3, Agrosphere, Jülich

Ji X, Shen Q, Liu F, Ma J, Xu G, Wang Y, & Wu M (2012, October 15). Antibiotic resistance gene abundances associated with antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manures and agricultural soils adjacent to feedlots in Shanghai, China. Journal of Hazardous Metals, 235-236: 178-185. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.040. CHINA – School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University; Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai

Joy SR, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Gilley JE, Woodbury BL, Parker DB, Marx DB, & Li X (2013, November 5). Fate and transport of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in soil and runoff following land application of swine manure slurry. Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (21): 12081-12088. doi: 10.1021/es4026358. USA – University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln: Department of Civil Engineering; School of Natural Resources, Water Sciences Laboratory; Department of Statistics. USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE; USDA Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE

Knapp CW, Dolfing J, Ehlert PA, & Graham DW (2010, January 15). Evidence of increasing antibiotic resistance gene abundances in archived soils since 1940. Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (2): 580-587. doi: 10.1021/es901221x. UNITED KINGDOM – School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne. THE NETHERLANDS – Wageningen University and Research Center, Soil Science Center, Wageningen

Koike S, Krapac IG, Oliver HD, Yannarell AC, Chee-Sanford JC, Aminov RI, & Mackie RI (2007, August). Monitoring and source tracking of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater adjacent to swine production facilities over a 3-year period. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (15): 4813-4823. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00665-07. USA – Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and USDA-ARS, Urbana; Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL. UNITED KINGDOM – Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen

Kopmann C, Jechalke S, Rosendahl I, Groeneweg J, Krögerrecklenfort E, Zimmerling U, Weichelt V, Siemens J, Amelung W, Heuer H, & Smalla K (2013, January). Abundance and transferability of antibiotic resistance as related to the fate of sulfadiazine in maize rhizosphere and bulk soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 83 (1): 125-134. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01458.x. GERMANY – Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Braunschweig; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Jülich

Kumar K, Gupta SC, Baidoo SK, Chandler Y, & Rosen CJ (2005). Antibiotic uptake by plants from soil fertilized with animal manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34: 2082-2085. doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0026. USA – University of Minnesota, St. Paul: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate; Department of Animal Science and Southern Research and Outreach Center

Kumar K, Gupta SC, Chandler Y, & Singh AK (2005). Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact on the terrestrial environment. Advances in Agronomy, 87: 1-54. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(05)87001-4. USA – University of Minnesota, St. Paul: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine

Luby EM, Moorman TB, & Soupir ML (2016, April 15). Fate and transport of tylosin-resistant bacteria and macrolide resistance genes in artificially drained agricultural fields receiving swine manure. Science of the Total Environment, 550: 1126-1133. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.132. USA – Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames; National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA

Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapac I, Chee-Sanford J, Maxwell S, & Aminov RI (2006). Tetracycline residues and tetracycline resistance genes in groundwater impacted by swine production facilities. Animal Biotechnology, 17 (2): 157-176. doi: 10.1080/10495390600956953. USA – University of Illinois, Urbana: Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; USDA-ARS and Department of Crop Science; Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building. UNITED KINGDOM – Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen

Marti R, Scott A, Tien Y-C, Murray R, Sabourin L, Zhang Y, & Topp E (2013, September). Impact of manure fertilization on the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance genes in soil and on vegetables at harvest. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 (18): 5701-5709. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01682-13. CANADA – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario

Marti R, Tien Y-C, Murray R, Scott A, Sabourin L, & Topp E (2014, May). Safely coupling livestock and crop production: How rapidly do antibiotic resistance genes dissipate in soil following a commercial application of swine or dairy manure? Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80 (10): 3258-3265. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00231-14. CANADA – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario

Martínez-Carballo E, González-Barreiro C, Scharf S, & Gans O (2007, July). Environmental monitoring study of selected veterinary antibiotics in animal manure and soils in Austria. Environmental Pollution, 148 (2): 570-579. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.035. AUSTRIA – Department of Hazardous Substances and Metabolites, Austrian Federal Environment Agency, Vienna

Munir M & Xagoraraki I (2011, January-February). Levels of antibiotic resistance in manure, biosolids, and fertilized soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40 (1): 248-255. doi: 10.2134/jeq2010.0209. USA – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing

Onan LJ & LaPara TM (2003, March 14). Tylosin-resistant bacteria cultivated from agricultural soil. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 220 (1): 15-20. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00045-4. USA – Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Rahube TO & Yost CK (2012, June). Characterization of a mobile and multiple resistance plasmid isolated from swine manure and its detection in soil after manure application. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112 (6): 1123-1133. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05301.x. CANADA – Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan

Sengeløv G, Agersø Y, Halling-Sørensen B, Baloda SB, Andersen JS, & Jensen JB (2003, January). Bacterial antibiotic resistance levels in Danish farmland as a result of treatment with pig manure slurry. Environment International, 28 (7): 587-595. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00084-3. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen; Section of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen

Soupir ML, Helmers MJ, & Moorman TB (2013). Antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes in crop fields. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports: 1952. Retrieved from . USA – Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames

Su JQ, Wei B, Xu CY, Qiao M, & Zhu YG (2014, April). Functional metagenomic characterization of antiobiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils from China. Environment International, 65: 9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.010. CHINA – Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Udikovic-Kolic N, Wichmann F, Broderick NA, & Handelsman J (2014, October 21). Bloom of resident antibiotic-resistant bacteria in soil following manure fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 (42): 15202-15207. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409836111/-/DCSupplemental. USA – Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. CROATIA – Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb. SWITZERLAND – Biosafety Research, State Laboratory Basel, Basel

Walczak JJ, Bardy SL, Feriancikova L, & Xu S (2011, February). Influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived Escherichia coli in saturated porous media. Water Research, 45 (4): 1681-1690. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.014. USA – University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee: Department of Geosciences; Department of Biological Sciences

Wang J, Ben W, Yang M, Zhang Y, & Qiang Z (2016). Dissemination of veterinary antibiotics and corresponding resistance genes from a concentrated swine feedlot along the waste treatment paths. Environment International, 92-93: 317-323. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.020. CHINA – Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Cener for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Wang N, Yang X, Jiao S, Zhang J, Ye B, & Gao S (2014, November 18). Sulfonamide-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soils fertilized with manures from Jiangsu Province, Southeastern China. PLoS One, 9 (11): e112626. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112626. CHINA – State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing

Wu N, Qiao M, Zhang B, Cheng W-D, & Zhu Y-G (2010). Abundance and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in soils adjacent to representative swine feedlots in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (18): 6933-6939. doi: 10.1021/es1007802. CHINA – Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian; Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing

Zhou Z, Raskin L, & Zilles JL (2010, April). Effects of swine manure on macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antimicrobial resistance in soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76 (7): 2218-2224. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02183-09. USA – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana

Spread of Antibiotic Resistance & Pathogens via Air Transport

Arfken AM, Song B, & Sung JS (2015, May). Comparison of airborne bacterial communities from a hog farm and a spray field. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 25 (5): 709-715. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1408.08005. USA – Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point. REPUBLIC OF KOREA – Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul

Barrett JR (2005, February). Airborne bacteria in CAFOs: Transfer of resistance from animals to humans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113 (2): A116-A117. doi: 10.1289/ehp.113-a116b. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Berry ED, Wells JE, Bono JL, Woodbury BL, Kalchayanand N, Norman KN, Suslow TV, López-Velasco G, & Millner PD (2015, February). Effect of proximity to a cattle feedlot on Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of leafy greens and evaluation of the potential for airborne transmission. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81 (3): 1101-1110. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02998-14. USA – USDA Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE; Department of Plant Science, University of California-Davis, Davis; USDA ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD

Chapin A, Rule A, Gibson K, Buckley T, & Schwab K (2005, February). Airborne multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from a concentrated swine feeding operation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113 (2): 137-142. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7473. USA – Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Duan H, Chai T, Liu J, Zhang X, Qi C, Gao J, Wang Y, Cai Y, Miao Z, Yao M, & Schlenker G (2009, July). Source identification of airborne Escherichia coli of swine house surroundings using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR. Environmental Research, 109 (5): 511-517. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.014. CHINA – College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jining Agricultural School, Shandong; Central Hospital of Taian City, Shandong; College of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian. GERMANY – Institute of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, Free University Berlin

Ferguson DD, Smith TC, Hanson BM, Wardyn SE, & Donham KJ (2016, June). Detection of airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus inside and downwind of a swine building, and in animal feed: Potential occupational, animal health, and environmental implications. Journal of Agromedicine, 21 (2): 149-153. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2016.1142917. USA – College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Epidemiology; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health. Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Friese A, Schulz J, Hoehle L, Fetsch A, Teenhagen B-A, Hartung J, & Roesler (2012, July 6). Occurrence of MRSA in air and housing environment of pig barns. Veterinary Microbiology, 158 (1-2): 123-128. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.020. GERMANY – Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Berlin; Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Gibbs SG, Green CF, Tarwater PM, Mota LC, Mena KD, & Scarpino PV (2006, July). Isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the air plume downwind of a swine-confined or concentrated animal feeding operation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (7): 1032-1037. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8910. USA – University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, El Paso; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

Gibbs SG, Green CF, Tarwater PM, & Scarpino PV (2004, November). Airborne antibiotic resistant and nonresistant bacteria and fungi recovered from two swine herd confined animal feeding operations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1 (11): 699-706. doi: 10.1080/15459620490515824. USA – University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, El Paso; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

Green CF, Gibbs SG, Tarwater PM, Mota LC, & Scarpino PV (2006, January). Bacterial plume emanating from the air surrounding swine confinement operations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 3 (1): 9-15. doi: 10.1080/15459620500430615. USA – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, El Paso

Heederik D, Sigsgaard T, Thorne PS, Kline JN, Avery R, Bønløkke JH, Chrischilles EA, Dosman JA, Duchaine C, Kirkhorn SR, Kulhankova K, & Merchant JA (2007, February). Health effects of airborn exposures from concentrated animal feeding operations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (2): 298-302. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8835. THE NETHERLANDS – University of Utrecht, Utrecht. DENMARK – University of Aarhus, Aarhus. USA – The University of Iowa, Iowa City; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield, WI. CANADA – University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec

Hong P-Y, Li X, Yang X, Shinkai T, Zhang Y, Wang X, & Mackie RI (2012, June). Monitoring airborne biotic contaminants in the indoor environment of pig and poultry confinement buildings. Environmental Microbiology, 14 (6): 1420-1431. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02726.x. USA – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana: Department of Animal Science; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Institute of Genomic Biology

Kim K-Y, Ko H-J, & Kim D (2012, December). Assessment of airborne microorganisms in a swine wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Engineering Research, 17 (4): 211-216. doi: 10:4491/eer.2012.17.4.211. KOREA – Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan, Pusan; Division of Livestock Policy, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul

Ko G, Simmons OD III, Likirdopulos CA, Worley-Davis L, Williams M, & Sobsey MD (2008, December 1). Investigation of bioaerosols released from swine farms using conventional and alternative waste treatment and management technologies. Environmental Science & Technologies, 42 (23): 8849-8857. doi: 10.1021/es801091t. KOREA – Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul. USA – Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Létourneau V, Nehmé B, Mériaux A, Massé D, Cormier Y, & Duchaine C (2010, November). Human pathogens and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in bioaerosols of swine confinement buildings and in nasal flora of hog producers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 213 (6): 444-449. doi: 10.1016/j.imheh.2010.09.008. CANADA – Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec, Quebec; Dairy and Swine Research and Development Center, Lennoxville, Quebec; Department de Médecine, Faculté de Méedecine, Université Laval, Québec; Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec

Masclaux FG, Sakwinska O, Charrière N, Semaani E, & Oppliger A (2013, June). Concentration of airborne Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA), total bacteria, and endotoxins in pig farms. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 57 (5): 550-557. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes098. SWITZERLAND – Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne; SUISAG, SGD – SSP, Orbe

McEachran AD, Blackwell BR, Hanson JD, Wooten KJ, Mayer GD, Cox SB, & Smith PN (2015, April). Antibiotics, bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes: Aerial transport from cattle yards via particulate matter. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123 (4): 337-343. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1408555. USA – Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock; Research and Testing Laboratory, Lubbock, TX

Rule AM, Evans SL, & Silbergeld EK (2008). Food animal transport: A potential source of community exposures to health hazards from industrial farming (CAFOs). Journal of Infection and Public Health, 1 (1): 33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2008.08.001. USA – Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Scarpino PV & Quinn H (1998, September). Bioaerosol distribution patterns adjacent to two swine-growing-finishing housed confinement units in the American Midwest. Journal of Aerosol Science, 29 (Suppl. 1): S553-S554. doi: 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00289-4. USA – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

Schmithausen RM, Schulze-Geisthoevel SV, Stemmer F, El-Jade M, Reif M, Hack S, Meilaender A, Montabauer G, Fimmers R, Parcina M, Hoerauf A, Exner M, Petersen B, Bierbaum G, & Bekeredjian-Ding I (2015, September 30). Analysis of transmission of MRSA and ESBL-E among pigs and farm personnel. PLoS One, 10 (9): e0138173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138173. GERMANY – University Hospital Bonn, Bonn: Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology; Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Computer Science; Institute of Hygiene and Public Health. Institute of Animal Science, Preventive Health Management Group, University of Bonn, Bonn. Division of EU cooperation/Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen

Schulz J, Friese A, Klees S, Tenhagen BA, Fetsch A, Rösler U, & Hartung J (2012, August). Longitudinal study of the contamination of air and of soil surfaces in the vicinity of pig barns by livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 (16): 5666-5671. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00550-12. GERMANY – Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover; Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Berlin; Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Detmold; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin

Seedorf J & Schmidt R-G (2017). The simulated air flow pattern around a moving animal transport vehicle as the basis for a prospective biosecurity risk assessment. Heliyon, 3 (8): e00358. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017. e00358. GERMANY – University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück: Unit of Animal Hygiene and Food Safety; Laboratory for Fluid Mechanics and Turbomachinery

Thorne PS (2007, February). Environmental health impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations: Anticipating hazards - Searching for solutions. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (2): 296-297. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8831. USA – College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City

Thorne PS, Ansley AC, & Perry SS (2009, April). Concentrations of bioaerosols, odors, and hydrogen sulfide inside and downwind from two types of swine livestock operations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 6 (4): 211-220. doi: 10.1080/15459620902729184. USA – Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Yuan W, Chai TJ, & Miao ZM (2010, February). ERIC-PCR identification of the spread of airborne Escherichia coli in pig houses. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (6): 1446-1450. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.019. CHINA – College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Tai'an

Role of Antibiotic & Therapeutic Use By CAFOs in Developing Antibiotic Resistant Organisms:

Aarestrup FM (2000). Occurrence, selection and spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents used for growth promotion for food animals in Denmark. APMIS. Supplementum, 101: 1-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2000.tb053.80.x. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Aarestrup FM (2005). Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 96: 271-281. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x. DENMARK – Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Copenhagen

Aarestrup FM (2012, June 28). Get pigs off antibiotics. Nature, 486: 465-466. doi: 10.1038/486465a. DENMARK – World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens at the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Aarestrup FM (2015, June 5). The livestock reservoir for antimicrobial resistance: a personal view on changing patterns of risks, effects of interventions and the way forward. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 370 (1670): 20140085. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0085. DENMARK – National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark

Aarestrup FM, Bager F, Jensen NE, Meyling MMA, & Wegener HC (1998, January). Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark. APMIS, 106 (1-6): 606-622. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01391.x. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Aarestrup FM, Cavaco L, & Hasman H (2010, May 19). Decreased susceptibility to zinc chloride is associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in Danish swine. Veterinary Microbiology, 142 (3-4): 455-457. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.021. DENMARK - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Allen HK, Looft T, Bayles DO, Humphrey S, Levine UY, Alt, D, & Stanton TB (2011, November). Antibiotics in feed induce prophages in swine fecal microbiomes. mBio, 2 (6): e00260-11. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00260-11. USA – Research Units: Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens; Genomics; National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA

Aminov RI (2010, December 8). A brief history of the antibiotic era: Lessons learned and challenges for the future. Frontiers in Microbiology, 1: 134. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134. UNITED KINGDOM – Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen

Anderson RM (2015, June 5). Preface - Antimicrobial resistance: Addressing the threat to global health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 370 (1670): 20140305. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0305. UNITED KINGDOM – London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London

Baquero F, Lanza VF, Cantón R, & Coque TM (2015, March). Public health evolutionary biology of antimicrobial resistance: Priorities for intervention. Evolutionary Applications, 8 (3): 223-239. doi: 10.1111/eva.12235. SPAIN – Departamento de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid; Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD 12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid

Barton MD (2014). Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 19: 9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.017 AUSTRALIA – School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and the Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia

Bengtsson B & Greko C (2014, May). Antibiotic resistance - Consequences for animal health, welfare, and food production. Uppsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 119 (2): 96-102. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.901445. SWEDEN – National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala

Bengtsson B & Wierup M (2006). Antimicrobial resistance in Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. Animal Biotechnology, 17 (2): 147-156. doi: 10.1080/10495390600956920. SWEDEN – National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala

Cavaco LM, Hasman H, Aarestrup FA, & Members of MRSA-CG: Wagenaar JA, Graveland H, Veldman K, Mevius D, Fetsch A, Tenhagen B-A, Porrero MC, Dominguez L, Granier SA, Jouy E, Butaye P, Kaszanyitzky E, Dán A, Zmudzki J, Battisti A, Franco A, Schwarz S, & Gutierrez M (2011, June 2). Zinc resistance of Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin is strongly associated with methicillin resistance. Veterinary Microbiology, 150 (3-4): 344-348. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.014. DENMARK – Research Group for Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Chang Q, Wang W, Regev-Yochay G, Lipsitch M, & Hanage WP (2015, March). Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: How worried should we be? Evolutionary Applications, 8 (3): 240-247. doi: 10.1111/eva.12185. USA – Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. ISRAEL – Infectious Disease Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv

Chantziaras I, Boyen F, Callens B, & Dewulf J (2014, March). Correlation between veterinary antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals: A report on seven countries. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 89 (3): 827-834. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt443. BELGIUM – Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke: Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease

Chattopadhyay MK (2014, July). Use of antibiotics as food additives: A burning question. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 334. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00334. INDIA – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad

Chen J, Michael FC Jr., Streevatsan S, Morrison M, & Yu Z (2010, October). Occurrence and persistence of erythomycin resistance genes (erm) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet) in waste treatment systems on swine farms. Microbial Ecology, 60 (3): 479-486. doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9634-5. USA – The Ohio State University, Columbus: Department of Animal Sciences; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Environmental Science Graduate Program. Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Chen Y, Zhang H, Luo Y, & Song J (2012, April). Occurrence and dissipation of veterinary antibiotics in two typical swine wastewater treatment systems in east China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (4): 2205-2217. doi: 10.1007/s10661-011-2110-y. CHINA – Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Soil and Environmental Bioremediation Center, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Cheng W, Chen H, Su C, & Yen S (2013, November). Abundance and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in livestock farms: A comprehensive investigation in eastern China. Environment International, 61: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.023. CHINA – Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou

Chiller TM, Burrett T, & Angulo FJ (2004, July). CDC studies incorrectly summarized in 'critical review.' [Comment on "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 275-276. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh263. USA – U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. For other criticism of Phillips et al, see also: Collignon P (2004, July); Jensen et al (2004, July); Karp & Engberg (2004, July); & Tollefson L (2004, July). For response to critics, see Phillips et al (2004, July).

Collignon P (2004, July). Antibiotic growth promoters. [Comment on "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 272. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh266. AUSTRALIA – Infectious Diseases Unit and Microbiology Department, The Canberra Hospital, Woden. For other criticism of Phillips et al, see also: Chiller et al (2004, July); Jensen et al (2004, July); Karp and Engberg (2004, July); & Tollefson L (2004, July). For response to critics, see Phillips et al (2004, July).

Cytryn E (2013, August). The soil resistome: The anthropogenic, the native, and the unknown. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 63: 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.017. ISRAEL – Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan

Dibner JJ & Richards JD (2005). Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action. Poultry Science, 84: 634-643. doi: 10.1093/ps/84.4.634. USA – Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO

Dorado-Garcia A, Dohmen W, Bos MEH, Verstappen KM, Houben M, Wagenaar JA, & Heedrik DJJ (2015, June). Dose-response relationship between antimicrobial drugs and livestock-associated MRSA in pig farming. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21 (6): 950-959. doi: 10.3201/eid2016.140706. THE NETHERLANDS – Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Wageningen UR, Lelystad; PorQ BV, Son

Economou V & Gousia P (2015, April 1). Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Infection and Drug Resistance, 8: 49-61. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S55770. GREECE – Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Food-Water Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina

Fair RJ & Tor Y (2014). Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in Medical Chemistry, 6: 25-64. doi: 10.4137/PMC.S14459. GERMANY – Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Berlin. USA – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA

Grave K, Jensen VF, Odensvik K, Wierup M, & Bangen M (2006, July 17). Usage of veterinary therapeutic antimicrobials in Denmark, Norway and Sweden following termination of antimicrobial growth promoter use. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 75 (1-2): 123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.02.003. NORWAY – Department of Food Hygiene and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo; Veterinary Drug Information Centre, c/o Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo. DENMARK – Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute of Food and Veterinary Research, Sóborg

Grave K & Wegener HC (2006, December 16). Comment on: Veterinarians' profit on drug dispensing. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 77 (3-4): 306-308. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.010. NORWAY – Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo. DENMARK – Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute of Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg

Gyles C (2011, August). The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52: 817-820. CANADA – Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario

Hoelzer K, Wong N, Thomas J, Talkington, Jungman E, & Coukell A (2017, July 4). Antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals and associated human health risks: What, and how strong, is the evidence? BMC Veterinary Research, 13 (1): 211. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1131-3. USA – The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC

Hollis A & Ahmed Z (2014, November). The path of least resistance: Paying for antibiotics in non-human uses. Health Policy, 118 (2): 264-270. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.08.013. CANADA – Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario

Hölzel CS, Schwaiger K, Harms K, Küchenhoff H, Kunz A, Meyer K, Müller C, & Bauer J (2010, May). Sewage sludge and liquid pig manure as possible sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Environmental Research, 110 (4): 318-326. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.009. GERMANY – Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universitätat München, Freising; Statistical Consulting Unit (STABLAB), Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitäat München, München; Institute for Agroecology, Organic Farming and Soil Protection, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Freising

Jensen HH & Hayes DJ (2014, June). Impact of Denmark's ban on antimicrobials for growth promotion. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 19: 30-36. USA – Department of Economics and Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames

Jensen VF, Neimann J, Hammerum AM, Mølbak K, & Wegener HC (2004, July). Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? An unbiased review? [Comment on "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 274-275. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh264. DENMARK – Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg; Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. For other criticism of Phillips et al, see also: Chiller et al (2004, July); Collignon P (2004, July); Karp & Engberg (2004, July); & Tollefson L (2004, July). For response to critics, see Phillips et al (2004, July).

Jindal A, Kocherginskaya S, Mehboob A, Roberts M, Mackie RI, Raskin L, & Zilles JL (2006, December). Antimicrobial use and resistance in swine waste treatment systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 (12): 7813-7820. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01087-06. USA – University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Department of Agricultural Engineering; Department of Animal Sciences; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Jones JB & Stewart WF (2009, February-March). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and antimicrobial use. Health and Drug Benefits, Supplement 1, 2 (2): S68-S73. USA – Geisinger Center for Health Research, Danville, PA: Research Investigator; Associate Chief Research Officer and Director

Jukes TH (1972, September). Antibiotics in animal feeds and animal production. BioScience, 22 (9): 526-534. doi: 10.2307/1296312. USA – Division of Medical Physics, University of California, Berkeley

Karp BE & Engberg J (2004, July). Comment on: Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. [Comment on "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 273-274. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh265. USA – U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen For other criticism of Phillips et al, see also: Chiller et al (2004, July); Collignon P (2004, July); Jensen et al (2004, July); & Tollefson L (2004, July). For response to critics, see Phillips et al (2004, July).

Kempf I, Jouy E, Granier SA, Chauvin C, Sanders P, Salvat G, & Madec J-Y (2015). Comment on 'Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry,' by Mary D. Barton [Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 19 (June 2014) 9-15]. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 26: 137-138. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.013. FRANCE – Université Européene de Bretagne, Renes; Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments de Maisons-Alfort, Unité Caractérisation et Epidémiologie Bactérienne 23, Maisons-Alfort Cedex; Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon. ANSES: Ploufragan Laboratory, Ploufragan; Laboratoire de Fougères, Fougères

Kreisberg J (2009, April/May). Bacterial resistance and antibiotic overuse. Integrative Medicine, 8 (2): 44-45. USA – Chiropractor and Clinical Homeopathic Physician, Teleosis Institute, Berkeley, CA

Kümmerer K (2003). Significance of antibiotics in the environment. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52: 5-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg293. GERMANY – Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg University Hospital

Laine T, Yliaho M, Myllys V, Pohjanvirta T, Fossi M, & Anttila (2004, December 15). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 66 (1-4): 123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.02.023. NORWAY – Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo; Veterinary Drug Information Centre, Oslo. DENMARK – Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute of Food and Veterinary Research, Söborg. SWEDEN – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala

Landers TF, Cohen B, Wittum TE, & Larson EL (2012, January-February). A review of antibiotic use in food animals: Perspective, policy, and potential. Public Health Reports, 127 (1): 4-22. doi: 10.1177/003335491212700103. USA – The Ohio State University, Columbus: College of Nursing; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine. Center for Interdisciplinary Research to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY

Levy SB (1982, July 10). Microbial resistance to antibiotics: An evolving and persistent problem. Lancet, 320 (8289): 83-88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91701-9. USA – Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA

Maron DF, Smith TJ, & Nachman KE (2013). Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: An international regulatory and economic survey. Globalization and Health, 9 (1): 1-21. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-9-48. USA – Department of Environmental Health Services, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

Marshall BM & Levy SB (2011, October). Food animals and antimicrobials: Impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24 (4): 718-733. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00002-11. USA – Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology; Department of Medicine. Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Boston, MA

Martinez JL (2009). Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environmental Pollution, 157: 2893-2902. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.051. SPAIN – Departmento de Biotechnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid

Moodley A, Nielsen SS, & Guardabassi L (2011, September 28). Effects of tetracycline and zinc on selection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 398 in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 152 (3-4): 420-423. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.025. DENMARK – Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Department of Large Animal Sciences. See also Burch DGS (2014, October 10) "Letter to the Editor," Veterinary Microbiology, 173 (3-4): 398-400. See also Moodley et al (2014, October 10) "Author's Response," Veterinary Microbiology, 173 (3-4): 401-402.

Moodley A, Nielsen SS, & Guardabassi L (2014, October 10). Reply to the letter to the editor: Author's response: Critique of paper 'Effects of tetracycline and zinc on selection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 398 in pigs.' Veterinary Microbiology, 173 (3-4): 401-402. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.023. DENMARK – Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Health and Medical Sciences. See also Burch DGS (2014, October 10) "Letter to the Editor," Veterinary Microbiology, 173 (3-4): 398-400. See also Moodley et al (2011, September 28) "Effects of tetracycline and zinc on selection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 398 in pigs," Veterinary Microbiology, 152 (3-4): 420-423.

Morris C, Helliwell R, & Raman S (2016, June). Framing the agricultural use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in UK national newspapers and the farming press. Journal of Rural Studies, 45: 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.003. UNITED KINGDOM – University of Nottingham, Nottingham: School of Geography; School of Sociology and Social Policy

Phillips I, Casewell M, Cox T, de Groot B, Friis C, Jones R, Nightingale C, Preston R, & Waddell (2004, July). Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A reply to critics. [Response to criticism of "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 276-278. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh262. USA – Cox Associates, Denver, CO; Livestock Information Services, Callaway, KS & Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA; Hartford Hospital, University of Connecticut, Hartford; Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; Sutton Veterinary Clinic, Sutton, NE. DENMARK – Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. UNITED KINGDOM – University of London. See also criticism: Chiller et al (2004, July); Collignon P (2004, July); Jensen et al (2004, July); Karp and Engberg (2004, July); & Tollefson L (2004, July).

Ritterman JB (2006, Fall). Preventing antibiotic resistance: The next step. The Permanente Journal, 10 (3): 35-39. doi: 10.7812/TPP/05-155. USA – Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Richmond, CA

Robinson TP, Wertheim HFL, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Bu Dengpan B, & Price LB (2016, January 9). Animal production and antimicrobial resistance in the clinic. Lancet, 387: e1-e3. doi: 10.1016/S0140.6736(15)00520-8. KENYA – International Livestock Research Institute; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen. CHINA – Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing. USA – Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, Cohen J, Findlay D, Gyssens I, Heure OE, Kahlmeter G, Kruse H, Laxminarayan R, Liébana E, López-Cerero L, MacGowan A, Martins M, Rodriguez-Baño J, Rolain J-M, Segovia C, Sigauque B, Taconelli E, Wellington E, & Vila J (2015). The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: Science for intervention. New Microbes and New Infections, 6: 22-29. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007. SPAIN – ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona; Department of Microbiology at the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Division for Research in Microbial Biology and Evolution, CIBERESP, Madrid; Unidad Clinica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville. TURKEY – Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara. FRANCE – Fondation Hôpital St. Joseph, Paris; World Alliance Against Antibiotic Resistance (WAAAR), Creteil; Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Inserm, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseilles. UNITED KINGDOM – European Medicines Agency (EMA), London; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton; Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry. BELGIUM – Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen. DENMARK – WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Copenhagen. SWEDEN – European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm; Clinical Microbiology, Central Hospital, Växjö; EUCAST Steering Committee, Växjö. GERMANY – Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen. USA – Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, DC; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. ITALY – Scientific Unit on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma. IRELAND – School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Food and Safety, Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin, Dublin. SWITZERLAND – ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel

Schwaiger K, Harms K, Hölzel C, Meyer K, Karl M, & Bauer J (2009, November). Tetracycline in liquid manure selects for co-occurrence of the resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) in Enterococcus faecalis. Veterinary Microbiology, 139 (3-4): 386-392. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.005. GERMANY – Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan

Silbergeld EK, Davis M, Leibler JH, & Peterson AE (2008). One reservoir: Redefining the community origins of antimicrobial-resistant infections. Medical Clinics of North America, 92 (6): 1391-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.003. USA – School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Epidemiology

Silbergeld EK, Graham J, & Price LB (2008). Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annual Review of Public Health, 29: 151-169. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Singer RS, Finch R, Wegener HC, Bywater R, Walters J, & Lipsitch (2003, January). Antibiotic resistance – the interplay between antibiotic use in animals and human beings. Lancet, 3 (1): 47-51. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00490-0. USA – College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Institute & World Health Organization, Copenhagen. UNITED KINGDOM – Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Nottingham, Nottingham; Bywater Consultancy, Shropshire

Slifierz MJ, Friendship R, & Weese JS (2015, April). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in commercial swine herds is associated with disinfectant and zinc usage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81 (8): 2690-2695. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00036-15. CANADA – Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario: Department of Pathobiology; Department of Population Medicine

Slifierz MJ, Friendship R, & Weese JS (2015, June). Zinc oxide therapy increases prevalence and persistence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs: A randomized control study. Zoonoses and Public Health, 62 (4): 301-308. doi: 10.1111/zph.12150. CANADA – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario: Department of Pathobiology; Department of Population Medicine

Speksnijder DC, Jaarsma DAC, Verheij TJM, & Wagenaar JA (2015, October). Attitudes and perceptions of Dutch veterinarians on their role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 121 (3-4): 365-373. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.014. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Veterinary Clinic Tweetstromenland, Wichen; Centre for Research and Innovation in Medical Education, University Medical Center, Groningen; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Wageningen

Speksnijder DC, Mevious DJ, Bruschke CJM, & Wagenaar JA (2015, April Supplement). Reduction of veterinary antimicrobial use in the Netherlands: The Dutch success model. Zoonoses & Public Health, 62: 79-87. doi: 10.1111/zph.12167. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Wageningen; Veterinary Clinic Tweetstromenland, Wichen; Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Hague

Tao C-W, Hsu B-M, Ji W-T, Hsu T-K, Kao P-M, Hsu C-P, Shen S-M, Shen T-Y, Wan T-J, & Huang Y-L (2014, October 15). Evaluation of five antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment systems of swine farms by real-time PCR. Science of the Total Environment, 496: 116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.024. TAIWAN – Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi; Department of Opthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital; Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung

Teillant A, Brower CH, & Laxminarayan R (2015). Economics of Growth Promoters in Livestock. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7: 349-374. doi: 10.1146/annurevv-resource-100814-125015. USA – Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ; Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC

Tollefson L (2004, July). Factual errors in review article. [Comment on "Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data," Phillips et al (2004, January), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53 (1): 28-52] Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54 (1): 271. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh267. USA – U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Rockville, MD. For other criticism of Phillips et al, see also: Chiller et al (2004, July); Collignon P (2004, July); Jensen et al (2004, July); & Karp and Engberg (2004, July). For response to critics, see Phillips et al (2004, July).

Tomson G & Vlad I (2014, May). The need to look at antibiotic resistance from a health systems perspective. Uppsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 119 (2): 117-124. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.902879. SWEDEN – Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm: Department of Public Health Sciences; Medical Management Centre (MMC), Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics

Wang L, Oda U, Grewal S, Morrison M, Michel Jr FC, & Yu Z (2012). Persistence of resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline in swine manure during simulated composting and lagoon treatments. Microbial Ecology, 63: 32-40. doi: 10.1007/s00248-011-9921-9. USA – The Ohio State University, Columbus: Department of Animal Sciences, Environmental Science Graduate Program; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Wegener HC (2003, October). Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 6 (5): 439-445. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.009. DENMARK – Danish Zoonosis Centre, Danish Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen

Wierup M (2001, September). The experience of reducing antibiotics used in animal production in the Nordic countries. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 18 (3): 287-290. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00380-6. SWEDEN – Swedish Animal Health Service, Johanneshov

Witte W (1998, February 13). Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. Science, 279 (5353): 996-997. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5353.996. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode

Woolhouse M, Ward M, van Bunnik B, & Farrar J (2015). Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 370: 20140083. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0083. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, London

You Y & Silbergeld EK (2014, June). Learning from agriculture: Understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion. Frontiers in Microbiology: Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy, 15 (284): 1. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00284. USA – Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Other Antibiotic-resistant Pathogens Resulting From Agricultural Use of Antibiotics:

Aarestrup FM, Agersø Y, Gerner-Smidt P, Madsen M, & Jensen LB (2000, June). Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 37 (2): 127-137. doi: 10.1016/S0732-8893(00)00130-9. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen; Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Aarhus; Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen

Aarestrup FM, Jensen VF, Emborg HD, Jacobsen E, & Wegener HC (2010, July). Changes in the use of antimicrobials and the effects on productivity of swine farms in Denmark. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 71 (7): 726-733. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.7.726. DENMARK – Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby: National Food Institute; National Veterinary Institute

Aarestrup FM, Kruse H, Tast E, Hammerum AM, & Jensen LB (2000, Spring). Associations between the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs in Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Microbial Drug Resistance, 6 (1): 63-70. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2000.6.63. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen. NORWAY – National Veterinary Institute, Oslo. FINLAND – National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Helsinki

Aarestrup FM & McNicholas PM (2002, September). Incidence of high-level evernimicin resistance in Enterococcus faecium among food animals and humans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46 (9): 3088-3090. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.9.3088-3090.2002. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen. USA – Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ

Aarestrup FM, Oliver Duran C, & Burch DG (2008, December). Antimicrobial resistance in swine production. Animal Health Research Reviews, 9 (2): 135-148. doi: 10.1017/S1466252308001503. DENMARK – National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen. IRELAND – Moss Veterinary Partners IDA Estate, Naas, County Kildare. UNITED KINGDOM – Octagon Services Ltd, Old Windsor, Berkshire

Aarestrup FM, Seyfarth AM, Emborg HD, Pedersen K, Hendriksen RS, & Bager F (2001, July). Effect of abolishment of the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal enterococci from food animals in Denmark. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45 (7): 2054-2059. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.7.2054-2059.2001. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen; Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Aarhus

Aarestrup FM & Wegener HC (1999, July). The effects of antibiotic usage in food animals on the development of antimicrobial resistance of importance for humans in Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. Microbes and Infection, 1 (8): 639-644. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80064-1. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Agersø Y & Aarestrup FM (2013, March). Voluntary ban on cephalosporin use in Danish pig production has effectively reduced extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli in slaughter pigs. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68 (3): 569-572. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks427. DENMARK – Research Group of Bacterial Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Agersø Y, Aarestrup FM, Pedersen K, Seyfarth AM, Struve T, & Hasman H (2012, March). Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC)-producing Escherichia coli in Danish slaughter pigs and retail meat identified by selective enrichment and association with cephalosporin usage. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 67 (3): 582-588. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr507. DENMARK – Research Group of Bacterial Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby; Zoonosis Laboratory, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen; Unit of Epidemiological Research, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Söborg

Akwar HT, Poppe C, Wilson J, Reid-Smith RJ, Dyck M, Waddington J, Shang D, & McEwen SA (2008). Prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli among pigs on 47 farrow-to-finish farms with different in-feed medication policies in Ontario and British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72 (2): 195-201. CANADA – Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario; Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Guelph, Ontario; Foodborne, Waterborne & Zoonotic Infections Division, PHAC, Guelph, Ontario; Western Region Laboratory, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, British Columbia; Animal Health Centre, BC MAFF, Abbotsford, British Columbia

Anderson AD, Nelson JM, Rossiter S, & Angulo FJ (2003, Winter). Public health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in food animals in the United States. Microbial Drug Resistance, 9 (4): 373-379. doi: 10.1089/107662903322762815. USA – Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Vandendriessche S, Vandecandelaere I, André F-X, Denis O, Coenye T, & Butaye P (2015, July). Antimicrobial resistance and population structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from animals and humans. Veterinary Microbiology, 178 (1-2): 105-113. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.019. BELGIUM – Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels; Ghent University, Merelbeke; Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylococcus, Hospital Erasme, Brussels; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent

Bager F, Madsen M, Christensen J, & Aarestrup F (1997, July). Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 31 (1-2): 95-112. doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01119-1. DENMARK – Danish Veterinary Laboratory: Copenhagen & Arhus

Brolund A (2014, October 1). Overview of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from a Nordic perspective. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology: 4. doi: 10.3402/iee.v4.24555. SWEDEN – Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna

Carmo LP, Nielsen LR, da Costa PM, & Alban L (2014, February 5). Exposure assessment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases/AmpC beta lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in meat in Denmark. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 4. doi: 10.3402/iee.v4.22924. PORTUGAL – University of Porto, Porto: Department of Aquatic Production, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Science (ICBAS); Laboratory of Nutrition, Growth and Quality of Fish, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR). DENMARK – Population Biology Group, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen

Davis GS & Price LB (2016, June). Recent research examining links among Klebsiella pneumoniae from food, food animals, and human extraintestinal infections. Current Environmental Health Report, 3 (2): 128-135. doi: 10.1007/s40572-016-0089-9. USA – Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Antibiotic Resistance Action Center

Donabedian SM, Perri MB, Abdujamilova N, Gordoncillo MJ, Naqvi A, Reyes KC, Zervos MJ, & Bartlett P (2010, November). Characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from swine in three Michigan counties. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48 (11): 4156-4160. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02346-09. USA – Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

Egervärn M, Börjesson S, Byfors S, Finn M, Kaipe C, Englund S, & Lindblad M (2014, February 3). Escherichia coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or transferable AmpC beta-lactamases and Salmonella on meat imported into Sweden. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 171: 8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.005. SWEDEN – National Food Agency, Risk and Benefit Assessment Department, Uppsala; National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala

Freitas AR, Coque TM, Novais C, Hammerum AM, Lester CH, Zervos MJ, Donabedian S, Jensen LB, Francia MV, Baquero F, & Peixe L (2011, March). Human and swine hosts share vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium CC17 and CC5 and Enterococcus faecalis CC2 clonal clusters harboring Tn1546 on indistinguishable plasmids. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49 (3): 925-931. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01750-10. PORTUGAL – REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto; CEBIMED, Faculdade Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto. SPAIN – Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid; Ciber en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla e Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander. DENMARK – Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Copenhagen. USA – Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI

Frye JG & Jackson CR (2013, May 23). Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. Isolated from U.S. food animals. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4: 135. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00135. USA – Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA

Garcia-Garrote F, Cercenado E, Marin M, Bal M, Trincado P, Corredoira J, Ballesteros C, Pita J, Alonso P, & Vindel A (2014, January). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the mecC gene: Emergence in Spain and a report of a fatal case of bacteraemia. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69 (1): 45-50. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt327. SPAIN – Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Luis Augusti, Lugo; Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo

Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, & Aarestrup FM (2014, May 14). Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: The missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Microbiology, 170 (1-2): 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.013. SPAIN – Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IBTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona; Universidad de Lleida, Departamento de Producción Animal, Lleida. DENMARK – National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Gordoncillo MJ, Donabedian S, Bartlett PC, Perri M, Zervos M, Kirkwood R, & Febvay C (2013, August). Isolation and molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from swine in Michigan, USA. Zoonoses and Public Health, 60 (5): 319-326. doi: 10.1111/zph.12008. USA – Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing; Henry Ford Hospital, Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Detroit, MI. THAILAND – OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok. AUSTRALIA – School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia

Hammerum AM & Heuer OE (2009, April 1). Human health hazards from antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli of animal origin. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48 (7): 916-921. doi: 10.1086/597292. DENMARK – National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg

Hammerum AM, Heuer, Lester CH, Agersø Y, Seyfarth AM, Emborg H-D, Frimodt-Møller N, & Monnet DL (2007). Comment on: Withdrawal of growth-promoting antibiotics in Europe and its effects in relation to human health. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30: 466-468. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.012. DENMARK – National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Hammerum AM, Larsen J, Andersen VD, Lester CH, Skovgaard Skytte TS, Hansen F, Olsen SS, Mordhorst H, Skov RL, Aarestrup FM, & Agersø Y (2014, October). Characterization of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli obtained from Danish pigs, pig farmers and their families from farms with high or no consumption of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69 (10): 2650-2657. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku180. DENMARK – National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Ho P-L, Lai E, Chan P-Y, Lo W-U, & Chow K-H (2013, December 1). Rare occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium among livestock animals in China. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68 (12): 2948-2963. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt293. CHINA – Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

Jurado-Rabadán S, Fuente R, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Orden JA, de Vries LE, & Agersø Y (2014, July 11). Detection and linkage to mobile genetic elements of tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 10: 155. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-155. SPAIN – Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid. DENMARK – National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Klare I, Konstabel C, Badstübner D, Werner G, & Witte W (2003, December 1). Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus faecium. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88 (2-3): 269-290. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00190-9. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode

Larsen B, Essmann MK, Geletta S, & Duff B (2012, August). Enterococcus in surface waters from the Des Moines River (Iowa) watershed: Location, persistence and vancomycin resistance. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 22 (4): 305-316. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2011.634391. USA – University Research, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA

Nilsson O (2012). Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals – occurrence and importance. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 2: 16959. doi: 10.3402/iee.v2io.16959. SWEDEN – Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala; Department of Critical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala

Novais C, Freitas AR, Silveira E, Antunes P, Silva R, Coque TM & Peixe L (2013, December 1). Spread of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus to animals and humans: An underestimated role for the pig farm environment. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68 (12): 2746-2754. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt289. PORTUGAL –REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto; Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto; Faculdade Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernano Pessoa, Porto. SPAIN – Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitánio Ramón y Cajal (FiBioHRYC, IRYCIS), Madrid; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid; CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESSP), Madrid

Szmolka A & Nagy B (2013, September 3). Multidrug resistant commensal Escherichia coli in animals and its impact for public health. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4: 258. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00258. Hungary – Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

van den Bogaard AE & Stobberingh EE (1999, October). Antibiotic usage in animals: Impact on bacterial resistance and public health. Drugs, 58 (4): 589-607. 10.2165/00003495-199958040-00002. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Maastricht, Maastricht

van den Bogaard AE & Stobberingh EE (2000, May). Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 14 (4): 327-335. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00145-X. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Maastricht, Maastricht

Vanderhaeghen W, Vandendriessche S, Crombé F, Dispas M, Denis O, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, & Butaye P (2012, July 6). Species and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) diversity among methicillin-resistant non-Staphylococcus aureus staphylococci isolated from pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 158 (1-2): 123-128. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.020. BELGIUM – Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke; Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Anderlecht

Wegener HC, Aarestrup FM, Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, & Bager F (1999, May-June). Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5 (3): 329-335. doi: 10.3201/eid0503.990303. DENMARK – Danish Zoonosis Centre, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen

Witte W (2000, November). Selective pressure by antibiotic use in livestock. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 16 (Supplement 1): S19-S24. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00301-0. GERMANY – Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode

Livestock-Associated Pathogens Infecting Humans Who Have No Contact With Animals

Bhat M, Dumortier, Taylor BS, Miller M, Vasquez G, Yunen J, Brudney K, Sanchez-E J, Rodriguez-Taveras C, Rojas R, Leon P, & Lowy FD (2009, February). Staphylococcus aureus ST398, New York City and Dominican Republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (2): 285-287. doi: 10.3201/eid1502.080609. USA – Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY: Infectious Diseases Division; College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC – Centro de Diagnostico y Medicina Avanzada y de Conferencias Medicas y Telemedicina, Santo Domingo; Hospital Ceentral de Las Fuerzas Armadas, Santo Domingo.

Cuny C, Layer F, Köck R, Werner G, & Witte W (2013, December). Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) of clonal complex CC39, t571 from infections in humans are still rare in Germany. PLoS One, 8 (12): e83165. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083165. GERMANY – National reference Center for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode; Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster

Deiters C, Günnewig V, Friedrich AW, Mellmann A, & Köck R (2015, January). Are cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex (CC) 398 among humans still livestock-associated? International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 305 (1): 110-113. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.007. GERMANY – Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster; Christophorus-Kliniken GmbH, Nottuln. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen

Drougka E, Foka A, Marangos MN, Liakopoulos A, Makatsoris T, Anastassiou ED, Petinaki E, & Spiliopoulou I (2012, April-June). The first case of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 causing bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient in Greece. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 30 (2): 232-236. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.96706. GREECE – School of Medicine, University of Patras: Department of Microbiology; Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine

Fanoy E, Helmhout LC, van der Vaart WL, Weijdema K, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Thijsen SF, de Neeling AJ, van Wamel WJ, Mañásková SH, & Kingma-Thijssen JL (2009, January 9). An outbreak of non-typeable MRSA within a residential care facility. Euro Surveillance 14 (1): pii=19080. doi: 10.2807/ese.14.01.19080-en. THE NETHERLANDS – Municipal Health Service Midden-Nederland, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zeist; Bartiméus Doorn, Centre for Residential Care for Multiply Disabled Visually Impaired People, Doorn; Hospital Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht; Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS), National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam

Gandra S, Braykov N, & Laxminarayan R (2014, January). Is methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) sequence type 398 confined to Northern Manhattan? Rising prevalence of erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant MSSA clinical isolates in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58 (2): 306-307. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit682. USA – Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC; Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ

Kadlec K, Feßler AT, Hauschild T, & Schwarz S (2012, August). Novel and uncommon antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18 (8): 745-755. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03842.x. GERMANY – Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee

Lamamy C, Berthelot A, Bertrand X, Valentin A-S, Dos Santos S, Thiais S, Morange V, Girard N, Donnio P-Y, Quentin R, Schrenzel J, François P, & van der Mee-Marquet N, for the Bloodstream Infection Study Group of the Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre (2013, April). CC( livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus emerges in bloodstream infections in French patients unconnected with animal farming. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56 (8): e83-e86. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis1205. SWITZERLAND – University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva: Genomic Research Laboratory; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. FRANCE – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours: Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène; Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre. Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Hygiéne, Hôpital Trousseau, Tours. Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon: Service d'Hygiène Hospitalièr, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; UMR 6259 Chrono-environment. EA1254 Microbiologie-Risques Infectieux, Université de Rennes, Rennes

Larsen J, Petersen A, Sørum M, Stegger M, van Alphen L, Valentiner-Branth P, Knudsen LK, Larsen LS, Feingold B, Price LB, Andersen PS, Larsen AR & Skov RL (2015, September 17). Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 is an increasing cause of disease in people with no livestock contact in Denmark, 1999-2011. Euro Surveillance, 203 (37): pii=30021. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.37.30021. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen: Microbiology and Infection Control; Infectious Disease Epidemiology. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søberg. USA – Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Albany, State University of New York; Center for Food Microbiology and Environmental Health, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ; Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

Larsen J, Schónheyder HC, Lester CH, Olsen SS, Porsbo LJ, Garcia-Migura L, Jensen LB, Bisgaard M, & Hammerum AM (2010, April). Porcine-origin Gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Humans, Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (4): 682-684. doi: 10.3201/eid1604.090500. DENMARK – University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg; Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg; Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Technical University of Denmark, Søborg; Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen

Larsen J, Stegger M, Anderson PS, Petersen A, Larsen AR, Westh H, Agersø Y, Fetsch A, Kraushaar B, Käsbohrer A, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Cuny C, Witte W, Butaye P, Denis O, Haenni M, Madec J-Y, Jouy E, Laurent F, Battisti A, Franco A, Alba P, Mammina C, Pantosti A, Monaco M, Wagenaar JA, de Boer E, van Duijkeren E, Heck M, Domínguez L, Torres C, Zarazaga M, Price LB, & Skov RL (2016, November 15). Evidence for human adaptation and foodborne transmission of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63 (10): 1349-1352. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw532. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; Hvidore Hospital & Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby. GERMANY – Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee; Robert Koch Institut. BELGIUM – Ghent University; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels. FRANCE – French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon. ITALY – Istituto Zooprofilatico Sperimentale delli Regione Lazio e Toscana; Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome; University of Palermo. THE NETHERLANDS – Utrecht University; Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven. SPAIN – Complutense University of Madrid; University of La Rioja, Longnoña.

Lekkerkerk WSN, van de Sande-Bruinsma N, van der Sande MAB, Tjon-A-Tsien A, Groenheide A, Haenen A, Timen A, van den Broek PJ, van Wamel WJB, de Neeling AJ, Richardus JH, Verbrugh HA, & Vos MC (2012, July). Emergence of MRSA of unknown origin in the Netherlands. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18 (7): 656-661. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03662.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam; RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht; Municipal Public Health Service, Rotterdam; Workgroup for Infection Prevention, Heiden; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam

Lekkerkerk WSN, van Wamel WJB, Snijders SV, Willems RJ, van Duijkeren E, Broens EM, Wagenaar JA, Lindsay JA, & Vos MC (2015, June). What is the origin of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 isolates from humans without livestock contact? An epidemiological and genetic analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53 (6): 1836-1841. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02702-14. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam; RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Infection, St. George's University of London, London

Mammina C, Bonura C, di Carlo P, Càla C, Aleo A, Monastero R, & Palma DM (2010, December). Daptomycin non-susceptible, vancomycin intermediate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from a chronic leg ulcer, Italy. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 42 (11-12): 955-957. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2010.524662. ITALY – Department of Sciences for Health Promotion "G.G'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo; ARNAS General Hospital "Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli," Laboratory of Microbiology, Palermo; ARNAS General Hospital "Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli," II Intensive Care Unit, Palermo

Mammina C, Càla C, Plano MRA, Bonura C, Vella A, Monastero R, & Palma DM (2010, April). Ventilator-associated pneumonia and MRSA ST398, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (4): 730-731. doi: 10.3201/eid1604.091584. ITALY – University of Palermo, Palermo; AR-NAS Ospedale Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli, Palermo

Mediavilla JR, Chen L, Uhlemann A-C, Hanson BM, Rosenthal M, Stanak K, Koll B, Fries BC, Armellino D, Schilling ME, Weiss D, Smith TC, Lowy FD, & Kreiswirth BN (2012, April). Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398, New York and New Jersey, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18 (4): 700-702. doi: 10.3201/eid1804.111419 USA - University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; Columbia University, New York, NY; University of Iowa, Iowa City; Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ; Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY

Salmenlinna S, Lyytikäinen O, Vainio A, Myllyniemi A-L, Raulo S, Kanerva M, Rantala M, Thomson K, Seppänen J & Vuopio J (2010, October). Human cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (10): 1626-1629. doi: 10.3201/eid1610.091571. FINLAND – National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; University of Helsinki, Helsinki

Senneville E, Brière M, Neut C, Messad N, Lina G, Richard J-L, Sotto A, & Lavigne J-P, for the French Study Group on the diabetic Foot (2014, April). First report of the predominance of clonal complex 398 Staphylococcus aureus strains in osteomyelitis complicating diabetic foot ulcers: A national French study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20 (4): O274-O277. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12375. FRANCE – Universities & Hospitals in: Tourcoing, Nîmes Cedex, Lille Cedex, Lyon Cedex, & Le Grau du Roi

Spoor LE, McAdam PR, Weinert LA, Rambaut A, Hasman H, Aarestrup FM, Kearns AM, Larsen AR, Skov RL, & Fitzgerald JR (2013, August 13). Livestock origin for a human pandemic clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. mBio, 4 (4): e00356-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00356-13. UNITED KINGDOM – The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Microbiology Services, Colindale, Health Protection Agency, London. DENMARK – National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby; Department of Antimicrobial Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen

Stegger M, Liu CM, Larsen J, Soldanova K, Aziz M, Contente-Cuomo T, Petersen A, Vandendriessche S, Jiménez JN, Mammina C, van Belkum A, Salmenlinna S, Laurent F, Skov RL, Larsen AR, Andersen PS, & Price LB (2013, November). Rapid differentiation between livestock-associated and livestock-independent Staphylococcus aureus CC398 clades. PLoS One, 8 (11): e79645. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079645. DENMARK – Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. USA – Translational Genomics Research Institute, Pathogen Genomics Division, Flagstaff, AZ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. BELGIUM – Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylococoques, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels. COLOMBIA – Escuela de Microbiologia, Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. ITALY – Department of Sciences for Health Promotion "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo. FRANCE – bioMérieux, Microbiology R&D, La Balme les Grottes; National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon. FINLAND – Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki

Tristan A, Rasigade J-P, Ruizendaal E, Laurent F, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Etienne J, Celard M, Tattevin P, Monecke S, Le Moing V, & Vandenesch F, the French AEPEI Study Group on Infective Endocarditis (2012, December). Rise of CC398 lineage of Staphylococcus aureus among infective endocarditis isolates revealed by two consecutive population-based studies in France. PLoS One, 7 (12): e51172. doi: 10.1371/journal/pone.0051172. FRANCE – Hospices Civils de Lyon, National de Référence des Staphylococques, Bron; Université de Lyon, Lyon; Bacterial Pathogenesis and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Lyon; Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes; Département des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôptal Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier. GERMANY – Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden

Uhlemann A-C, Hafer C, Miko BA, Sowash MG, Sullivan SB, Shu Q, & Lowy FD (2013, September). Emergence of sequence type 398 as a community- and healthcare-associated methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in Northern Manhattan. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57 (5): 700-703. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit375. USA – Columbia University: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla

Valentin-Domelier A-S, Girard M, Bertrand X, Violette J, François P, Donnio P-Y, Talon D, Quentin R, Schrenzel J, & van der Mee-Marquet N (2011, December). Methicillin-susceptible ST398 Staphylococcus aureus responsible for bloodstream infections: An emerging human-adapted subclone? PLoS One, 6 (12): e28369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028369. FRANCE – Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Hygiéne, Hôpital Trousseau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours; Université de Franche-Compté, Besancon; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Rennes, Rennes. SWITZERLAND – Genomic Research Laboratory, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva

van der Mee-Marquet N, François P, Domelier-Valentin AS, Coulomb F, Decreaux C, Hombrock-Allet C, Lehiani O, Neveu C, Ratovohery D, Schrenzel J, Quentin R, & the Bloodstream Infection Study Group of the Réseau des Hygiénistes de Centre (RHC) (2011, January 1). Emergence of unusual bloodstream infections associated with pig-borne-like Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in France. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52 (1): 152-153. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq053. FRANCE – Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, and Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre (RHC-Arlin), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours. Service d' Hygiène, Centre Hospitalier Victor Jousselin, Dreux; Service Départmental d' Hygiène et Epidémiologie de I'Indre, Centre Hospitalier, Châteauroux; Laboratoire de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois; Unité d' Hygiène et de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales, Centre Hospitalier Jacques Coeur, Bourges. SWITZERLAND – Geneva: Genomic Research Laboratory; Bacteriology Laboratory, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva

Verkade E, Bosch T, Hendriks Y, & Kluytmans J (2012, June). Outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in a Dutch nursing home. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 33 (6): 624-626. doi: 10.1086/665726. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elizabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Amsterdam

Wendlandt S, Feßler AT, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Schwarz S, & Kadlec K (2013, August). The diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes among staphylococci of animal origin. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance, 303 (6-7): 338-349. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.006. GERMANY – Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee; Alere Technologies, Jena; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden

Wulf MW, Markestein A, van der Linden FT, Voss A, Klaassen C, & Verduin CM (2008, February 28). First outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in a Dutch hospital, June 2007. Euro Surveillance, 13 (9): 381-384. doi: 10.2807/ese.13.09.08051-en. THE NETHERLANDS – Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven; Department for Hospital Infection Control, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop; Department of Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Risks Posed by MRSA Colonization

Ajao AO, Harris AD, Roghmann MC, Johnson JK, Zhan M, McGregor JC, & Furuno JP (2011, May). Systematic review of measurement and adjustment for colonization pressure in studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and clostridium difficile acquisition. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 32 (5): 481-489. doi: 10.1086/659403. USA – University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; Department of Pathology. Veterans' Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland

Andersen PS, Pedersen JK, Fode P, Skov RL, Fowler, Jr. VG, Stegger M, & Christensen K (2012, October 15). Influence of host genetics and environment on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Danish middle-aged and elderly twins. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206: 1178-1184. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis491. DENMARK – Department for Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen; Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. USA – Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Aryee A & Price N (2014, May 6). Antimicrobial stewardship: Can we afford to do without it? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 79 (2): 173-181. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12417. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostic Research, King’s College London

Broens EM, Graat EA, van de Giessen AW, Broekhuizen-Stins MJ, & de Jong MC (2012, March 23). Quantification of transmission of livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 155 (2-4): 381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.010. THE NETHERLANDS – Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Cadena J, Thinwa J, Walter EA, & Frei CR (2016, December 1). Risk factors for the development of active methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in patients colonized with MRSA at hospital admission. American Journal of Infection Control, 44 (12): 1617-1621. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.009. USA – San Antonio, TX: The South Texas Veterans Healthcare System; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin

Camarinha-Silva A, Jáuregui R, Pieper DH, & Wos-Oxley ML (2012, February). The temporal dynamics of bacterial communities across human anterior nares. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 4 (1): 126-132. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00313.x. GERMANY – Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Heimholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig

Cameron DR, Howden BP, & Peleg AY (2011, September 15). The interface between antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and its impact upon clinical outcomes. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53 (6): 576-582. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir473. AUSTRALIA – Department of Microbiology, Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne

Cantón R & Ruiz-Garbajosa P (2013, October). Infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.). Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clínica, 31 (8): 543-551. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.08.001. Abstract retrieved November 16, 2014, from . SPAIN – Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid

Chambers HF & DeLeo FR (2009, September). Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 7 (9): 639-641. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2200. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco; Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT

Chen LF (2013, May). The changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: 50 years of a superbug. American Journal of Infection Control, 41 (5): 448-451. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.06.013. USA – Program for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, & Carmeli Y (2005, February). The impact of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: Mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 26 (2): 166-174. doi: 10.1086/502522. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. ISRAEL – Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. SWITZERLAND – Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva

Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, & Carmeli Y (2003, January 1). Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36 (1): 53-59. doi: 10.1086/345476. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. ISRAEL – Division of Infectious Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv

Datta R & Huang SS (2008, July 15). Risk of infection and death due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term carriers. Clinical Infection Diseases, 47 (2): 176-181. doi: 10.1086/589241. USA – Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA; Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine

Davis KA, Stewart JJ, Crouch HK, Florez CE, & Hospenthal DR (2004, September 15). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39 (6): 776-782. doi: 10.1086/422997. USA –Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX: Infectious Disease Service; Department of Medicine; Infection Control Service

Davis MF, Peterson AE, Julian KG, Greene WH, Price LB, Nelson K, Whitener CJ, & Silbergeld EK (2013). Household risk factors for colonization with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. PLoS One, 8 (1): e54733. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054733. USA – Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD: Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Department of Epidemiology. Penn State Hersey Medical Center, Hersey, PA; Division of Pathogen Genomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen North), Phoenix, AZ

Donker GA, Deurenberg RH, Driessen C, Sebastian S, Nys S, & Stobberingh EE (2009, February). The population structure of Staphylococcus aureus among general practice patients from The Netherlands. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15 (2): 137-143. doi: 10.1111/J.1469-0691.2008.02662.X. THE NETHERLANDS – Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht

Dulon M, Haamann F, & Nienhaus A (2013). Involvement of occupational physicians in the management of MRSA-colonised healthcare workers in Germany - A survey. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 8: 16. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-8-16. GERMANY – University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, Hamburg

Friedel D & Climo M (2007, May). Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Implications and treatment. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 9 (3): 201-207. doi: 10.1007/s11908-007-0032-1. USA – McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA

Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, McQuillan G, McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Jensen BJ, Kilgore G, Tenover FC, & Kuehnert MJ (2008, May 1). Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197: 1226-1234. doi: 10.1086/533494. USA – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA: National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases; National Center for Health Statistics

Graham PL III, Lin SX, & Larson EL (2006, March 7). A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144 (5): 318-325. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006. USA – Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY; Columbia School of Nursing, New York, NY

Huang SS & Platt R (2003, February 1). Risk of staphylococcus aureus infection after previous infection or colonization. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36 (3): 281-285. doi: 10.1086/345955. USA – Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: Department of Medicine; Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Eastern Massachusetts Prevention Epicenter, Boston, MA; HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics, Boston, MA

Huttner A, Harbarth S, Carlet J, Cosgrove S, Goossens H, Holmes A, Jarlier V, Voss A, & Pittet D (2013, November 18). Antimicrobial resistance: A global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2: 31. doi: 10.1186/2047-2994-2-31. SWITZERLAND – Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva. FRANCE – Fondation Hôpital St. Joseph, Paris; Laboratory of Bacteriology-Hygiene, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. BELGIUM – Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, The Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, London. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Klein E, Smith DL, & Laxminarayan R (2007, December). Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (12): 1840-1846. doi: 10.3201/eid1312.070629. USA – National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Resources for the Future, Washington, DC

Klein EY, Sun L, Smith DL, & Laxminarayan R (2013). The changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: A national observational survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177 (7): 666-674. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws273. USA – Princeton University, Princeton, NJ: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton Environmental Institute. Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC; Center for Advanced Modeling, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Dumyati G, Townes JM, Craig AS, Zell ER, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, & Fridkin SK; for the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators (2007, October 17). Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), 298 (15): 1763-1771. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.15.1763. USA – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland; Connecticut Department of Health, Hartford; Colorado Emerging Infections Program, Denver; Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA; Maryland Emerging Infections Program and Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Minnesota Department of Public Health, Minneapolis; University of Rochester, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville

Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, Mielke M, Peters G, Skov RL, Struelens MJ, Tacconelli E, Navarro Torné A, Witte W, & Friedrich AW (2010, October 14). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveillance, 15 (41): pii=19688. doi: 10.2807/ese.15.41.19688-en. GERMANY – University Hospital Müenster, Müenster: Institute of Hygiene; Institute of Medical Microbiology. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin; National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode. UNITED KINGDOM – Laboratory of Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London. THE NETHERLANDS – Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede; VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Amphia Hospital, Breda. SWITZERLAND – Infection Control Program, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva; University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut (SSI, National Centre for Infectious Diseases), Copenhagen. BELGIUM – Department of Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels. ITALY – Department of Infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome

Köck R, Siam K, Al-Malat S, Christmann J, Schaumburg F, Becker K, & Friedrich AW (2011, December). Characteristics of hospital patients colonized with livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 versus other MRSA clones. Journal of Hospital Infection, 79 (4): 292-296. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.011. GERMANY – University Hospital Müenster, Müenster: Institute of Hygiene; Institute of Medical Microbiology; Department for Medical Management and Controlling, DRG-Research-Group. Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen

McKinnell JA, Miller LG, Eells SJ, Cui E, & Huang SS (2013, October). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at time of hospital or intensive care unit admission. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 34 (10): 1077-1086. doi: 10.1086/673157. USA – Infectious Disease Clinical Outcomes Research Unit (ID-CORE), Division of Infectious Disease, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance CA. UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles: Department of Health Policy and Management; Department of Epidemiology. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Division of Infectious Diseases and Health Policy Research Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine

Mégevand C, Gervaix A, Heininger U, Berger C, Aebi C, Vaudaux, Kind C, Gnehm H-P, Hitzler M, Renzi G, Schrenzel J, & François P for the Paediatric Infectious Disease Group Staphylococcus aureus Study Group (2010). Molecular epidemiology of the nasal colonization by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in Swiss children. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16 (9): 1414-1420. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03090.x. SWITZERLAND – Department of Paediatrics, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva; University Hospital Basel, Basel; University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern; University Children's Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne; Children's Hospital St-Gallen, St-Gallen; Children's Hospital Aarau, Aarau; Children's Hospital Luzern, Luzern. University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva: Clinical Microbiology Laboratory; Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases

Mertz D, Frei R, Periat N, Zimmerli M, Battegay M, Flückiger U, & Widmer AF (2009, January 26). Exclusive Staphylococcus aureus throat carriage: At-risk populations. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169 (2): 172-178. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.05.011. SWITZERLAND – University Hospital Basel, Basel: Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology; Microbiology Laboratory

Moore C, Dhaliwal J, Tong A, Eden S, Wigston C, Willey B, & McGeer A (2008, July). Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition in roommate contacts of patients colonized or infected with MRSA in an acute-care hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 29 (7): 600-606. doi: 10.1086/588567. CANADA –Toronto, Ontario: Mt. Sinai Hospital; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto

Pantosti A (2012, April 9). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with animals and its relevance to human health. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3: 127. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00127. ITALY – Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore de Sanità, Rome

Ridgway JP, Peterson LR, Brown EC, Du H, Hebert C, Thomson RB Jr, Kaul KL, & Robicsek A (2013, November 20). Clinical significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization on hospital admission: one-year infection risk. PLoS One, 8 (11): e79716. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079716. USA – Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL: Department of Pathology; Department of Medicine; Center for Clinical and Research Informatics; Department of Clinical Analytics. Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH

Seybold U, Schubert S, Bogner JR, & Hogardt M (2011, December). Staphylococcus aureus infection following nasal colonization: An approach to rapid risk stratification in a university healthcare system. Journal of Hospital Infection, 79 (4): 297-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.017. GERMANY – Ludwig-Maximillans-Universität, Munich: Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Bacteriology. Bavarian Health and Food Authority, Oberschleissheim

Simons H & Alcabes P (2008, January-February). A model for surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Public Health Reports, 123 (1): 21-29. doi: 10.1177/003335490812300104. USA – Hunter College, City University of New York, School of Health Sciences, New York, NY

Smith TC, Harper AL, Nair R, Wardyn SE, Hanson BM, Ferguson DD, & Dressler AE (2011, September). Emerging swine zoonoses. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (9): 1225-1234. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0182. USA – College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Department of Epidemiology; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health

Smith TC & Wardyn SE (2015, January 8). Human infections with Staphylococcus aureus CC398. Current Environmental Health Report, 2: 41-51. doi: 10.1007/s40572-014-0034-8. USA – Kent State University College of Public Health, Kent, OH; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA

Strommenger B, Bartels MD, Kurt K, Layer F, Rohde SM, Boye K, Westh H, Witte W, De Lencastre H, & Nübel U (2014, March). Evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus towards increasing resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69 (3): 616-622. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt413. GERMANY – National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode. DENMARK – MRSA Knowledge Center, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen. USA – The Rockefeller University, New York, NY. PORTUGAL – Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras.

Tang Y-W & Stratton CW (2010, March). Staphylococcus aureus: An old pathogen with new weapons. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 30 (1): 179-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.005. USA – Department of Pathology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Molecular Infectious Disease Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Hospital, Nashville, TN

Valour F, Tasse J, Trouillet-Assant S, Rasigade J-P, Lamy B, Chanard E, Verhoeven P, Decousser J-W, Marchandin H, Bès M, Chidiac C, Vandenesch F, Ferry T, & Laurent F, on behalf of the Lyon Bone and Joint Infection Study Group (2014, October). Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398: High prevalence and geographical heterogeneity in bone and joint infection and nasal carriage. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20 (10): O772-O775. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12567. FRANCE – Bacteriology Department, Groupement Hospitalier Nord; Infectious Diseases Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon; International Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lyon; Bacteriology Department, Montpellier University Hospitals, Montpellier; Bacteriology Department, Saint Etienne University Hospitals, St. Etienne; Bacteriology Department, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris; French National Reference Centre for Staphlococi, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon

Van Cleef BAG, van Benthem BHB, Verkade EJM, van Rijen MML, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MFQ, Graveland H, Bosch T, Verstappen KMHW, Wagenaar JA, Heederik D, & Kluytmans JAJW (2016, June). Health and health-related quality of life in pig farmers carrying livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiology & Infection, 144 (8): 1774-1783. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815003192. THE NETHERLANDS – Amphia Hospital, Breda: Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control; Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation. Utrecht University, Utrecht: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology. Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam

Van De Griend P, Herwaldt LA, Alvis B, DeMartino M, Heilmann K, Doern G, Winokur P, Vonstein DD, & Diekema D (2009, October). Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Iowa, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15 (10): 1582-1589. doi: 10.3201/eid1510.080877. USA – The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; The University of Iowa Hygienic Lab, Iowa City; The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; The Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City

van de Sande-Bruinsma N, van Hall MAL, Janssen M, Nagtzaam N, Leenders S, de Greef SC, & Schneeberger PM (2015). Impact of livestock-associated MRSA in a hospital setting. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 4: 11. doi: 10.1186/s13756-015-0053-8. THE NETHERLANDS – Center for Infectious Disease Control, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Bronovo Hospital, The Hague; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Hertogenbosch

Verhoeven P, Botelho-Nevers E, Grattard F, Carricajo A, Lucht F, Pozzetto B, & Berthelot P (2014, January). Detection and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage: An update. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 12 (1): 75-89. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.8599985. FRANCE – Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne. University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne: Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene; Infectious Diseases Department

Medical Screening for MRSA & SA Detection and Ensuing Medical Procedures to Reduce Health Risks:

Ammerlaan HSM, Kluytmans JAJW, Berkhout H, Buiting A, de Brauwer EIGB, van den Broek PJ, van Gelderen P, Leenders SACAP, Ott A, Richter C, Spanjaard L, Spijkerman IJB, van Tiel FH, Voorn GP, Wulf MWH, van Zeijl J, Troelstra A, & Bonten MJM, on behalf of the MRSA Eradication Study Group (2011, October). Eradication of carriage with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Effectiveness of a national guideline. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66: 2409-2417. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr243. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VUmc Medical University, Amsterdam; Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene and Infection Prevention, VieCurie Medical Centre, Venlo; Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Medical Microbiology, Atrium Medical Centre, Heerlen; Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden; Department of Medical Microbiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch; Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Groningen; Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnheim; Department of Medical Microbiology and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven; Izore, Centre Infectious Diseases Friesland, Leeuwarden; Julius Centre for Healthcare Science and First line Medicine, Utrecht

Ashbolt NJ, Amézquita A, Backhaus T, Borriello P, Brandt KK, Collignon P, Coors A, Finley R, Gaze WH, Heberer T, Lawrence JR, Larsson DGJ, McEwen SA, Ryan JJ, Schönfeld J, Silley P, Snape JR, Van den Eede C, & Topp E (2013, September). Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121 (9): 993-1001. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1206316. USA – Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. UNITED KINGDOM – Unilever-Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook; Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Exeter University Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro; Brixham Environmental Laboratory, AstraZeneca, Brixham; University of Bradford, Bradford. SWEDEN – Institute for Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg. DENMARK – Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg. AUSTRALIA – Australian National University, Canberra. CANADA – Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. GERMANY – Federal Office of Consumer and Food Safety, Berlin; Umweltbundesamt Federal Environment Agency, Dessau.

Bode LGM, Kluytmans JAJW, Wertheim HFL, Bogaers D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Roosendaal R, Troelstra A, Box ATA, Voss A, van der Tweel I, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, & Vos MC (2010, January 7). Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362 (1): 9-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808939. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Nijmegen. University Medical Center, Utrecht: Department of Medical Microbiology; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care

Bode LGM, van Rijen MML, Wertheim HFL, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Troelstra A, Voss A, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC, & Kluytmans JAJW (2016, March). Long-term mortality after rapid screening and decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus carriers: Observational follow-up study of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Surgery, 263 (3): 511-515. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001060. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen

Collins J, Raza M, Ford M, Hall L, Brydon S, & Gould FK (2011, June). Review of a three-year meticillin-resistant [sic] Staphylococcus aureus screening programme. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 78 (2): 81-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.02.012. UNITED KINGDOM – Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust: Department of Microbiology; Infection Prevention and Control Team; Information Services

Cookson B, Bonten MJM, MacKenzie FM, Skov RL, Verbrugh HA, & Tacconelli E (2011). Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Screening and decolonisation. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 37: 195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.023. UNITED KINGDOM – Laboratory of Healthcare Associated Infection, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London; Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam. DENMARK – National Centre for Antimicrobials and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. ITALY – Department of Infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan

Fätkenheuer G, Hirschel B, & Harbarth S (2015). Screening and isolation to control meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Sense, nonsense, and evidence. Lancet, 385: 1146-1149. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60660-7. GERMANY – Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)-partner site Bonn-Cologne. SWITZERLAND – Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva: Division of Infectious Diseases; Infection Control Program

Harbarth S, Hawkey PM, Tenover F, Stefani S, Pantosti A, & Struelens MJ (2011, February). Update on screening and diagnosis of meticillin-resistant [sic] Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 37 (2): 110-117. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.022. SWITZERLAND – Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva. UNITED KINGDOM – Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, and Health Protection Agency West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham. USA – Scientific Affairs, Cepheid Ind., Sunnyvale, CA. ITALY – Department of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania; Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-medicated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome. SWEDEN – Scientific Advice Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm

Henson G, Ghonim E, Swiatlo A, King S, Moore KS, King ST, & Sullivan D (2014, Winter). Cost-benefit and effectiveness analysis of rapid testing for MRSA carriage in a hospital setting. Clinical Laboratory Science, 27 (1): 13-20. USA – Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS; G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Administration Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS

Humphreys H & Creamer E (2013, September). Letter to the Editor: Screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Targeted not universal screening. Journal of Hospital Infection, 85 (1): 84-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.04.016. IRELAND – Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin

Kang J, Smith KJ, Bryce CL, & Muto CA (2015, January). Economic analysis of universal active surveillance screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Perspective matters. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36 (1): 14-16. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.25. USA – University of Pittsburgh: School of Nursing; Internal Medicine, School of Medicine; Section of Decision Sciences and Clinical Systems Modeling, School of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine; Graduate School of Public Health. UPMC Health System, Department of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Pittsburgh

Karas JA, Enoch DA, Eagle HJ, & Emery MM (2009, April). Random methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrier surveillance at a district hospital and the impact of interventions to reduce endemic carriage. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 71 (4): 327-332. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.12.002. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Infection Control, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire; Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency East of England, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridgeshire

Kavanagh KT, Calderon LE, & Saman DM (2015). Viewpoint: A response to "Screening and isolation to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Sense, nonsense, and evidence." Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 4: 4. doi: 10.1186/s13756-015-0044-9. USA – Health Watch USA, Somerset, KY; Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond; Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN

Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, Mielke M, Peters G, Skov RL, Struelens MJ, Tacconelli E, Witte W, & Friedrich AW (2014). Systematic literature analysis and review of targeted preventive measures to limit healthcare-associated infections by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Euro Surveillance, 19 (29): pii-20860. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.29.20860. GERMANY – Institute of Hygiene & Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster; Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, Berlin; University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen. UNITED KINGDOM – Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London. THE NETHERLANDS – University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen; VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam. SWITZERLAND – University of Geneva Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. SWEDEN – European Centre for Disease Prevention & Control, Stockholm. See Verbrugh HA, 2014 Euro Surveillance, for his response to this article. See Köck et al, 2014 Euro Surveillance, for the reply to Verbrugh.

Larsen J, David MZ, Vos MC, Coombs GW, Grundmann H, Harbarth S, Voss A, & Skov RL (2014). Preventing the introduction of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus into hospitals. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 2: 260-268. DENMARK – Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. USA – Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen. AUSTRALIA – Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth; Australian Collaborating Centre for Enterococcus and Staphylococcus Species Typing and Research, Curtin University, Perth. SWITZERLAND – Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva

Lee C-S, Montalmont B, O'Hara JA, Syed A, Chaussard C, McGaha TL, Pakstis DL, Lee J-H, Shutt KA, & Doi Y (2015, January). Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization using sponges. Infection Control & Epidemiology, 36 (1): 28-33. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.4. USA – Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. REPUBLIC OF KOREA – Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju: Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine; Department of Prevent Medicine

Lee TC, Moore C, Raboud JM, Muller MP, Green K, Tong A, Dhaliwal J, McGeer A, & Mount Sinai Hospital Infection Control Team (2009, March). Impact of a mandatory infection control education program on nosocomial acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 30 (3): 249-256. doi: 10.1086/596042. CANADA – Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto; Mount Sinai Hospital; University Health Network

Livorsi DJ, Arif S, Garry P, Kundu MG, Satola SW, Davis TH, Batteiger B, & Kressel AB (2015, January). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal real-time PCR: A predictive tool for contamination of the hospital environment. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36 (1): 34-39. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.16 USA – Richard Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis: Division of Infectious Diseases; Division of Microbiology. Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Indianapolis; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA

Lucet J-C & Regnier B (2010, September 1). Screening and decolonization: Does methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus hold lessons for methicillin-resistant S. aureus? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51 (5): 585-590. doi: 10.1086/655695. FRANCE – Infection Control Unit and Medical Intensive Care Unit, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Denis Diderot University, Paris

Marzac NS & Bessesen MT (2016, April). Risk and outcomes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia among patients admitted with and without MRSA nares colonization. American Journal of Infection Control, 44 94): 405-408. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.006. USA – Division of Adult Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver

McCune J (2012, January). MRSA surveillance: How to get the most value out of your program. Medical Laboratory Observer, 44 (1): 28-29. USA – Roche Diagnostics, Manager for Microbiology, Genomics, and Oncology, Indianapolis, IN

McKinnell JA, Bartsch SM, Lee BY, Huang SS, & Miller LG (2015, January). Cost-benefit analysis from the hospital perspective of universal active screening followed by contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36 (1): 2-13. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.1. USA – Infectious Disease Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, Division of Infectious Disease, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Public Health Computational and Operations Research Group (PHICOR), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Health Policy Research Institute, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine

McKinnell JA, Huang SS, Eels SJ, Cui E, & Miller LG (2013, February). Quantifying the impact of extra-nasal testing body sites for MRSA colonization at the time of hospital or intensive care unit admission. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 34 (2): 161-170. doi: 10.1086/669095. USA – Infectious Disease Clinical Outcomes Research Unit (ID-CORE), Division of Infectious Disease, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Torrance Memorial Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Health Policy Research Institute, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine

Mertz D, Frei R, Jaussi B, Tietz A, Stebler C, Flückiger U, & Widmer AF (2007, August 15). Throat swabs are necessary to reliably detect carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45: 475-477. doi: 10.1086/520016. SWITZERLAND – University Hospital Basel, Basel: Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology; Microbiology Laboratory. Transfusion Centre, Basel

Nouwen JL, Fieren MWJA, Snijders S, Verbrugh HA, & van Belkum A (2005). Persistent (not intermittent) nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is the determinant of CPT-related infections. Kidney International, 67: 1084-1092. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00174.x. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology

Nouwen JL, Ott A, Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MFQ, Boelens HAM, Hofman A, van Belkum A, & Verbrugh HA (2004, September 15). Predicting the Staphylococcus aureus nasal carrier state: Derivation and validation of a "culture rule." Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39: 806-811. doi: 10.1086/423376. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Oberjé EJM, Tanke MAC, & Jeurissen PPT (2017). Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives throughout Europe: Proven value for money. Infectious Disease Reports, 9 (1): 6800. doi: 10.4081/idr.2017.6800. THE NETHERLANDS – Faculty of Healthcare, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen; Radboud University Medical Center, Celsus Academy for Sustainable Healthcare, Nijmegen; Department of Macroeconomic Issues and Labor Market, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Hague

Otter JA, Herdman MT, Williams B, Tosas O, Edgeworth JD, & French GL (2013, February). Low prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage at hospital admission: Implications for risk-factor-based vs universal screening. Journal of Hospital Infection, 83 (2): 114-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.10.008. UNITED KINGDOM – Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London; Directorate of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London

Pan A, Lee A, Cooper B, Chalfine A, Daikos GL, Garilli S, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S, Martinez JA, Patroni A, & Harbarth S, for the SURF study group (MRSA colonisation on admission to surgical wards in Europe: Identification of risk factors), in collaboration with the MOSAR-04 Study Team (2013, February). Risk factors for previously unknown meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage on admission to 13 surgical wards. Journal of Hospital Infection, 83 (2): 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.09.020. ITALY – Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale Regionale dell/Emilia Romagna, Bologna; Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia; Osperdale di Esine, Esine. SWITZERLAND – University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva. AUSTRALIA – Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. THAILAND – Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok. FRANCE – Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris. GREECE – Laiko General Hospital, Athens. BELGIUM – Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp. SPAIN – Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona

Perlin JB, Hickok JD, Septimus EJ, Moody JA, Englebright JD, & Bracken RM (2013, May/June). A bundled approach to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a system of community hospitals. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 35 (3): 57-69. doi: 10.1111/jhq.12008. USA – HCA (Hospital Corporation of America), Nashville, TN

Rosenkranz KW, Rothenanger E, Brodard I, Collaud A, Overesch G, Bigler B, Marschall J, & Perreten V (2014, July). Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Swiss veterinary health care providers: Detection of livestock- and healthcare-associated clones. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 156 (7): 317-325. doi: 1024/0036-7281/a000601. SWITZERLAND – Laboratory Lauperneck, Bern; Institute of Veterinary Microbiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern; Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern

Ruimy R, Angebault C, Djossou F, Dupont C, Epelboin L, Jarraud S, Lefevre LA, Bes M, LLixandru BE, Bertine M, El Miniai A, Renard M, Bettinger RM, Lescat M, Clermont O, Perroz G, Lina G, Tavakol M, Vandenesch F, van Belkum A, Rousset F, & Andremont A (2010, September 15). Are host genetics the predominant determinant of persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in humans? Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202: 924-934. doi: 10.1086/655901. FRANCE – Université Paris-Diderot and Centre National de Référence, Résistance bactérienne dans les flores commensales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris; INSERM U722, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris; INSERM U851 and Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Faculté Laennec, Université Lyon, Lyon; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montepellier, Montpellier. FRENCH GUIANA – Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, CNRS Guyane, Cayenne. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam

Septimus E, Weinstein RA, Perl TM, Goldmann DA, & Yokoe DS (2014, July). Approaches for preventing healthcare-associated infections: Go long or go wide? Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35 (7): 797-801. doi: 10.1086/676535. USA – Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Houston; Hospital Corporation of America, Nashville, TN; Stroger Hospital and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Shenoy ES, Lee H, Cotter JA, Ware W, Kelbaugh D, Weil E, Walensky RP, & Hooper DC (2016, February 1). Impact of rapid screening for discontinuation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contact precautions. American Journal of Infection Control, 44 (2): 215-221. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.08.019. USA – Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Infection Control Unit; Medical Practice Evaluation Center; Department of Biostatistics; Clinical Care Management Unit; Division of General Internal Medicine. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Partners Information Systems, Massachusetts General Hospital and Massachusetts General Physicians Organization, Boston, MA

Simon A, Exner M, Kramer A, & Engelhart S (2009). Implementing the MRSA recommendations made by the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) of 1999 - Current considerations by the DGKH Management Board. GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinär, 4 (1): Doc02. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000127. GERMANY – Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald

Simor AE, Williams V, McGeer A, Raboud J, Larios O, Weiss K, Hirji Z, Laing F, Moore C, Gravel D, & Community and Hospital Infection Control Association – Canada (2013, July). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 34 (7): 687-693. doi: 10.1086/670998. CANADA – Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; University Health Network, Toronto; University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, British Columbia; Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

Suetens C, Niclaes L, Jans B, Verhaegen J, Schueermans A, Van Eldere J, & Buntinx F (2006). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization associated with higher mortality in nursing home residents with impaired cognitive status. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 54 (12): 1854-1860. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00972.x. BELGIUM – Department of Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussells. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven: Departments of General Practice; Department of Hospital Hygiene; Department of Bacteriology

VandenBergh MFQ, Yzerman EPF, van Belkum A, Boelens HAM, Sijmons M, & Verbrugh HA (1999, October). Follow-up of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage after 8 years: Redefining the persistent carrier state. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37 (10): 3133-3140. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam

Verhoeven PO, Gagnaire J, Botelho-Nevers E, Grattard F, Carricajo A, Lucht F, Pozzetto B, & Berthelot P (2014, January). Detection and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage: An update. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 12 (1): 75-89. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.859985. FRANCE – GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne; Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne; Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne

von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, & Peters G (2001, January 4). Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. New England Journal of Medicine, 344 (1): 11-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200202043440102. GERMANY – Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster; SmithKline Beecham, Munich

Vos MC, Behrendt MD, Melles DC, Mollema FP, de Groot W, Parlevliet G, Ott A, Horst-Kreft D, van Belkum A, & Verbrugh HA (2009, October). 5 years of experience implementing a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus search and destroy policy at the largest university medical center in The Netherlands. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 30 (10): 977-984. doi: 10.1086/605921. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam

Wassenberg MW, Hopmans TE, Troelstra A, Kluytmans JA, & Bonten MJ (2008, December 6). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of livestock origin in Dutch hospitals: High-risk patients need only to be investigated if admitted to hospital. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 152 (49): 2681-2688. THE NETHERLANDS – Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Medische Microbiologie, Utrecht; National Institute for Health and the Environment, Utrecht

Weir SK, Fram J, Berg G, Kabbani D, Strymish J, Tang M, Fitzsimmons D, Brecher SM, & Gupta K (2012, October). Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients newly identified as nasal carriers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50 (10): 3283-3286. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01143-12. USA – Boston, MA: Department of Medicine, VA Boston Health Care Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston Health Care Center

Wertheim HFL, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, & Nouwen JL (2005). The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5: 751-762. 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70295-4. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam

Wertheim HFL, Vos MC, Ott A, van Belkum A, Voss A, Kluytmans JAJW, van Keulen PH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Meester MHM, & Verbrugh HA (2004, August 21). Risk and outcome of sococomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in nasal carriers versus non-carriers. Lancet, 364: 703-705. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16897-9. THE NETHERLANDS – Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda

Whittington MD, Curtis DJ, Atherly AJ, Bradley CJ, Lindrooth RC, & Campbell JD (2017, July 1). Screening test recommendations for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surveillance practices: A cost-minimization analysis. American Journal of Infection Control, 45 (7): 704-708. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.12.014. USA – University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO: Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy; Department of Clinical Pharmacy; University of Colorado Cancer Center. Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO

Widner A, Nobles DL, Faulk C, Vos P, & Ramsey KM (2014, February). The impact of a "search and destroy" strategy for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an impatient rehabilitation. PM&R, 6 (2): 121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.09.013. USA – The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Division of Infection Control. Department of Infection Control, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC

Yao Z, Peng Y, Chen X, Bi J, Li Y, Ye X, & Shi J (2015, October 15). Healthcare associated infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A case-control-control study. PLoS One, 10 (10): e0140604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140604. CHINA – Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guanzhou; The People's Hospital of Meizhou, Meizhou; Shajing Health Inspection Institute, Shenzhen; Heibei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang

U.S. Veterans Affairs MRSA Screening Initiative in VA Hospitals:

Albertson J, McDanel JS, Carnahan R, Chrischilles E, Perencevich EN, Goto M, Jiang L, Alexander B, & Schweizer ML (2015, May). Determination of risk factors for recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a Veterans Affairs healthcare system population. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36 (5): 543-549. doi: 1017/ice.2015.25. USA – Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA

Cadena J, Richardson AM, & Frei CR (2016, February). Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infection in MRSA-colonized patients discharged from a Veterans Affairs hospital. Epidemiology & Infection, 144 (3): 647-651. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815001132. USA – The South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; The University of Texas at Austin, Austin

Chou AF, Graber CJ, Jones M, Zhang Y, Goetz MB, Madaras-Kelly K, Samore M, Kelly A, & Glassman PA (2016, June). Characteristics of antimicrobial stewardship programs at Veterans Affairs hospitals: Results of a nationwide survey. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 37 (6): 647-654. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.26. USA – University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: Department of Health Administration, College of Public Health; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine. Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles; VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; VA Medical Center, Boise, ID; College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Meridian; National Infectious Diseases Service, VA Central Office, Washington, DC. University of Utah, Salt Lake City: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine

Eko KE, Forshey BM, Carrel M, Schweizer ML, Perencevich EN, & Smith TC (2015). Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization and infection isolates in a Veterans Affairs hospital. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 4: 10. doi: 10.1186/s13756-015-0048-5. USA – Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH

Gurieva T, Bootsma MCJ, & Bonten MJM (2012, June 1). Successful Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections revisited. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54 (11): 1618-1620. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis272. THE NETHERLANDS – University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht: Department of Medical Microbiology; Julius Center for Health Research and Primary Care. Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Gurieva T, Bootsma MCJ, & Bonten MJM (2012, October 1). Reply to Lawes and Gould. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55 (7): 1028-1029. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis603. THE NETHERLANDS – University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht: Department of Medical Microbiology; Julius Center for Health Research and Primary Care. Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht

Jain R, Kralovic SM, Evans ME, Ambrose M, Simbartl LA, Obrosky DS, Render ML, Freyberg RW, Jernigan JA, Muder RR, Miller LJ, & Roselle GA (2011, April 14). Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364: 1419-1430. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007474. USA – Pittsburgh, PA: Veterans Health Administration MRSA Program Office, Patient Care Services, Veterans Affairs (VA) Central Office; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System. Cincinnati, OH: National Infectious Diseases Program Office, Patient Care Services, VA Central Office, and the Cincinnati VA Medical Center; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; VA Inpatient Evaluation Center. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington; Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

Jones M, Huttner B, Leecaster M, Huttner A, Damal K, Tanner W, Nielson C, Rubin MA, Goetz MB, Madaras-Kelly K, & Samore MH (2014). Does universal active MRSA surveillance influence anti-MRSA antibiotic use? A retrospective analysis of the treatment of patients admitted with suspicion of infection at Veterans Affairs medical centers between 2005 and 2010. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69: 3401-3408. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku299. USA – Salt Lake City, UT: VA Salt Lake City Health Care System & University of Utah; University of Utah Department of Family and Preventative Medicine. VA Reno Medical Center and University of Nevada Reno, Reno; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Clinical Pharmacy Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID

Jones M, Nielson C, Gupta K, Khader K, & Evans M (2015, January). Collateral benefit of screening patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission: Isolation of patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. American Journal of Infection Control, 43 (1): 31-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.09.016. USA – Salt Lake City, UT: Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah. Reno, NV: Veterans Affairs Reno Medical Center; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada. Boston, MA: Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston Veterans Affairs Health Care System, National Center for Occupational Health and Infection Control, Office of Public Health; Department of Internal Medicine, Boston University. Lexington, KY: Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky. Department of Veterans Affairs, MRSA/MDRO Prevention Office, National Infectious Diseases Service, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC

Köck R, Friedrich AW, on behalf of the original author group (2014). Authors' reply: Systematic literature analysis and review of targeted preventive measures to limit healthcare-associated infections by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Euro Surveillance, 19 (37): pii=20902. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.37.20902. GERMANY – University Hospital Münster, Münster. THE NETHERLANDS – University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen. See original article, "Systematic literature analysis...," Köck R et al, 2014 Euro Surveillance. See Verbrugh's response to the original article by Köck et al, 2014 Euro Surveillance.

Lawes TG & Gould IM (2012, October 1). Dissecting a multi-intervention methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevention bundle may miss emergent properties. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55 (7): 1027-1028. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis602. UNITED KINGDOM – Department of Paediatrics, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness; Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary

Nelson RE, Stevens VW, Khader K, Jones M, Samore MH, Evans ME, Scott II RD, Slayton RB, Schweizer ML, Perencevich EL, & Rubin MA (2016). Economic analysis of Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50 (5S1): S58-S65. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.016. USA – Salt Lake City, UT: VA Salt Lake City Health Care System; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy. Iowa City, IA: Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. Lexington, KY: Veterans Affairs Medical Center; MRSA/MDRO Program, National Infectious Disease Service, Veterans Health Administration; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA

Patel M, Weinheimer JD, Waites KB, & Baddley JW (2008, June). Active surveillance to determine the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization on patients in intensive care units of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 29 (6): 503-509. doi: 10.1086/588161. USA – University of Alabama at Birmingham: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; School of Public Health; Department of Pathology. Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL

Perencevich EN (2012, June 1). Deconstructing the Veterans Affairs MRSA prevention bundle. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54: 1621-1623. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis277. USA – University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, and CADRE, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA

Quezada Joaquin NM, Diekema DJ, Perencevich EN, Bailey G, Winokur PL, & Schweizer ML (2013, March). Long-term risk for readmission, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, and death among MRSA-colonized veterans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57 (3): 1169-1172. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01968-12. USA –Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City: Division of Infectious Diseases; Division of General Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine. Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA

Stenehjern E, Crispell EK, Rimland D, Farley MM, & Satola SW (2015, May). Longitudinal evaluation of clinical and colonization methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among veterans. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 36 (5): 587-589. doi: 10.1017/ice.2015.14. USA – Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA

Stenehjern E, Stafford C, & Rimland D (2013, January). Reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection among veterans in Atlanta. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34 (1): 62-68. doi: 10.1086/668776. USA – Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA

Verbrugh HA (2014). Letter to the editor: Preventing nosocomial MRSA infections by screening. Euro Surveillance, 19 (37): 20. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.37.20901. THE NETHERLANDS – Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam See Köck R et al, 2014 Euro Surveillance, for article to which Verbrugh responds.

Research-Based Reports

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Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics (2014). Anti-microbial resistance – Why the irresponsible use of antibiotics in agriculture must stop. Godalming, Surrey, UK: Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics. Available via the Internet: .

Animal Agriculture Reform Act, S. 1323, 105th Congress, 1st Session (1997, October 28).

APIC Government Affairs (2011, April 21). Map of states with MRSA laws: Highlighted states have enacted MRSA laws. Washington, D.C.: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. Available via the Internet: .

APIC Government Affairs (2014, May 22). Map illustrating states with statewide CRE (carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae) reporting. Washington, D.C.: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. Available via the Internet: .

APIC Government Affairs (2014). Summary of state CRE reporting requirements. Washington, D.C.: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. Available via the Internet: .

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Nunan C & Young R (2013, March). Antibiotic resistance – the impact of intensive farming on human health. Godalming, Surrey, UK: Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics. Available via the Internet: .

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Media Coverage of Research

Arnold C (2013, August). Infectious diseases associated with livestock production. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121 (8): A256. Available via the Internet: .

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