Figure 4.1 Educational Attainment, by Race and …
[Pages:50]Figure 4.1 Educational Attainment, by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1960 to 1998
Completed 4 Years of High School or More 100 Percent of persons 25 years old and over
White Black Hispanic
80
60
40
20
0
(NA)
(NA)
1960 1965 1970
1975 1980
1985 1990 19951 1997 19981
Completed 4 Years of College or More Percent of persons 25 years old and over 25
20
15
10
5
(NA)
(NA)
0
1960 1965 1970
(NA)
1975 1980
1985 1990 19952
NA Not available. 1High school graduate or more. 2College graduate or more. Note: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Census Bureau. For data, see Table 263.
1997
19982
160 Education
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
Section 4
Education
This section presents data primarily concerning formal education as a whole, at various levels, and for public and private schools. Data shown relate to the schoolage population and school enrollment, educational attainment, education personnel, and financial aspects of education. In addition, data are shown for libraries, computer usage in schools, and adult education. The chief sources are the decennial census of population and the Current Population Survey (CPS), both conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau (see text, Section 1, Population); annual, biennial, and other periodic surveys conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, a part of the U.S. Department of Education; and surveys conducted by the National Education Association.
The censuses of population have included data on school enrollment since 1840 and on educational attainment since 1940. The CPS has reported on school enrollment annually since 1945 and on educational attainment periodically since 1947.
The National Center for Education Statistics is continuing the pattern of statistical studies and surveys conducted by the U.S. Office of Education since 1870. The annual Digest of Education Statistics provides summary data on pupils, staff, finances, including government expenditures, and organization at the elementary, secondary, and higher education levels. It is also a primary source for detailed information on Federal funds for education, projections of enrollment, graduates, and teachers. The Condition of Education, issued annually, presents a summary of information on education of particular interest to policymakers.
The census of governments, conducted by the Census Bureau every 5 years (for the years ending in "2" and "7"), provides data on school district finances and state and local government expenditures for education. Reports published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics contain data relating civilian labor force experience to educational attainment (see also Tables 653, 677, and 684 in Section 13, Labor Force).
Types and sources of data--The statistics in this section are of two general types. One type, exemplified by data from the Census Bureau, is based on direct interviews with individuals to obtain information about their own and their family members' education. Data of this type relate to school enrollment and level of education attained, classified by age, sex, and other characteristics of the population. The school enrollment statistics reflect attendance or enrollment in any regular school within a given period; educational attainment statistics reflect the highest grade completed by an individual, or beginning 1992, the highest diploma or degree received.
For enrollment data starting in October 1994, the CPS used 1990 census population controls plus adjustment for undercount. Also the survey changed from paper to computer assisted technology. For years 1981 through 1993, 1980 census population controls were used; 1971 through 1980, 1970 census population controls had been used. These changes had little impact on summary measures (e.g., medians) and proportional measures (e.g., enrollment rates); however, use of the controls may have significant impact on absolute numbers.
Other sources of data include special studies by the National Center for Education Statistics and annual or biennial reports of education agencies in individual states.
Beginning with data for 1986, a new edit and tabulation package for school enrollment has been introduced. In 1988 a new
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
Education 161
edit and tabulation package was introduced for educational attainment data.
The second type, generally exemplified by data from the National Center for Education Statistics and the National Education Association, is based on reports from administrators of educational institutions and of state and local agencies having jurisdiction over education. Data of this type relate to enrollment, attendance, staff, and finances for the Nation, individual states, and local areas.
Unlike the National Center for Education Statistics, the Census Bureau does not regularly include specialized vocational, trade, business, or correspondence schools in its surveys. The National Center for Education Statistics includes nursery schools and kindergartens that are part of regular grade schools in their enrollment figures. The Census Bureau includes all nursery schools and kindergartens. At the higher education level, the statistics of both agencies are concerned with institutions granting degrees or offering work acceptable for degree-credit, such as junior colleges.
School attendance--All states require that children attend school. While state laws vary as to the ages and circumstances of compulsory attendance, generally they require that formal schooling begin by age 6 and continue to age 16.
Schools--The National Center for Education Statistics defines a school as "a division of the school system consisting of students composing one or more grade groups or other identifiable groups, organized as one unit with one or more teachers to give instruction of a defined type, and housed in a school plant of one or more buildings. More than one school may be housed in one school plant, as is the case when the elementary and secondary programs are housed in the same school plant."
Regular schools are those which advance a person toward a diploma or degree. They include public and private nursery schools, kindergartens, graded schools, colleges, universities, and professional schools.
Public schools are schools controlled and supported by local, state, or Federal governmental agencies; private schools are those controlled and supported mainly by religious organizations or by private persons or organizations.
The Census Bureau defines elementary schools as including grades 1 through 8; high schools as including grades 9 through 12; and colleges as including junior or community colleges, regular 4-year colleges, and universities and graduate or professional schools. Statistics reported by the National Center for Education Statistics and the National Education Association by type of organization, such as elementary level and secondary level, may not be strictly comparable with those from the Census Bureau because the grades included at the two levels vary, depending on the level assigned to the middle or junior high school by the local school systems.
School year--Except as otherwise indicated in the tables, data refer to the school year which, for elementary and secondary schools, generally begins in September of the preceding year and ends in June of the year stated. For the most part, statistics concerning school finances are for a 12month period, usually July 1 to June 30. Enrollment data generally refer to a specific point in time, such as fall, as indicated in the tables.
Statistical reliability--For a discussion of statistical collection, estimation, and sampling procedures and measures of statistical reliability applicable to the Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics data, see Appendix III.
162 Education
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
No. 253. School Enrollment: 1965 to 2008
[In thousands (54,394 represents 54,394,000). As of fall]
Year
Total
All levels Public Private
K through grade 8
Public Private
Grades 9 through 12
Public Private
College Public Private
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997, est. . . . . . . . . . . . 1998, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 1999, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2000, proj. . . . . . . . . . .
2001, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2002, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2003, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2004, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2005, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2006, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2007, proj. . . . . . . . . . . 2008, proj. . . . . . . . . . .
54,394 59,838 61,004 58,305
57,916 57,591 57,432 57,150 57,226
57,709 58,254 58,485 59,436 60,267
61,605 62,686 63,241 63,986 64,803
65,674 66,170 67,309 67,871 68,334
68,728 69,040 69,338 69,657 69,942 70,160 70,305 70,351
46,143 52,322 53,654 50,335
49,691 49,262 48,935 48,686 48,901
49,467 49,982 50,349 51,120 52,061
53,356 54,208 54,654 55,245 55,933
56,682 57,161 58,187 58,668 59,065
59,402 59,674 59,923 60,195 60,436 60,611 60,721 60,735
8,251 7,516 7,350 7,971
8,225 8,330 8,497 8,465 8,325
8,242 8,272 8,136 8,316 8,206
8,248 8,478 8,587 8,741 8,869
8,993 9,010 9,121 9,203 9,269
9,324 9,366 9,413 9,461 9,506 9,549 9,584 9,616
30,563 32,558 30,515 27,647
27,280 27,161 26,981 26,905 27,034
27,420 27,933 28,501 29,152 29,878
30,506 31,088 31,504 31,898 32,341
32,759 32,951 33,522 33,722 33,903
34,055 34,124 34,124 33,958 33,756 33,584 33,489 33,455
4,900 4,052 3,700 3,992
4,100 4,200 4,315 4,300 4,195
4,116 4,232 4,036 4,162 4,095
4,074 4,212 4,280 4,360 4,431
4,486 4,545 4,588 4,616 4,640
4,661 4,671 4,671 4,648 4,620 4,597 4,584 4,579
11,610 13,336 14,304 13,231
12,764 12,405 12,271 12,304 12,388
12,333 12,076 11,687 11,390 11,338
11,541 11,735 11,961 12,213 12,500
12,834 13,003 13,270 13,420 13,537
13,643 13,800 13,951 14,263 14,579 14,785 14,854 14,746
1,400 1,311 1,300 1,339
1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,362
1,336 1,247 1,206 1,193 1,137
1,125 1,163 1,191 1,236 1,269
1,297 1,322 1,339 1,354 1,366
1,376 1,392 1,407 1,439 1,471 1,491 1,498 1,488
3,970 6,428 8,835 9,457
9,647 9,696 9,683 9,477 9,479
9,714 9,973 10,161 10,578 10,845
11,310 11,385 11,189 11,134 11,092
11,090 11,208 11,395 11,525 11,626
11,705 11,751 11,849 11,975 12,101 12,242 12,378 12,534
1,951 2,153 2,350 2,640
2,725 2,730 2,782 2,765 2,768
2,790 2,793 2,894 2,961 2,974
3,049 3,103 3,116 3,145 3,169
3,210 3,143 3,194 3,233 3,263
3,287 3,303 3,335 3,374 3,415 3,461 3,502 3,549
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, annual, and Projections of Education Statistics, annual.
No. 254. School Expenditures, by Type of Control and Level of Instruction in Constant (1997-98) Dollars: 1960 to 1998
[In millions of dollars (131,342 represents $131,342,000,000). For school years ending in year shown. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data deflated by the Consumer Price Index, wage earners, and clerical workers through 1975; thereafter, all urban consumers, on a school year basis (supplied by the National Center for Education Statistics). See also Appendix III]
Year
Total
Elementary and secondary schools
Total
Public Private 1
Colleges and universities
Total
Public Private 1
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996, prel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997, prel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998, est. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131,342 293,123 339,348 345,070
378,726 400,554 424,554 437,542 462,947 485,990
498,390 506,716 517,563 527,909
541,898 554,382 569,478 583,800
92,000 184,899 215,000 214,929
228,467 240,494 254,755 262,490 279,434 294,211
300,652 305,741 311,324 318,033
325,188 333,127 341,992 351,300
85,945 174,195 202,508 199,928
209,504 220,874 233,962 241,127 257,546 271,028
277,100 282,101 287,039 293,476
300,024 307,374 315,732 324,300
6,055 10,704 12,492 15,001
18,962 19,620 20,793 21,362 21,887 23,183
23,552 23,640 24,285 24,557
25,163 25,753 26,260 27,000
39,342 108,223 124,348 130,141
150,259 160,059 169,799 175,052 183,513 191,779
197,739 200,974 206,239 209,875
216,710 221,256 227,486 232,500
21,488 69,510 84,214 86,324
97,420 104,148 108,405 111,501 116,252 122,779
126,132 127,171 130,698 132,269
137,209 138,975 142,497 145,500
17,854 38,713 40,134 43,817
52,839 55,911 61,394 63,551 67,261 69,001
71,607 73,804 75,541 77,606
79,501 82,281 84,989 87,000
1 Estimated.
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest Education Statistics, annual.
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
Education 163
No. 255. School Enrollment, Faculty, Graduates, and Finances, With Projections: 1990 to 2008
[As of fall, except as indicated (46,448 represents 46,448,000)]
Item
Unit
1990
1995
1997, est.
1998, proj.
2000, proj.
2005, proj.
2008, proj.
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
School enrollment, total . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Kindergarten through grade 8 . . . . . 1,000. . . Grades 9 through 12 . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
46,448 33,973 12,475
50,540 36,772 13,769
51,821 37,495 14,324
52,718 38,110 14,608
53,445 38,543 14,902
54,426 38,376 16,050
54,268 38,034 16,234
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Kindergarten through grade 8 . . . 1,000. . . Grades 9 through 12 . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
41,217 29,878 11,338
44,840 32,341 12,500
45,953 32,951 13,003
46,792 33,522 13,270
47,439 33,903 13,537
48,335 33,756 14,579
48,201 33,455 14,746
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Kindergarten through grade 8 . . . 1,000. . . Grades 9 through 12 . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
5,232 4,095 1,137
5,700 4,431 1,269
5,867 4,545 1,322
5,927 4,588 1,339
6,006 4,640 1,366
6,091 4,620 1,471
6,067 4,579 1,488
Enrollment rate: 5 and 6 year olds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent . 7 to 13 year olds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent . 14 to 17 year olds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent .
Classroom teachers, total 1 . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
High school graduates, total 2. . . . . . . 1,000. . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
Public schools: 2 Average daily attendance (ADA) . . . 1,000. . . Constant (1997-98) dollars: Teachers' average salary . . . . . . Dol. . . . . Current school expenditure . . . . . Bil. dol. . Per pupil in ADA . . . . . . . . . . Dol. . . . .
96.5 99.6 95.8
2,753 2,398
355
2,503 2,235
38,427
39,958 244.0 6,350
96.0 98.9 96.3
2,975 2,595
380
2,548 2,281
41,502
39,484 267.0 6,434
96.5 99.1 96.6
3,103 2,710
394
2,708 2,433
42,924
39,385 281.7 6,563
(NA) (NA) (NA)
3,126 2,728
399
2,751 2,465
43,372
(NA) (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA)
3,211 2,802
409
2,875 2,576
43,973
(NA) (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA)
3,394 2,963
430
2,985 2,675
44,803
(NA) (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA)
3,460 3,022
438
(NA) (NA)
(NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA)
HIGHER EDUCATION
Enrollment, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Full time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Part time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Full time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Part time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
13,819 6,284 3,808 2,476 7,535 4,013 3,521
14,262 6,343 3,807 2,535 7,919 4,321 3,598
14,350 6,239 3,667 2,572 8,111 4,424 3,687
14,590 6,324 3,718 2,606 8,266 4,562 3,704
14,889 6,442 3,816 2,626 8,447 4,727 3,720
15,516 6,684 4,010 2,674 8,833 5,075 3,758
16,083 6,906 4,182 2,724 9,177 5,380 3,797
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Four-year institutions . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Two-year institutions . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
10,845 5,848 4,996
11,092 5,815 5,278
11,207 5,863 5,344
11,395 5,969 5,426
11,626 6,114 5,512
12,101 6,413 5,688
12,534 6,670 5,864
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Four-year institutions . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Two-year institutions . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
2,974 2,730
244
3,169 2,955
215
3,143 2,914
229
3,195 2,961
234
3,263 3,024
239
3,415 3,165
250
3,549 3,288
260
Undergraduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . First-time professional . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
11,959 1,586
273
12,232 1,732 298
12,357 1,716 277
12,600 1,716 273
12,915 1,706 269
13,511 1,728
278
14,045 1,752 286
Full-time equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
9,983 7,558 2,425
10,335 7,752 2,583
10,346 7,799 2,547
10,554 7,959 2,595
10,829 8,168 2,661
11,401 8,593 2,809
11,910 8,974 2,937
Faculty, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
817
932
936
952
947
(NA)
(NA)
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
574
657
664
675
673
(NA)
(NA)
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
244
275
273
277
274
(NA)
(NA)
Degrees conferred, total 2 . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Associate's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Bachelor's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Master's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . Doctorate's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . . First-professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. . .
2,025 482
1,095 337 39 72
2,248 555
1,165 406 45 77
2,222 520
1,172 406 45 78
2,226 528
1,166 410 46 76
2,254 543
1,173 418 47 73
2,368 565
1,243 438 49 73
(NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
NA Not available. 1 Full-time equivalents. 2 For school year ending June the following year.
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, annual, and Projections of Educational Statistics, annual.
164 Education
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
No. 256. Federal Funds for Education and Related Programs: 1996 to 1998
[In millions of dollars (71,327.4 represents $71,327,400,000), except percent. For fiscal years ending in September. Figures represent on-budget funds]
Level, agency, and program
1996
1997
1998 1
Level, agency, and program
1996
1997
1998 1
Total, all programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent of Federal budget outlays . . . . . . . . . . Elementary/secondary education programs . . . . Department of Education 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grants for the disadvantaged . . . . . . . . . . . . School improvement programs . . . . . . . . . . . Indian education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocational and adult education . . . . . . . . . . . Education reform--Goals 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Agriculture 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Child nutrition programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural Marketing Service--
commodities 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special milk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Defense 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overseas dependents schools . . . . . . . . . . . Section VI schools 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Health and Human Services . . . . Head Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social security student benefits. . . . . . . . . . . Department of the Interior 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral Leasing Act and other funds . . . . . . . Indian Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inmate programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job Corps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Veterans Affairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocational rehab for disabled veterans . . . . . . Other agencies and programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . Higher education programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Education 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Student financial assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Family Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tuition assistance for military personnel . . . . . Service academies 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior ROTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,327.4 4.6
34,391.5 14,323.8
7,020.5 1,247.4
77.4 3,222.2 1,348.1
271.5 8,408.1 37,875.0
400.0 (3)
1,313.1 813.3 336.1
5,185.9 3,570.0
684.9 486.5
56.9 428.5 175.9 179.4 4,084.0 1,114.0 344.3 349.6
70.0 15,775.5 12,257.6
6,861.6 3,664.0
32.9 3.4
864.9 260.3 171.7 218.2
73,136.8 4.6
35,478.9 14,511.2 7,201.6 1,276.6
56.0 3,305.5 1,402.4
431.5 8,830.2 38,300.0
400.0 (3)
1,351.8 832.6 355.0
5,110.2 3,980.5
676.7 558.4
89.0 468.4 191.4 190.4 4,432.0 1,185.0 402.2 386.0
91.4 15,959.4 12,377.0
7,247.3 3,313.8
32.6 3.4
913.6 271.9 173.7 228.6
75,077.5 4.5
36,818.8 14,787.3
6,235.9 1,391.1
55.0 3,812.4 1,337.9
668.1 9,320.2 38,800.0
400.0 (3)
1,316.6 852.1 302.2
5,195.4 4,355.0
680.4 535.6
57.0 477.6 222.2 221.2 4,990.0 1,203.0 347.8 338.0 103.7 15,990.0 12,406.1 8,352.8 1,967.8
32.6 3.4
923.5 275.4 191.4 225.4
Professional development education . . . . . . . Department of Health and Human Services 2 . . .
Health professions training programs . . . . . . . National Health Service Corps scholarships . . National Institutes of Health training grants 7 . . Department of the Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shared revenues, Mineral Leasing Act and
other receipts--estimated education share . . Indian programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Veterans Affairs 2 . . . . . . . . . . . Post-Vietnam veterans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All-volunteer-force educational assistance. . . . Other agencies and programs 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . National Endowment for the Humanities . . . . . National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . United States Information Agency . . . . . . . . . Other education programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Education 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rehabilitative services and handicapped
research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Health and Human Services . . . . Department of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of the Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other agencies and programs 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agency for International Development . . . . . . Library of Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Endowment for the Arts . . . . . . . . . . National Endowment for the Humanities . . . . . Research programs at universities and related institutions 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department of Health and Human Services . . . . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214.7 798.6 273.5
28.8 457.0 132.5
59.0 73.5 53.5 1,074.7 44.4 922.8 557.5 30.9 262.0 239.4 4,828.0 3,085.6 502.9
2,410.2 412.9 117.0 35.1 53.3 59.0
1,065.2 307.0 252.0 0.5 62.4
16,332.3 427.2
1,663.7 3,035.2 6,784.9
1,754.6 2,041.5
229.3 801.9 313.7
30.0 417.0 165.6
89.3 76.3 58.3 992.7 16.3 863.9 614.3 25.8 355.0 204.8 5,021.2 2,882.3 412.6
2,462.2 413.6 144.0 46.1 49.4 51.0
1,434.8 355.6 261.0 2.8 68.7
16,677.3 516.6
1,452.8 3,150.5 7,210.2
1,652.2 2,040.0
231.2 793.1 291.1
30.0 429.8 167.8
86.2 81.6 59.3 1,024.8 11.7 898.8 579.4 20.5 358.0 172.0 5,171.4 2,961.8 437.1
2,515.4 408.7 155.0 39.8 55.4 73.0
1,477.6 347.7 277.0 2.3 72.4
17,097.3 417.9
1,364.8 3,170.7 7,422.1
1,699.0 2,115.3
1 Estimated. 2 Includes other programs and agencies, not shown separately. 3 The Special Milk Program is included in the Child Nutrition Program. 4 Purchased under Section 32 of the Act of August 1935 for use in child nutrition programs. 5 Program provides for the education of dependents of Federal employees residing on Federal property where free public education is unavailable in the nearby community. 6 Instructional costs only including academics, audiovisual, academic computer center, faculty training, military training, physical education, and libraries. 7 Includes alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health training programs.
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1998.
Education 165
No. 257. School Expenditures, by Source of Funds in Constant (1996-97) Dollars: 1980 to 1996
[For school years ending in year shown. (345.0 represents $345,000,000,000). Includes nursery, kindergarten, and special programs when provided by school system. Data are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers, on a school year basis (supplied by the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics). Distribution by source of funds is estimated]
Source of funds and control of school
1980
1985
Expenditures (bil. dol.) 1990 1993 1994
1995
1996
Total . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elementary and secondary . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other 1. . . . . . . . . . .
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Higher education . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . All other . . . . . . . . . . . .
345.0
39.4 134.0
90.2 81.5
286.3 30.8
133.1 89.8 32.5 58.8 8.5 1.3 49.0
215.0 19.6 93.1 86.7 15.6
200.0 19.6 93.1 86.7 0.6 15.0
130.2 19.8 40.8 3.5 65.8
86.3 11.3 40.0 3.1 31.9 43.8 8.5 1.3 34.0
378.8
32.6 147.0
96.8 102.3
306.9 24.2
146.0 96.5 40.2 71.9 8.4 1.4 62.1
228.5 13.9
102.2 93.0 19.6
209.5 13.9
102.2 93.0 0.6 19.0
150.3 18.7 45.0 3.8 82.7
97.4 10.2 43.9
3.5 39.6 52.9
8.4 1.4 43.1
486.0
40.2 181.1 124.8 139.9
393.8 29.2
179.3 124.3
61.0 92.2 11.0
2.3 78.9
294.2 16.6
128.2 119.7 29.7
271.0 16.6
128.2 119.7
6.6 23.2
191.8 23.7 52.9 5.0 110.2
122.8 12.7 51.2 4.5 54.4 69.0 11.0 2.3 55.7
518.8
45.5 181.4 133.2 158.6
418.1 34.1
179.6 132.7
71.6 100.7
11.4 2.2 87.0
311.4 20.0
131.5 127.8
32.2
287.0 20.0
131.5 127.8
7.8 24.4
207.3 25.5 50.0 5.4
126.5
131.0 14.1 48.2 4.9 63.8 76.3 11.4 2.2 62.6
527.9
46.5 181.6 138.3 161.5
425.7 35.3
180.0 137.7
72.7 102.3
11.3 2.2 88.7
318.0 20.7
132.5 132.5
32.4
293.5 20.7
132.5 132.5
7.8 24.6
209.9 25.9 49.1 5.9
129.1
132.3 14.6 47.5 5.3 64.9 77.6 11.3 2.2 64.2
541.9
47.0 191.3 137.2 166.4
437.2 35.6
189.6 136.8
75.3 104.6
11.4 2.2 91.1
325.2 20.4
140.3 131.3
33.2
300.0 20.4
140.3 131.3
8.1 25.2
216.7 26.7 51.0 5.9
133.1
137.2 15.2 49.3 5.5 67.3 79.5 11.4 2.2 65.9
554.4
47.1 197.4 139.1 170.7
446.4 35.8
195.8 138.5
76.2 108.0
11.3 2.2 94.5
333.1 20.4
146.0 132.8
33.9
307.4 20.4
146.0 132.8
8.2 25.8
221.2 26.7 51.4 6.3
136.8
139.0 15.4 49.8 5.8 68.0 82.3 11.3 2.2 68.8
1 Beginning in 1989-90, includes all fees for transportation, books, and food services.
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, annual.
Percent distribution
1980 1990 1996
100.0
11.4 38.8 26.1 23.6
100.0 10.8 46.5 31.4 11.4
100.0 14.5 2.1 83.3
100.0 9.1
43.3 40.3
7.3
100.0 9.8
46.6 43.3
0.3 100.0
100.0 15.2 31.4 2.7 50.6
100.0 13.0 46.4 3.6 37.0
100.0 19.5 2.9 77.6
100.0
8.3 37.3 25.7 28.8
100.0 7.4
45.5 31.6 15.5 100.0 11.9
2.5 85.6
100.0 5.6
43.6 40.7 10.1
100.0 6.1
47.3 44.2
2.4 100.0
100.0 12.3 27.6 2.6 57.4
100.0 10.3 41.7 3.7 44.3
100.0 15.9 3.3 80.8
100.0
8.5 35.6 25.1 30.8
100.0 8.0
43.9 31.0 17.1 100.0 10.5
2.0 87.5
100.0 6.1
43.8 39.9 10.2
100.0 6.6
47.5 43.2
2.7 100.0
100.0 12.1 23.2 2.8 61.9
100.0 11.1 35.8 4.1 48.9
100.0 13.7 2.7 83.6
No. 258. School Enrollment, by Control and Level, With Projections: 1980 to 2008
[In thousands (58,305 represents 58,305,000). As of fall. Data are for regular day schools and exclude independent nursery schools and kindergartens, residential schools for exceptional children, subcollegiate departments of colleges, Federal schools for Indians, and federally operated schools on Federal installations. College data include degree-credit and nondegree-credit enrollment]
Control of school and level
1996, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 1980 1985 1990 1995 prel. proj. proj. proj. proj. proj. proj.
Total . . . . . . . . . . . Public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kindergarten through 8 . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . .
Grades 9 through 12. . . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . .
College. . . . . . . . . . . . . Public . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . .
58,305 50,335
7,971
31,639 27,647
3,992
14,570 13,231
1,339
12,097 9,457 2,640
57,226 48,901
8,325
31,229 27,034
4,195
13,750 12,388
1,362
12,247 9,479 2,768
60,267 52,061
8,206
33,973 29,878
4,095
12,475 11,338 1,137
13,819 10,845
2,974
64,803 55,933
8,869
36,772 32,341
4,431
13,769 12,500
1,269
14,262 11,092 3,169
65,674 56,682
8,993
37,245 32,759
4,486
14,131 12,834
1,297
14,300 11,090 3,210
68,334 59,065
9,269
38,543 33,903
4,640
14,902 13,537
1,366
14,889 11,626 3,263
69,657 60,196
9,461
38,606 33,958
4,648
15,702 14,263
1,439
15,349 11,975 3,374
69,942 60,436
9,506
38,376 33,756
4,620
16,050 14,579
1,471
15,516 12,101
3,415
70,160 60,611 9,549
38,181 33,584
4,597
16,276 14,785
1,491
15,703 12,242
3,461
70,305 60,721
9,584
38,073 33,489
4,584
16,352 14,854
1,498
15,880 12,378
3,502
70,351 60,735
9,616
38,034 33,455
4,579
16,234 14,746
1,488
16,083 12,534
3,549
Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, annual; Projections of Education Statistics, annual; and unpublished data.
166 Education
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
No. 259. School Enrollment, by Age: 1970 to 1997
[As of October (60,357 represents 60,357,000). Covers civilian noninstitutional population enrolled in nursery school and above. Based on Current Population Survey, see text, Section 1, Population]
Age
1970 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994
ENROLLMENT (1,000)
Total 3 to 34 years old . . . . . . . 60,357 57,348 58,013 60,588 62,084 62,730 66,427
3 and 4 years old . . . . . . 5 and 6 years old . . . . . . 7 to 13 years old . . . . . . 14 and 15 years old . . . . 16 and 17 years old . . . . 18 and 19 years old . . . . 20 and 21 years old . . . . 22 to 24 years old . . . . . 25 to 29 years old . . . . . 30 to 34 years old . . . . .
35 years old and over . . . . . . .
1,461 7,000 28,943 7,869 6,927 3,322 1,949 1,410 1,011
466
(NA)
2,280 5,853 23,751 7,282 7,129 3,788 2,515 1,931 1,714 1,105
1,290
2,801 6,697 22,849 7,362 6,654 3,716 2,708 2,068 1,942 1,218
1,766
3,292 7,207 25,016 6,555 6,098 4,044 2,852 2,231 2,013 1,281
2,439
3,063 7,252 25,768 6,861 6,272 4,012 3,027 2,577 1,907 1,344
2,473
3,275 7,298 26,110 7,011 6,339 4,063 2,810 2,579 1,942 1,303
2,634
3,917 7,752 26,768 7,519 6,895 4,180 3,133 2,724 2,070 1,468
2,845
ENROLLMENT RATE
Total 3 to 34 years old . . . . . . . 56.4 49.7 48.3 50.2 51.4 51.8 53.3
3 and 4 years old . . . . . . 20.5 36.7 38.9 44.4 39.7 40.4 47.3
5 and 6 years old . . . . . . 89.5 95.7 96.1 96.5 95.5 95.4 96.7
7 to 13 years old . . . . . . 99.2 99.3 99.2 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.3
14 and 15 years old . . . . 98.1 98.2 98.1 99.0 99.1 98.9 98.8
16 and 17 years old . . . . 90.0 89.0 91.7 92.5 94.1 94.0 94.4
18 and 19 years old . . . . 47.7 46.4 51.6 57.3 61.4 61.6 60.2
20 and 21 years old . . . . 31.9 31.0 35.3 39.7 44.0 42.7 44.9
22 to 24 years old . . . . . 14.9 16.3 16.9 21.0 23.7 23.6 24.1
25 to 29 years old . . . . .
7.5
9.3
9.2
9.7
9.8 10.2 10.8
30 to 34 years old . . . . .
4.2
6.4
6.1
5.8
6.1
5.9
6.7
35 years old
and over . . . . . . . (NA)
1.4
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
NA Not available. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-516; and earlier reports.
1995
66,939
4,042 7,901 27,003 7,651 6,997 4,274 3,025 2,545 2,216 1,284
2,830
53.7
48.7 96.0 98.9 98.9 93.6 59.4 44.9 23.2 11.6
6.0
2.2
1996
67,317
3,959 7,893 26,936 7,598 7,220 4,539 3,017 2,605 2,265 1,286
2,979
54.1
48.3 94.0 97.7 98.0 92.8 61.5 44.4 24.8 11.9
6.1
2.3
1997
69,041
4,194 7,964 27,616 7,744 7,538 4,618 3,231 2,754 2,223 1,159
2,989
55.6
52.6 96.6 99.1 98.9 94.3 61.5 45.9 26.4 11.8
5.7
2.3
No. 260. School Enrollment, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age: 1980 to 1997
[See headnote, Table 259. (47,673 represents 47,673,000)]
Age ENROLLMENT (1,000)
White 1980 1990
1997
Black 1980 1990
1997
Hispanic origin 1
1980 1990
1997
Total 3 to 34 years old . . 47,673 48,899 54,142 8,251 8,854 10,876 4,263 6,073 9,032
3 and 4 years old . . . . . . . . . . 5 and 6 years old . . . . . . . . . . 7 to 13 years old . . . . . . . . . . 14 and 15 years old . . . . . . . . 16 and 17 years old . . . . . . . . 18 and 19 years old . . . . . . . . 20 and 21 years old . . . . . . . . 22 to 24 years old. . . . . . . . . . 25 to 29 years old. . . . . . . . . . 30 to 34 years old. . . . . . . . . .
35 years old and over . . . . .
1,844 4,781 19,585 6,038 5,937 3,199 2,206 1,669 1,473
942
1,104
2,700 5,750 20,076 5,265 4,858 3,271 2,402 1,781 1,706 1,090
2,096
3,191 6,266 21,601 6,099 5,894 3,688 2,651 2,143 1,717
892
2,444
371 904 3,598 1,088 1,047 494 242 196 187 124
186
452 1,129 3,832 1,023
962 596 305 274 162 119
238
780 1,269 4,538 1,220 1,220
659 347 393 278 171
394
172 491 2,009 568 454 226 111
93 84 54
(NA)
249 835 2,794 739 592 329 213 121 130
72
145
530 1,360 3,791 1,018
960 537 285 252 201
98
188
ENROLLMENT RATE
Total 3 to 34 years old . .
48.9
49.5
54.8
53.9
51.9
58.4
49.8
47.4
50.8
3 and 4 years old . . . . . . . . . .
36.3
44.9
50.9
38.2
41.6
60.0
28.5
29.8
36.6
5 and 6 years old . . . . . . . . . .
95.8
96.5
96.8
95.4
96.3
95.8
94.5
94.8
96.6
7 to 13 years old . . . . . . . . . .
99.2
99.6
99.1
99.4
99.8
99.3
99.2
99.4
99.1
14 and 15 years old . . . . . . . .
98.3
99.1
98.8
97.9
99.2
99.2
94.3
99.0
98.4
16 and 17 years old . . . . . . . .
88.6
92.5
94.5
90.6
91.7
93.4
81.8
85.4
91.1
18 and 19 years old . . . . . . . .
46.3
57.1
61.5
45.7
55.2
58.2
37.8
44.1
49.4
20 and 21 years old . . . . . . . .
31.9
41.0
46.4
23.4
28.4
35.9
19.5
27.2
28.9
22 to 24 years old. . . . . . . . . .
16.4
20.2
25.8
13.6
20.0
25.4
11.7
9.9
16.4
25 to 29 years old. . . . . . . . . .
9.2
9.9
11.3
8.8
6.1
10.7
6.9
6.3
7.3
30 to 34 years old. . . . . . . . . .
6.3
5.9
5.4
6.8
4.4
6.5
5.1
3.6
3.7
35 years old and over . . . . .
1.3
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.1
2.8
(NA)
2.1
1.8
NA Not available. 1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-516; and earlier reports.
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999
Education 167
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