CHAPTER 12 – PERSONALITY
CHAPTER 12 – PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY – a person’s unique pattern of
HIPPOCRATES – 4 HUMORS
A. May be the oldest
B. Operation of 4 bodily fluids
1. Imbalances or excesses
2. Blood
a. Sanguinity
b. Cheerfulness, optimistic
3. Yellow bile
a. Biliousness, choleric
b. Anger, irritable
4. Black Bile
a. Melancholia
b. Sadness, depression
5. Phlegm
a. Phlegmatic
b. Lethargy, impassivity, calm, listless
C. Popularized practice of
D. Medieval Europe – barber-surgeons
E. Barber pole – similar to caduceus
F. Aesculapius
I. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
A. Sigmund Freud
• unconscious – all ideas,
• psychoanalysis – Freud’s
1. Basic Concepts
a. 2 classes of
1) Death –
2) Life –
b. Id – “seething cauldron” unconscious
1) Pleasure principle
a) Reflex actions
b) Primary process
c. Ego – mediates between reality
1) secondary process thinking
d. Superego – moral
1) Ego Ideal –
2. Psychosexual Stages
a. libido - energy from
b. fixation – part of
c. Oral Stage – 0 – 18 months
d. Anal Stage – 18 months to 3 ½ years
e. Phallic Stage –
1) Oedipus Complex
2) Electra Complex
f. Latency Period –
g. Genital Stage
B. Carl Jung
1. Libido – all
2. Unconscious – ego’s source
a. Personal – repressed thought
b. Collective – inherited,
3. Archetypes – thought forms
4. Persona – public
5. Anima – female side of
6. Animus – male side of
7. General attitude types
a. Introvert –
b. Extrovert –
8. 2 other
a. Rational
b. Irrational
C. Alfred Adler
1. Innate positive
2. Main shaper
3. Compensation –
4. Inferiority Complex
5. Shifted to more positive
6. Fictional Finalism –
7. Style of Life
D. Karen Horney
1. Environment and social
2. Most important
3. Over-emphasis on
4. Anxiety – reaction to
5. Neurotic trends
a. Submission
b. Aggression
c. Detachment
6. Personality Type
a. Compliant
b. Aggressive
c. Detached
7. Emphasis on
E. Erik Erikson
1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative v. Guilt
4. Industry v. Inferiority
5. Identity v. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy v. Isolation
7. Generativity v. Self-absorption
8. Integrity v. Despair
II. HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORIES
*emphasizes humans positively motivated
A. William James
1. Self – sum total
2. 4 parts
a. Material
b. Social
c. Spiritual
d. Ego
B. Carl Rogers
1. Develop personalities
2. Goal of life
3. Actualizing tendency –
4. Self-actualizing tendency –
5. Fully functioning person
a. Self-
b. Not unduly
c. Open to
6. More likely to become
7. Often parents in
8. People lose sight
III. CONSTITUTIONAL AND TRAIT THEORIES
A. William Sheldon
1. Constitutional Theory – body-type
a. Endomorphs
b. Mesomorphs
c. Ectomorphs
2. 3 other types
a. Viscerotomia
b. Somatotomia
c. Cerebrotonia
3. Personality
B. Trait Theories
1. People differ
2. Dependency, anxiety
3. Can only
4. Traits
a. Cardinal Traits
b. Central Traits
c. Secondary Traits
d. Factor Analysis
e. Tupes & Christal (1961)
1) Surgency
2) Agreeable
3) Conscientious
4) Emotional
5) Culture
IV. C. ROBERT CLONINGER – 3 NEUROHUMORS
A. Norepinephrine – reward dependence – (Kramer – sensitivity
1. Person who is severely high
a. Highly sensitive to
b. Highly sentimental
c. Industrious,
d. Extremely sensitive to
e. Highly persistent
f. Constellation of what Kramer calls
2. Severely low end
a. Low
b. Socially detached
c. Insensitive to
d. Alienated,
3. Less extreme position on spectrum
a. Mildly high
b. Mildly low
c. Whole range possible
d. Every person’s level of
B. Serotonin – inhibition – harm avoidance
1. Severely high
2. Severely low
C. Dopamine – fastidiousness or inflexibility
1. Too high in
2. Controls trait
3. Similar theory – Monte Buchsbaum – Irvine
4. One extreme – high
5. Other extreme – low
D. Applications
1. RH – crave reward, but
2. Rh – heroic, persuasive
3. Nhr – psychopathy
4. nHr obsessional
5. nhr imperturbable,
6. nHR some of Prozac responders
V. PERSONALITY THEORIES AND THE QUESTION OF CONSISTENCY
A. Situationism and interaction
1. Situationism –
a. Behavior appears
b. Observers often
c. Now say some
d. Some people more
2. Bandura (1977) always interaction
a. Person
b. Situation
c. Feedback
3. Person evaluates situation
4. Julian Rotter (1954) – locus of control
B. B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism
1. You are
2. Internal personality
3. Concentrate finding
4. Not all people
5. Early development
6. Behavior can still
7. Token Economies – means behavioral
C. Social Learning Theory – Albert Bandura
1. People observe what is
2. Continually evaluate current behavior
3. Self-efficacy – expectancy
4. People are
5. Reciprocal Determinism – person
6. Mischel – Person Variables – cognitive
7. Bandura & Mischel – people internally
VII. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
• Want to assess typical
A. Personal Interview
1. Conversation with a purpose
a. Why seeking
b. Check on
c. These tend be
d. Also look at
2. Structured Interview
a. Order and content
b. More likely draw out
3. both skill and behavior of interview
a. Sympathetic relationship
b. Warm, interested
B. Observation
1. In everyday
2. Preferred by
3. Lets see
4. Drawbacks
a. Misinterpret
b. Expensive and
c. Presence observer
5. Refinements
a. Quantified
b. Videotape
c. Beeper
C. Objective Tests
1. Administered and scored
2. Cattell – 16PF
3. MMPI
a. Redundancy
b. Several scales
c. Number personality scales
1) Mascu-femininity
2) Depression
3) Hypochondriasis
d. Revised
1) Type A1,
2) Adult 704
D. Projective Tests
1. Ambiguous or unstructured
2. Advantage
a. Relaxed atmosphere,
b. True purpose hidden –
c. May uncover
3. Rorschach – Ink Blots
a. Go through twice
b. Can be interpreted
c. Can be scored
4. TAT – Thematic Apperception Test – H.A. Murray
a. 20 cards
b. Asked make up
c. Does subject identify
d. What does character
e. Assess for content,
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