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Ch. 3 DrainageDrainage basin: the area drained by a single river system i.e. main river and its tributaries.Water divide: elevated area or an upland that separates two drainage basin.Drainage patterns:Dendritic: forms when river follows the slope of the land ,river and its tributaries resembles the branches of the tree.Trellis: it develops over alternate band of hard and soft rocks (ridge and valley topography) tributaries join main river at approx. right angle.Rectangular : formed over hard and strongly jointed rocky terrain tributaries join main river at right angle.Radial: It develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure.River cycle and fluvial landformsFeatures formed in youthful stage: v shape valley, waterfall alluvial fansFeatures formed in mature stage: meanders , ox bow lake , flood plains, leveesFeatures formed in old stage: Delta , distributariesHimalayan and peninsular riversHimalayan river1.They are Perennial in nature2. Their Source of origin are glaciers.3. They have long courses and perform intense erosion.4. They mainly make dendritic pattern and forms well developed deltas.5. They are comparatively younger in origin.Peninsular riverThey are Non perennial in natureTheir Source of origin are lakes.They have shallower and shorter courses.They are combination of dendritic, trellis and rectangular pattern .They show graded profile.s.noName of the riverOrigin & drain intoTributariesremarks1.IndusNear lake Mansarowar in TibetArabian seaZaskas, Nubra , Shyok, Hunza in Kashmir region;Satluj ,Beas, Ravi,Chenab and Jhelum near MithankotEmerges from mountain at Attock.Gentle slopeTotal length 2900km2. GangaGangotri Glacier in UttrakhandBay of BengalFrom Himalayan side-Yamuna,Ghaghara, Gandhak,KosiFrom peninsula side-Chambal,Betwa,SonFormes the largest delta of the world along rivert Brahmaputra-Sunderban3.BrahmaputraEast of lake Mansarowar in TibetBay of BengalDibang, Dihang and LohitTake u turn at Namcha Barwa to enter India Indus river systemThe river Indus originates in Tibet; near Lake Mansarowar. It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu & Kashmir.Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok and Hunza are the main tributaries which join the Indus in Kashmir region.After flowing through Baltistan and Gilgit, the Indus emerges from the mountains at Attock.Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join together and enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. After that, the Indus flows southwards and finally reaches the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.Indus is 2900 km long. The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. A little over one-third of the Indus basin is located in India; in the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The rest of the portion is in Pakistan.Indus Water Treaty : This treaty is about Sharing of the water of the River Indus between India and Pakistan. India can use 20% of the total water.Ganga River SystemHeadwater of River Ganga – Bhagirathi(origin Gangotri) and Alaknanda joins at Devaprayag to form GangaAt Haridwar emerge from mountainsNorthernmost point of Ganga delta-Farakka in W.BengalDivide into Bhagirathi and HooglyMainstream flows southward joined by Brahmaputra and known as Meghna. Forms Sunderban delta named after sundari tree.Total length 2500kmAmbala forms water divide between Indus and GangaBramhmaputra river systemAlso known as Tsang Po in Tibet and jamuna in BangladeshCarries less silt in Tibet region and lagre amount of silt in Indian partMany problems are associated with it –floods, sedimentation of river bed and frequent shifting of its channel.Forms worlds largest riverine island- Majuli island in the state of Assam.The Peninsular RiversRiverOrigin and drain intoTributariesRemarkNarmadaAmarkantak hills in M.PInto Arabian seaHiran, Kolar ,TawaForms Dhuan Dhar fall in Jabalpur (Marble Rock)Forms esturieTapiMultai in Betul distt of M.PInto Arabian seaPurna,Betul,AmravatiCalled twin of River NarmadaForms esturieMahanadi Dhandkaranya in ChhattisgarhDrains into Bay of BengalIb,Sheonath,TelHirakund Dam is built on this river It is the most important river of GodavariNasik district in MaharashtraDrain into Bay of BengalPenganga,Wainganga, IndravatiLongest river of peninsular IndiaAlso called Dakshin GangaForms Denderitic patternKrishnaRises from The western ghats near MahabaleshwarDrain into Bay of BengalKoyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Tungabhadra, MusiSecond largest river of peninsulaFamous city of Hyderabad is located on the bank of River Musi one of the main tributaryCauvery (Kaveri)Rise in Brahmagri range of Western GhatesDrain into Bay of BengalAmaravati and ShivaMain river for southern -most statesForms DeltaEconomic Benefits of riverAgricultural use, industrial use Hydro electricity productionFormation of flood plainsInland transportationWater for domestic useLakes of IndiaA large water body which is surrounded by land is called a lake. Most of the lakes are permanent, while some contain water only during the rainy season. Lakes are formed by the action of glaciers and ice sheets, by wind, river action and by human activities.Ox-bow Lake:?A lake formed when a meandering river is cut off from the mainstream. The shape of this lake resembles an ox-bow.Lagoon:?When the lake is formed by spits and bars in coastal areas, it is called a lagoon. Chilika lake, Pulicat lake, Kolleru lake, etc. are examples of lagoon.Glacial Lake:?A lake formed by melting of glacier is called a glacial lake. Most of the lakes in the Himalayan region are glacial lakes.Wular lake (Jammu & Kashmir) is the largest freshwater lake in India. It was formed by tectonic activity.Benefits of a Lake:?A lake helps in preventing flood by regulating the flow of river. During dry seasons, a lake helps to maintain an even flow of the river. Lakes can also be used for generating hydel power.Role of rivers in the economy:?Rivers have been the centre of human civilization since ancient times. Even today, many big cities are situated on the bank of a river. River water is used for irrigation, navigation, hydroelectricity, fisheries, etc.Classification on the basis of the origin: Natural lakes-Glacial lakes (Dal lake),Lagoons (Pulicat lake),lakes formed due to inland drainage(Sambhar lake)Man made lakes-Nagarjuna Sagar, Nizam Sagar, Gobind sagar Importance of the lakes: Have moderating effect on nearby area, unique aquatic life, source of water for irrigation and other uses, eco tourism.River Pollution:?The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water. As a result, more and more water is being drained out of the rivers reducing their volume. On the other hand, a heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers. This affects not only the quality of water but also the self-cleansing capacity of the river. ................
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