Basic Bibliography Format



Citation Guide for Papers

To show the research that you have done for your papers, you need to cite your references. There are two predominant referencing systems: (1) footnotes/endnotes or (2) parenthetical referencing. You may use either method, but you must follow proper citation formats. Below is a basic guide for your research design bibliography and paper citations. These cover the most common types of sources, but there are dozens of variations that cannot be covered in a handout. The only way to know how to deal with these is to consult a style manual. If you do not own one, you should purchase one.

There are no hard and fast rules for when to include a reference in your work. The general purpose is to allow the reader to go and find the sources that you used. So you want to give them proper “directions”. In general, if you are representing the ideas of someone else – and absolutely when you are using their exact words! – then you should include a reference. The best rule of thumb is, if you are not sure if you need a reference or not, go ahead and include it. Better to “over-cite” than to “under-cite”.

NOTE: Many of your sources will likely be gathered through online databases that contain PDF or html version of printed articles. Since these articles ‘original form’ is a paper version, you should cite them as such. That is, an article from Newsweek downloaded from the library’s Academic Search Premier article database should be cited just the same as if you had the paper copy of Newsweek in your possession. Articles should only be treated as web-based if they ONLY exist in electronic form.

Bibliography Format

Bibliographies should be listed alphabetically by authors’ last names for all works cited. Do not do a separate book or article section. Please note that proper citation formats for bibliographies are not the same as for footnotes and endnotes.

BOOK: Last Name, First Name. Title. City: Publisher, Year.

EX: Casey, Terrence. The Social Context of Economic Change in Britain. Manchester, UK:

Manchester University Press, 2002.

JOURNAL ARTICLE: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title

Volume: Number (Date): Page Numbers.

EX: Hall, Peter “Social Capital in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 29:2 (1999) 417-461.

EDITED VOLUMES: Editor Last Name, First Name (ed.). Title. City: Publisher, Year.

EX: Bermeo, Nancy (ed.). Unemployment in the New Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS (Books & Journals): Name and Name [Then follow above]

EX: Ruane, Joseph and Todd, Jennifer. The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. New York: Cambridge

University Press, 1997.

Taylor, Jim and Wren, Colin. “UK Regional Policy: An Evaluation.” Regional Studies 31:1 (1997): 835-48.

Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen and Longstreth, Frank (eds.). Structuring Politics: Historical

Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

WEBSITE: Organization (http address)

EX: Official Monster Raving Looney Party of Great Britain ()

NEWS MAGAZINE: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title. Date, Pages.

EX: Dickerson, John F. and Tumulty, Karen. “Take It Outside, Boys: Why Bush Fired His Feuding Economic

Advisors.” Time, December 8, 2002, pp. 10-12.

NOTE: If no author is listed for the article, simply omit the name.

NEWSPAPER: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper. Date, Pages.

OR…. “Article Title.” Newspaper. Date, Pages.

OR…. Newspaper. Date, Pages.

EX: Preston, Julia. “UN Teams Begin Analysis of Documents from the Iraqis.” New York Times,

December 9, 2002, p. A15.

NOTE: For newspaper articles, you should always include all information if it is available. However, it is acceptable to use the minimal citation as above if you do not.

Paper Citation Format

FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES: Footnotes and endnotes (sometimes referred to as ‘Chicago style’) follow the exact same format, but differ in the placement of the note, footnotes going at the bottom of each page and endnotes at the end of the text. All should be consecutively numbered with Arabic numerals. For footnotes you include a full citation the first time you cite a work, and shortened citations thereafter.

BOOK: 1 Name, Title (City: Publisher) Year. OR…

1 Name, Title (City: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

First Reference: 1 Terrence Casey, The Social Context of Economic Change in Britain (Manchester, UK:

Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 193.

Second Reference: 1 Casey, p. 67.

NOTE: If a reference is the same as its immediate reference, you can insert the Latin ‘Ibid’ (short for ‘Ibidem’ or ‘in the same place’) in place of the author’s name.

EX: 5 Casey, p. 67.

6 Ibid., p. 75.

7 Jones, pp. 100-103.

ARTICLES FROM EDITED VOLUMES: 1 Article Author(s) Name, “Article Title,” in Editor(s) Name (ed.),

Book Title, (City: Publisher), Year, Page Number.

First Reference: 1 Ash Amin, “Industrial Districts,” in Eric Sheppard and Trevor Barnes (eds.), A

Companion to Economic Geography (London: Blackwell, 2000), p. 172.

Second Reference: 1 Amin, p. 178.

JOURNAL ARTICLE: 1 Name, “Article Title,” Journal Title, Volume: Number (Date), Page Number.

First Reference: 1 Hall, Peter “Social Capital in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 29:2 (1999), p. 435.

Second Reference: 1 Hall, p. 438.

NEWS MAGAZINE: 1 Name, “Article Title,” Magazine Title, Date, Page.

First Reference: 1 John F. Dickerson and Karen Tumulty, “Take It Outside, Boys: Why Bush Fired His Feuding

Economic Advisors,” Time, December 8, 2002, p. 11.

Second Reference: 1 Dickerson and Tumulty, p. 12.

WEBSITE: Organization (http address)

First Reference: 1 Official Monster Raving Looney Party of Great Britain ()

Second Reference: 1 OMRLP Website

PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES: Parenthetical references (sometimes referred to as ‘MLA style) use a bibliography at the end of the text and notes in parentheses within the text to indicate the source. Bibliographies should be listed alphabetically by authors’ last names for all works cited. Do not do a separate book or article section. Please note that proper citation formats for bibliographies are not the same as for footnotes and endnotes. So the text will look something like this:

“…some scholars (Feigenbaum, 1998, p. 233) attribute high German unemployment to structural rigidities in the German political economy, while others (Howard, 2002, p. 127) see it more as the result of policies to achieve convergence for the euro. Having achieved this end, the fiscal environment will loosen, allowing employment to again rise (Riley, 2001, pp. 96-98).”

BOOK: Last Name, First Name (Year) Title. City: Publisher.

EX: Casey, Terrence (2002) The Social Context of Economic Change in Britain. Manchester, UK: Manchester

University Press.

JOURNAL ARTICLE: Last Name, First Name (Date) “Article Title,” Journal Title, Volume, Number,

Page Numbers.

EX: Hall, Peter (1999) “Social Capital in Britain,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 417-

61.

EDITED VOLUMES: Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. (Year) Title, City: Publisher.

EX: Bermeo, Nancy, ed. (2001). Unemployment in the New Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS (Books & Journals): Name and Name [Then follow above]

EX: Ruane, Joseph and Todd, Jennifer (1997) The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. .New York:

Cambridge University Press.

WEBSITE: Organization (http address)

EX: Official Monster Raving Looney Party of Great Britain ()

NEWS MAGAZINE: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title. Date, Pages.

EX: Dickerson, John F. and Tumulty, Karen (December 8, 2002) “Take It Outside, Boys: Why Bush Fired His

Feuding Economic Advisors.” Time, pp. 10-12.

NOTE: If no author is listed for the article, simply omit the name.

NEWSPAPER: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper. Date, Pages.

OR…. “Article Title.” Newspaper. Date, Pages.

OR…. Newspaper. Date, Pages.

EX: Preston, Julia (December 9, 2002) “UN Teams Begin Analysis of Documents from the

Iraqis.” New York Times, p. A15.

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