Honors biology - Science 4 Warriors 2.0



honors biology

ch.17 notes

“Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land”

Plants and Fungi---A Beneficial Partnership

Opening Essay

Describe the significance of mycorrhiza to plant health and the history of this relationship.

Symbiotic

– mycorrhiza

– absorbs?

– fungus provides:

– Plant provides:

Significance:

– .

– .

History

– fossils:

– evolution:

17.1 Describe the key plant adaptations to life on land.

Ancesteral plants:

Plants and modern charophytes evolved from common ancestor.

Lived on:

Subject to occasional _________

Natural selection favored those that

Key Adaptations:

waxy cuticle

stomata:

open for:

closed during:

roots:

provide:

absorb:

absorb:

mycorrhizae

root hairs increase ?

apical meristems: grow from _____

vascular tissue:

xylem

transports: ________, ________

support (dead xylem = ________)

phloem

transports ________

Moss is primitive

no __________ __________

must remain ______

gets water by ___________

lignin

in:

function:

allows for ____________

mosses lack __________

seeds

embryophytes

multicellular, dependent embryo distinguishes plants from algae.

gametangea

protective jacket of cells surrounding ____________________cells

pollen

contain ___________-producing cells

_____________ not required to bring gametes together

17.2 Compare the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

1. Origin of _________________

2. Origin of _________________

3. Origin of _________________

Spore-producing, Nonvascular

Bryophytes:

– no vascular tissue

– Examples:

o

o

o

– no lignin

– apical meristem present or absent?

– spores, no seeds

– embryos

– grow in mats support and moisture retention

Spore-producing, Vascular Plants

Vascular tissue allowed for ________________________. Height allowed for ______________________.

Examples:

–

–

Spores, no seeds

require moist conditions for fertilization

Seed, Vascular Plants

Gymnosperms

“________ ________” not produced in specialized chambers

Examples:

–

–

Angiosperms

“________ _______”

Flowering plants

________ around seed

Examples:

–

–

–

17.8 Describe the parts of a flower and explain their functions.

Functions:

sepals:

petals:

stamen: anther:

(male) filament:

carpel: stigma:

(female) style:

ovary:

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

17.10 List the angiosperm adaptations that promote seed dispersal

wind dispersal:

“Velcro”:

fruit: fleshy edible

before ripening, fruit is green/camouflaged. Why?

advertise”

animals…

rollers:

floaters:

launchers:

17.12 Explain how flowers are adapted to attract pollinators.

Energy budget:

–

–

Flower Adaptations:

– color:

– scent:

– nectar:

Animal Adaptations

birds:

–

–

beetles:

–

–

bees:

bats & moths:

flies, beetles:

Success:

Pollination successful only if to same species.

Insects only remember one ___________________

Will get more nectar if _______________________

17.14 Describe the main traits of fungi and their ecological role.

Traits:

–

–

–

Ecological Role:

–

–

17.18 Explain how parasitic fungi harm plants and animals.

____% of fungi are parasitic or pathogenic

Example:

Dutch Elm disease (1926-1970’s)

spread across U.S.

destroyed _____% of Elm trees in the______

Example:

English Elms devastated

Studies showed all English Elms were __________

derived asexually by ________________________

Romans _____________ years ago.

______% of plant diseases are caused by fungi

______% of world’s fruit harvest lost to fungal attack each year

Corn smut Ergots in Rye

Ergots of rye, wheat, and oats are toxic to humans

Consumption of flour made from ergot-infested grain can cause:

–

–

–

–

–

–

– Suggested as the cause for Vikings going “berserk.”

Human Fungal Diseases

50 species known to be parasitic in humans and other animals

“mycosis” =

deadly lung diseases, now considered potential biological weapon (Coccidioidomycosis = tuberculosis-like symptoms)

Examples:

– ringworm =

– vaginal yeast infections = Candida albicans

o

o

o

17.19 Describe the structure and characteristics of lichens.

green _____ or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae

each partner provides?

able to live where?

Normal metabolism produces ?

Important food source for?

Opportunistic:

– grows quickly in _____________________________

– remains dormant during _______________________

– some are __________ of years old

– very sensitive to____________&_______________.

– Death of lichens sign of _______________________

17.21 Describe the positive ecological and practical roles of fungi.

Ecological Benefit

–

–

Practical Uses

–

–

–

– yeast for

– antibiotics:

– use yeasts to convert plant biomass to

Fungus Ppt. (stored on desktop)

-----------------------

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download