Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control: At-a-Glance……………………



Ch. 6 Deviance and Social Control

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|What is Deviance? |Deviance: ______________________________________ |

|How norms make social life | |

|possible. |Howard S. Becker: ______________________________________ |

|Competing explanations of | |

|deviance: sociology, biology, and|Erving Goffman: ______________________________________ |

|psychology. | |

| |Negative Sanctions: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |Positive Sanctions: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |XYY Theory: ______________________________________ |

| | |

|The Symbolic Interactionist |Edwin Sutherland: ______________________________________ |

|Perspective of Deviance | |

|Differential Association Theory |Walter Reckless: ______________________________________ |

|Control Theory | |

|Labeling Theory |Social Bond: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |Techniques of Neutralization: developed by ______________________________________to |

| |______________________________________ |

| | |

| |William Chambliss: ______________________________________ |

| | |

|The Functionalist Perspective |Emile Durkheim______________________________________ |

|Can deviance really be functional| |

|for society? |Robert Merton: developed __________ Theory which is based ____________________________ |

|Strain Theory: How social values | |

|produce deviance. |Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin: developed the concept of _____________________________ |

|Illegitimate Opportunity | |

|Structures: Social class and |that explains how ______________________________________ |

|crime. | |

| |White Collar Crime: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |Street Crime: ______________________________________ |

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|The Conflict Perspective |Capitalist Class: ______________________________________ |

|Class, crime, and the Criminal | |

|Justice System |Working Class: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |Marginal Working Class: ______________________________________ |

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|Reactions to Deviance |Three Strikes and You’re Out Laws: ______________________________________ |

|Street crime and prisons. | |

|Recidivism. |Recidivism Rate: ______________________________________ |

|Death Penalty. | |

|Legal Change. |Furman v. Georgia: ______________________________________ |

|The Medicalization of Deviance. | |

|The need for a humane approach. |Medicalization of Deviance: ______________________________________ |

| | |

| |Thomas Szasz: ______________________________________ |

I. What is Deviance? Crime? _______________________

A. Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to _________________________________.

1. According to sociologist Howard S. Becker, it is not the act itself that makes an action deviant, but rather ________________________________.

2. Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to some ______________________________________.

3. Deviants are people who ______________________________________. To sociologists, all people are deviants because __________________________

4. Erving Goffman used "stigma" to refer to _____________________________; a stigma (e.g., physical deformities, skin color) defines a person's ______________________________________.

B. Norms make social life possible by ______________________________________.

1. Without norms, ______________________________________ would exist.

2. The reason deviance is seen as threatening is because it ______________________________________.

3. What is social control? ______________________________________ Is necessary for social life? ______________________________________.

C. Deviance and conformity are reinforced or extinguished through ______________________________________.

1. Disapproval of deviance, called negative sanctions, range from ______________________________________ to ______________________________________.

2. What are some examples of positive sanctions________________________ They are used to do what? ______________________________________.

D. Comparing Biological, Psychological, and Sociological Explanations

1. Psychologists and sociobiologists explain deviance by looking ______________________________________. Sociologists look ______________________________________.

2. Biological explanations focus on ______________________________________.

a. Factors such as intelligence and “XYY” theory. What is the “XYY” theory?

3. Psychiatrist Dorothy Lewis found that _________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________..

4. Psychological explanations focus on personality disorders (such as what? ______________________________________.). Yet, these do not necessarily result in ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________..

5. Sociological explanations where? ______________________________________..

a. Crime is a violation of what? _________________________________.

b. Social influences—such as what? ________________________________. —may “recruit” some people to ______________________________________.

II. The Symbolic Interaction Perspective

A. Differential association is whose term? ______________________________________. It indicates that those who associate with groups oriented toward deviant activities ______________________________________ ______________________________________. ______________________________________ ______________________________________..

1. The key to differential association is ____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________. Some groups teach members to ______________________________________. Give examples. _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________.

2. Symbolic interactionists stress that people are ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________..

B. Control Theory

1. According to control theory ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________. It was suggested by ______________________________________.

2. Inner controls are ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________. Sociologist Travis ______________________________________noted that strong bonds to society ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________.

C. Labeling theory is the view that the labels people are given affect ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

1. ______________________________________use the term "techniques of neutralization" to describe ______________________________________ ______________________________________. These are (1) ______________________________________; (2) ______________________________________; (3______________________________________; (4) ______________________________________; and (5______________________________________.

2. Sometimes an individual's deviant acts begin _________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

3. Most people resist being labeled deviant, but some ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

4. William J. Chambliss's study of the Saints (______________________________________) and the Roughnecks (______________________________________) provides an excellent illustration of ______________________________________.

a. Labels given to people affect how others ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

b. The study showed ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.

III. The Functionalist Perspective

A. Emile Durkheim stated that deviance, including ________, is _________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

1. Deviance clarifies ______________________________________ (a group's ideas about how people should act and think) and affirms ________________.

2. Deviance promotes ______________________________________ (by ______________________________________).

3. Deviance promotes ______________________________________ (if boundary violations gain enough support, ______________________________________).

B. Robert Merton developed ______________________________________to analyze what happens when _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

1. Merton used "______________________________________" (Durkheim's term) to refer ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

2. The most common reaction to cultural goals and institutionalized means is ______________________________________. Explain: ____________________________________________________________________________

3. He identified _____ types of deviant responses to anomie: ______________________________________ ______________________________________; ______________________________________ ______________________________________; ______________________________________ ______________________________________; and ______________________________________ ____________________________________. Give examples of each.

4. According to ________ theory, deviants are _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

C. Illegitimate Opportunity Theory

1. Social classes have distinct styles of ___________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________.

2. Illegitimate opportunity structures are _________________________

3. According to sociologists Richard ________and Lloyd ________, they may result ____________________________________________________________.

4. For the urban poor, there are opportunities ___________________________. ____________________________________________________________________________ The “hustler” is a role model because _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

5. What is white-collar crime? ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ They result from ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

a. Such crimes exist in _________ numbers than commonly perceived, and can be very ___________________________________.

b. They can involve __________ harm and sometimes ________; for instance, unsafe working conditions kill about ____________ Americans each year—about _____ times the number of people killed by street crime.

D. There have been some recent changes in the nature of white-collar crime.

1. A major change is ______________________________________.

2. As women have become more involved in the professions and the corporate world, they too have been enticed by ______________________ ______________________________________.

3. Today nearly as many women as men are arrested for _____________ ______________________________________.

IV. The Conflict Perspective

A. The state's machinery of social control represents ____________________________

1. This group determines ___________________________________ criminal justice system _______________________________.

B. The law is an instrument of ______________________________________ .

1. It is a tool designed to ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.

2. When members of the working class get out of line, they are ___________

______________________________________ ______________________________________

3. The criminal justice system directs its energies against

____________________________________________________________________________

4. The publicity given to this level of white collar crime helps to stabilize the system by ______________________________________.

C. Law enforcement is a cultural device through which capitalists ______________________________________ ______________________________________.

V. Reactions to Deviance Capital punishment?

A. Degradation ceremonies are rituals designed to _____________________

_________________________________________ ______________________________________.

1. Typically, what happens? _____________________ ___________

2. When pronounced guilty, _____________________ ___________.

3. Such proceedings signal what? _____________________

B. Imprisonment is an increasingly popular reaction to crime but fails to _____________________ _____________________ ____________________

1. What is the recidivism rate? _____________________ in the US runs as high as 85-90 %, & those given probation do no better.

2. There is disagreement within U.S. society as to why criminals should be imprisoned.

3. Different reasons for imprisonment include

retribution - _____________________ ____________________;

deterrence-____________________________ ___________________

rehabilitation ________________________ ___________________

incapacitation ________________________ ___________________ Medicalization of deviance views deviance as ________________

1. Thomas _______ argues that mental illness is simply _________: some forms of "mental" illnesses have organic causes such as _____________________________________________________

while others are responses to ______________________________.

2. Some sociologists find Szasz's analysis refreshing because it indicates that _____________________________, and not ____________________, underlie bizarre behaviors.

3. Being mentally ill can sometimes lead to other problems like homelessness; but being homeless can lead to ________________ _____________________________________________________

D. With deviance inevitable, 1 measure of a society is ____________ ________________ ________________

E. The larger issues are _______________________________ ________________

|Capital punishment |capitalist class |control theory |control theory |

|control theory |crime |criminal justice system |cultural goals |

|cultural goals |differential association |genetic predisposition |hate crime |

|illegitimate opportunity structure |institutionalized means |marginal working class |

|medicalization of deviance |personality disorders |labeling theory |

|recidivism rate |social control |social order |stigma |working class |

|strain theory |street crime |techniques of neutralization | |

|white-collar crime or corporate crime |positive sanction |negative sanction |

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