Durkheim&Merton
Durkheim&Merton
Anomie or “Strain” Theories
Emile Durkheim
French Sociologist
Suicide
Coined the Term “Anomie”:
When “institutionalized norms” lose their meaning and ability to control human behavior and needs
Mechanical vs. Organic Solidarity
Robert K. Merton
Social Structure and Anomie (1938)
From Durkheim: Institutionalized norms are weakened in societies that place an intense value on economic success
Applied this to the United States
Culturally Valued Goals
Institutionalized Means
Anomie -- Macro Level
The “road not taken”
Explanation of high crime rates in the United States?
Follows close to Durkheim
Gist = Unrestrained American capitalism and fetish with money creates anomie
Picked up by Messner and Rosenfeld
Strain Theory--Anomie at the Micro Level
Cultural Goal in U.S.?
This goal is universal
(The American Dream)
Institutionalized Means?
Due to the social structure in the U.S., the means are unequally distributed
Segment of society with no way to attain goal b/c they lack means
Strain Theory (Micro)
Support for Micro Strain Theory
Typically tested as the disjuncture between educational or economic “aspirations” and “expectations”
Little empirical support for this
Delinquents tend to have low expectations and aspirations
More recent tests have found some weak support
Criticisms of Merton and “Strain” Theory
Is crime a “lower class” phenomena?
Why ritualist vs. innovator?
Cannot explain “expressive” crimes
Weak empirical support
Hirschi = “Oversocialized Man”
Exam I Review
Evaluating Theories
Know Criteria
Know which are most important
Be able to apply them to the theories that we’ve discussed
Deterrence Theory
Roots
Specific vs. General
Macro vs. Micro
How would you measure the concepts at both the micro and macro level?
Empirical Support and Policy Implications
Rational Choice / Opportunity
Don’t memorize Cornish and Clarke
Focus more on Deterrence theory
Important only as an example of a RCT that goes beyond “pure utility”
Why criticize if theorists go beyond “pure utility” or “pure deterrence?”
Routine Activity Theory
Social Learning Theory
Focus on the Sutherland--Akers tradition.
Basic concepts of each(model for Akers)
How Akers modified Differential Association
Policy implications and empirical support
Measures and criticism of the measures
Gerald Patterson
Know the theory (diagram)
Policy Implications
Is he a control or learning theorist?
Control Theories
Early control theories
Nye, Reckless
Hirschi (1969)
Social Bond Theory
Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
The General Theory
Hirschi (1969)
How criticize early control theories?
Assumptions about human nature
Elements of the bond
Empirical Support
Policy Implications
Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
Nature of crime, nature of criminals
Causes of low self-control
Consequences of low self-control
Description of low self-control
Policy Implications / Empirical Support
Social Bond vs. General Theory
Similarities and Differences
Pirate Variables
Sykes and Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization
Criminal Parents, Criminal Peers
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