Topics: Africa, India, & Asia (Part 1)
Topics: Africa, India, & Asia (Part 1)
Imperialism:
▪ A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate a weaker nation economically, socially, or politically.
o When?-15th-20th centuries
o Why Imperialize?
▪ Potential for Profits:
• European nations needed to gather additional resources to fuel the industrial revolution.
• Conquered nations served as new markets to sell the finished products to.
▪ Power and Influence
▪ Missionary Work
▪ Exploratory
▪ Ideological
• Social Darwinism (“White Man’s Burden”)-Duty of white civilized people to “save” and help the uncivilized peoples of Africa, India, and Asia.
o Effects:
▪ African nations and their people were exploited and controlled by foreigners who did not care or understand their cultures
▪ European nations increased in wealth and power
▪ Nationalism flourished in conquering nations-MAIN cause of WWI
Africa (General):
▪ Berlin Conference-Partitioned Africa
▪ Famous European explorers-Cecil Rhodes and Dr. Livingstone
▪ Able to colonize because:
o Superior technology (machine gun)
o Infrastructure creation
o Medications to protect against malaria
o Africa was already divide amongst ethnic lines (many tribal wars)
▪ Pan-African Movement-Dream of Nkrumah to united all of Africa into one nation
▪ Key African nations-Nigeria, Kenya, Congo, Angola, Ghana, Algeria, Zimbabwe
South Africa:
▪ Path to British Rule:
o Desirable due to large number of resources
o Three groups clash of control: Africans, Dutch, and British
o Zulus-challenged British for control but ultimately lost
o Boer War-Clash between Dutch Farmers (Boers) and British for control-British are victorious
▪ British Rule:
o Racial conflict (Europeans v. Africans)
o 1948-Arpathied System installed in South Africa-Complete separation of whites and blacks-whites are the minority and have more land and power-blacks forced to carry passbooks and sent to live on Bantustans
o Foreign economic sanctions and global attention pressure the apartheid system to dissolve-seen as a human rights violation
o Boycotts of white controlled facilities also makes an effort toward ending apartheid
▪ Democracy:
o Nelson Mandela becomes leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and fights for the end of the apartheid system
▪ Jailed for 27 years
▪ Released and in 1994 becomes the first democratically elected man in South Africa
o Other important leaders:
▪ Bishop Desmond Tutu, FW De Klerk, & Thadbo Mbeki
Rwandan Genocide:
▪ 1962-independence from Belgium
▪ 2 main ethnic groups (Hutu-majority and Tutsi-minority)
▪ Tutsi treated as a superior class under colonial rule intensified post-independence divisions
▪ 1994-post assassination of Rwandan president Hutus massacre 800,000 Tutsis in 100 days (1/10 of population)
▪ United Nations slow to react-French play a large role in restoring stability
Genocide in Darfur, Sudan:
▪ Darfur western region of the largest nation on the African continent, Sudan
▪ Janjaweed are the Arab Muslims executing the genocide as supported by Sudanese President Bashir
▪ Conflict between Black Africans (farmers) and Arab Africans (both Muslim)-Farmers are on strategic oil and gas reserves that Bashir’s government wants to access.
▪ 2003-Present
▪ 400,000 plus have been murdered
Africa’s Modern Issues:
▪ Environmental Issues:
o Desertification
o Deforestation
o Drought
▪ Humanitarian Issues:
o Child Trafficking
o Bonded Child Labor
o Forced Work in Mines
o Forced Agricultural Labor
o Child Soldiers
o Domestic Slavery
o AIDS/HIV
India:
▪ 1600s-British East India Company set up trading posts (rule India 1757-1858)
▪ Mughal Dynasty collapsed in 1757 and British East India Company became economic and political problem
▪ Considered India’s most valuable colony “Jewel in the Crown”
▪ India provided raw materials to fuel the industrial revolution in England and India’s large population provided a market in which to sell the finished products to
▪ Sepoy Mutiny
▪ Nationalism in India began to develop in the early 1800s-formation of political groups: Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
▪ Positive-British greatly improved the infrastructure of India, sanitation and health improves,& educational opportunities increased
▪ Negative-Indian owned industries prohibited, decreased food production led to famines, increased presence of missionaries and decline of Indian traditional life
▪ WWI-Indians fight along side of British
▪ Gandhi-Civil Disobedience (non-violence), boycotts, etc.
▪ Partition of India-Pakistan, Kashmir, current tension
▪ Outsourcing
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