Grammar Review



Grammar Review

Parts of Speech:

1. Noun- a person, place, thing, or idea

2. Verb- states the action or state of being

3. Adverb- modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

Adverbs often end in –ly.

Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, or to what extent?

4. Adjective- modifies a noun or a pronoun

Adjectives answer the questions “what kind?,” “which one?,” or “how many?”

5. Pronoun- takes the place of a noun or a group of nouns

6. Preposition- shows the relationship between a noun in the sentence with another noun or group of nouns. (position, location, time)

To test for common prepositions we use the plane and cloud test.

7. Conjunction- connects words or groups of words

8. Interjection- expresses strong emotion (usually comes at the beginning of the sentence)

Parts of the Sentence:

1. Simple Subject- the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about

2. Simple Predicate- (Verb Phrase) the action or state of being of the subject

3. Direct Object- receives the action of an action verb (usually follows the verb). Ex: He hit the ball.

4. Indirect Object- the noun or pronoun that answers “to whom?” or “for whom?” about the direct object. Ex: He threw me the ball.

The indirect object always precedes the direct object in the sentence.

5. Objective Complement- a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows the direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become.

Ex: We named him president. I call that painting beautiful. We painted the room green.

6. Predicate Adjective- adjectives that come in the predicate after linking verbs and modify the subject of the sentence. Ex: The room is green.

7. Predicate Nominative- a noun or pronoun in the predicate following a linking verb and renaming the subject. Ex: He is president.

8. Prepositional Phrase- a preposition plus a noun or pronoun that is its object and any modifiers that function with it. Prepositional phrases function as either adjectives or adverbs within the sentence. Ex: I live on the corner. I want a piece of cake. We walked through the park. Under the desk in the corner, is my dog.

9. Appositive- a noun that renames another noun. Appositives follow the nouns they rename and are often set off by commas. A restrictive appositive is not set off by commas, but a non-restrictive one is. My favorite singer Bob Dylan is playing in Austin. Bob Dylan, my favorite singer, is playing in Austin.

10. Noun of direct address- the person to whom the sentence is being addressed. Normally set off by a comma. Ex: John, where are you going? I am speaking to you, Lisa.

Verbals:

1. Gerund- an “ing” verb that functions as a noun. Gerunds function in the sentence any way that a noun can function: subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, or object of the preposition. Ex: Running is good exercise. I like walking.

2. Participle- “ing” or “ed” (or irregular past tense) verbs that function as adjectives. Ex: Beaten eggs are foamy. Hiking boots are expensive.

3. Infinitive- the word “to” followed by a verb form. An infinitive functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. To walk is fun.

Phrases:

1. Prepositional phrases- see above

2. Appositive phrase- an appositive (see above) plus any modifiers

3. Gerund phrase- gerund plus any modifiers and objects Ex: Walking my dog is fun.

4. Participial phrase- a participle plus any modifiers or objects. The man walking the dog is my brother.

5. Infinitive phrase – an infinitive plus any modifiers or objects. Ex: To walk my dog is my daily chore.

Clauses:

1. Independent clause- a clause with a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

2. Dependent clause- a clause with a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and, therefore, must be combined with an independent clause.

• Noun clause- dependent clause that function in a sentence any way that a noun can function. Ex: That he is an idiot is proved every time he opens his mouth. I knew that he was my friend.

• Adjective clause- a dependent clause that functions as an adjective with an independent clause in a sentence. Ex: The boy that I like is named Paul.

• Adverb clause- a dependent clause that functions as an adverb with an independent clause in a sentence. Ex: I ran like I was being chased by a lion. Because I was being chased by a lion, I ran quickly.

Types of Sentences:

1. Simple sentence- one independent clause

2. Compound sentence- two or more independent clauses.

• Join with a semi-colon

or

• Join with a comma and a conjunction

3. Complex sentence- one independent plus one or more dependent clauses.

4. Compound-Complex sentence- two or more independent clauses plus

one or more dependent clauses.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download