Biology and Genetics - VFU



Questions for final examination from

BIOLOGY (2015/2016)

Biology

1. Life – definition, philosophy and classification of life

2. Living systems – definition, characteristic, phylogenesis, taxons, methods of study

3. Origin of life – theories, chemical evolution, evolution of genetic information, eobiont stage

4. Non - cellular forms of life - prions, viroids, virusoids

5. Viruses – characteristic, stages of replication, gene expression in different viruses

6. Cell theory

7. Prokaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples

8. Bacteria – characteristic, cultivation and staining

9. Plasmids and conjugation

10. Eukaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples

11. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

12. Nucleus - structure, function

13. Endoplasmic reticulum - structure, function

14. Golgi apparatus - structure, function

15. Secretion pathway

16. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles – function

17. Chloroplast - structure, function

18. Mitochondrion: structure, function.

19. Evolution of cells - endosymbiont theory

20. Water – function, osmosis

21. Proteins – monomer, conformation, denaturation

22. Proteins – function

23. Nucleic acid - monomer, conformation, denaturation, depolymeration

24. Nucleic acid - types of NA and their functions

25. Polysaccharides – monomer, function

26. Lipids – monomer, function

27. Cell membrane - structure and function, fluid mosaic model

28. Membrane proteins - types, function

29. Thickness of plasmatic membrane - cell cortex, glycocalyx, cell wall, extracellular matrix

30. Transport across membranes - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, active and passive transport

31. Sodium potassium pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance

32. Ca2+ pump - principle, importance

33. Proton pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance

34. Transport across membranes - endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis, exocytosis

35. Vesicular transport - clatrine vesicles, SNARE proteins

36. Metabolism – anabolism, catabolism, enzymatic catalysis

37. Cellular respiration

38. Catabolism - digestion, glycolysis, acetyl CoA, Kreb´s cycle

39. Chemiosmosis in mitochondria - oxidative phosphorylation

40. Photosynthesis – light reaction, Calvin cycle

41. Chemiosmosis in chloroplast - photosynthetic phosphorylation

42. The cytoskeleton - structure and function

43. Microfilaments (actin filaments) - structure, function

44. Microtubules - structure, function

45. Movement - molecular motors, princip

46. Intracellular transport

47. Centrosome - structure, function

48. Flagellar and ciliary movement - principle

49. Amoeboid movement - principle

50. Muscle contraction – principle

51. Mitosis – cytoskeleton and molecular motors

52. Cell cycle - phases

53. Regulation of cell cycle – checkpoints, cyclin, cyclin-dependent protein kinases

54. Mitosis - phases, importance

55. Differentiations of cells - different levels, principle

56. Cell death – principle and differences

57. Cell signaling - signaling pathway, stages, types of signals

58. Cell signaling - forms of extracellular signaling, surface receptors

59. Cell signaling - G protein, activation of kinase A and kinase C

60. Cell signaling - activation of kinase CaM and proteinkinase III

61. Gene expression - central dogma

62. Transcription - phases and importance

63. Posttranscription modification of RNA

64. Translation - phases and importance

65. Ribosome - structure, chemical composition, function, eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosome, polysome, ribosome of mitochondria and chloroplast

66. Postranslation modification of proteins

67. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes – RNA interference, ubiquitination

Genetics

1. Genome and genomics - types of genomes, genome projects

2. Gene – characteristic, TATA box, ORF, promoter, enhancer

3. Gene – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

4. Gene regulation of ontogenesis (homeobox genes)

5. DNA replication - steps, principle, difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

6. DNA replication - function of topoisomerase, DNA-helicase, DNA-polymerase, RNA primase, RNA nuclease, DNA-ligase

7. DNA replication - replication fork and its asymmetry, leading strand, lagging strand, Okazaki framents, replication bubble

8. Telomeres - description, telomerase, problem with aging

9. DNA replication and repair pathways - DNA mismatch repair, base excision repair, deamination, depurination, pyrimidine dimers

10. Transposition - transposons, retrotransposons

11. Microsatellites, minisatellites.

12. DNA cloning - polymerase chain reaction, principle and its importance

13. Gel electrophoresis – principle and its importance

14. DNA cloning – in bacteria, differences in genomic and cDNA libraries

15. DNA fingerprinting, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorpism), hybridization - principle and importance

16. Sequencing of DNA – Sanger sequencing, principle and importance

17. GMO, DNA microchip technology

18. Chromosomes and chromatin – chemical composition, structure

19. Chromosomes – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

20. Cytogenetics - examination of chromosomes, karyotypes, banding, FISH

21. Mutations - types

22. Numerical aberrations of chromosomes – euploidy, aneploidy, syndroms

23. Structural aberrations of chromosomes – examples, syndroms

24. Gene mutations - examples

25. Determination of sex in animals - examples, sex chromatin (Barr body), sex chromosomes X and Y

26. Genetics – characteristic, types

27. Clasical genetics (Mendelian inheritance) – characteristic, types, J.G. Mendel

28. Mendelian inheritance – explain terms: trait, phenotype, gene, allele, locus, P, F1, F2 and B1 generation, phenotype and genotype ratios

29. Mendelian principals (laws) and conditions

30. Qualitative and quantitative traits – differences, examples

31. Gene interaction - reciprocal interaction, dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, inhibition

32. Gene interaction - complementarity, compensation

33. Gene interaction - duplicity noncumulative, duplicity cumulative with dominance, duplicity cumulative without dominance.

34. Genetic linkage - complete linkage, incomplete linkage, power of linkage, chromosome map

35. T.H.Morgan and Morgan laws

36. Sex-linked inheritance

37. Sex-limited, sex-controlled and sex-influenced inheritance

38. Meiosis – phases, recombination of gene information

39. Spermiogenesis and oogenesis – scheme, differences

40. Non-mendelian inheritance – characteristic, examples

41. Maternal inheritance, maternal effect – characteristic, examples

42. Infectious heredity, parental imprinting

43. Trinucleotide repeat disorders, complex (threshold) traits – characteristic, examples

44. Quantitative genetics – quantitative trait, polygenic inheritance, continual variability of phenotype, examples

45. Phenotype variability, heritability, statistical methods used for selection

46. Population genetics – definition and characteristic of population, genofond, allelic and genotype frequencies

47. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – characteristic, conditions

48. HW equilibrium - types of reproduction and their effect on genetic structure of population

49. HW equilibrium - mutation, selection and their effect on genetic structure of population

50. HW equilibrium - genetic drift and gene flow (migration) and their effect on genetic structure of population

51. Practical applications of population genetics – genetic diseases, problems in small populations, study of evolution

52. Evolution and evolutionary theories

53. Darwinism and Lamarcism

54. Evolution and its mechanisms

55. Microevolution, macroevolution - coevolution, adaptive radiation, preadaptations

56. Species and speciation - anagenesis, cladogenesis, syngenesis, stasigenesis

Drawings

▪ neuron

▪ nucleus, ER, GA

▪ mitochondria, chloroplast

▪ ciliate with vacuoles

▪ cross section of flegalla and cillia (structure 9+2)

▪ sarcomere

▪ G+ and G- bacteria

▪ bacteriophage

▪ starch grain

▪ avian and mammal erytrocytes

▪ types of leucocyte nuclei

▪ mitotic spindle

▪ phases of mitosis as observed in microscope

▪ scheme of mitosis and meiosis

▪ scheme of spermiogenesis and oogenesis

▪ secundary, terciary and quaternary structure of protein

▪ phylogenetic tree

▪ membrane (model of fluid mosaic)

▪ Na/K pump, Ca2+ pump, H+pump

▪ endocytosi, exocytosis

▪ clatrin vesicle

▪ formula of photosynthesis and cell respiration

▪ chemiosmotic coupling in mitochondria and chloroplasts

▪ centrosome

▪ scheme of activation of A kinasis, C kinasis, CaM kinasis, proteinkinasis

▪ scheme of expression of gene information

▪ gene in procaryotic and eucaryotic cell

▪ ribozom, polysom

▪ DNA, tRNA

▪ Difference between denaturation and depolymeration of DNA

▪ replication fork and replication bouble

▪ karyotypes in differen animals

▪ the basic genetic crossing

▪ ratios in gene interactions

▪ genetic linkage - cis and trans phase, complete and incomplete linkage

▪ maternal effect

▪ graph for qualitative, quantitative and complex trait

▪ HW equilibrum - formula

▪ Heritability- formula

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