Easy Access to Juvenile Populations



Pg. # Children’s Census

2. International Census

3 U.S. Census

4. Elementary and Secondary School Enrollment

5. High School Completion

6. Education Enrollment Rates by Age

7. Annual Earnings of Young Adults

8. Divorce and Child Care

9. Fertility Rates

10. Child Support

11. Juvenile Poverty

12. Child Health Insurance

13. Illegal Drug Use & Crime Victimization

14. Juvenile Homicides

15. Estimated Number of Juvenile Arrests

16. States Permitting a Judicial Waiver to Adult Courts

17. State Extending Jurisdiction of Juvenile Courts past age 18

18. Types of Detained Delinquency Cases

19. Violent Crime Index

20. 108,700.Juveniles in Detention in 1995

21. 4 in 10 in private facilities are not offenders

22. 106,000 Juveniles in Detention in 1997

23. Size of Juvenile Facilities

24. 368 juveniles in custody per 100,000 nationally

25. Bibliography

International Children’s Census

In the year 2000 there were an estimated 2.147 billion children in the world[1], 35% of the 6,234,250,387 world population[2]. 1.880 billion, 87.5%, of these children live in underdeveloped nations.

Thanks to medical advances the international mortality rate of children under the age of 5 declined from 93 to 83 deaths per 1,000 births. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest child mortality rate of 175 per 1,000 whereas industrialized nations suffer only 6 child deaths per 1,000[3].

In industrialized nations 96% of primary school age children were enrolled in schools whereas only 60% enrolled in Sub-Saharan Africa, 71% in South Asia, 80% in the Middle East, 95% in East Asia, 91.5% in Latin America and 85% in the former USSR[4].

The global campaign to eradicate polio by providing support for large scale inoculation of children is one of the World Health Organizations most stunning successes. Since the program began in 1988 polio rates have dropped 99% from an estimated 345,000 cases in 1988 to 4,000 cases in 2000[5]. The sister campaign to reduce maternal mortality by half has not been successful in making an impact on the international maternal mortality rate of 1 in 75 women who die in childbirth. In Sub-Saharan Africa maternal mortality is 1 in every 13 births whereas in industrialized nations the death rate is 1 in 4,100. The rates for the other regions are as follows, 1 in 55 for South Asia, 1 in 55 for the Middle East, 1 in 60 for Latin America, 1 in 280 for East Asia, 1 in 800 for the former USSR[6].

Due to modern contraceptives used by 73% of married couples[7] in developed nations there are slightly more adults than there are children, who are in turn slightly more numerous than the elderly who did not have access to contraceptives until they reached middle-age. The graph of the age cohorts of developed nations looks like a cylinder that is slightly larger in the middle. In developing nations, where birth control is used by only 47% of married couples there are many more children than adults, who are in turn more numerous than the elderly. The graph of this demographic behavior demonstrates the traditional pyramidal structure of four or more children families[8]

U.S. Juvenile Population

In 1999, 70.2 million Americans–more than 1 in 4–were under age 18[9][10].

|Total population[11] |281,421,906 |100.0 |

|SEX AND AGE |  |  |

|Male |138,053,563 |49.1 |

|Female |143,368,343 |50.9 |

|  |  |  |

|Under 5 years |19,175,798 |6.8 |

|5 to 9 years |20,549,505 |7.3 |

|10 to 14 years |20,528,072 |7.3 |

|15 to 19 years |20,219,890 |7.2 |

|20 to 24 years |18,964,001 |6.7 |

|25 to 34 years |39,891,724 |14.2 |

|35 to 44 years |45,148,527 |16.0 |

|45 to 54 years |37,677,952 |13.4 |

|55 to 59 years |13,469,237 |4.8 |

|60 to 64 years |10,805,447 |3.8 |

|65 to 74 years |18,390,986 |6.5 |

|75 to 84 years |12,361,180 |4.4 |

|85 years and over |4,239,587 |1.5 |

|Elementary/Secondary Education |

|Past and Projected Elementary and Secondary School Enrollment[12] |

|SCHOOL ENROLLMENT: Public elementary and secondary school enrollment in grades K–12 (in |

|thousands), by grade level, with projections: Fall 1965–2010 |

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A child becomes eligible for kindergarten at the age of 5 or 6 in some birthdays that extend into the following year. Public Education runs until that age of 18 when the average U.S. student completes the 12th Grade of High School. There are an estimated 4 million high school graduates every year in the USA.

It is our opinion that every student in the USA should receive $10,000 upon graduation from high school or completion of their GED from the government and/or family in order to afford college.

Teachers receive remuneration in excess of the $12,000 poverty line, typically from $24,000 to $50,000 per year. Perhaps with appropriate tax relief teachers would be able to pay their classes with their monthly Federal Taxes in accordance with Title IV Parties Fed. Civ. R. 23 Class Action, perhaps as much as $10 per student, 100 student estimate = $1,000 per month per class or child, tax deductible expense, for teacher’s and/or parents (who can afford far more than $10 per child per week).

To promote education parents are recommended to financially subscribe to the schoolwork and/or continuing education of their child no matter what their age, race, gender, disability or condition of servitude. Children are likewise recommended to subscribe to the literate endeavors of their parents in hope of recognition.

In 2000, 86% of young adults had completed high school, a slight increase since 1972 when it was 83%[13].

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The overall academic of achievement of U.S. citizens is average for 1st world countries with 82% of the population completing high school. Another 516,000, got their General Educational Development (GED) credential in 1999[14]. The 2001 No Child Left Behind Act offers to integrate all children into communities that are tested yearly for educational achievement.

For students who do not graduate from a traditional high school the Center for Adult Learning, “GED Contacts in the USA” can be reached in order to schedule testing and purchase study guides for the GED test at

U.S. Citizens held in correctional institutions, serving in the armed services or living in the territories can also receive GED certification from the Center for Adult Learning. “Other GED Contacts” at

College Education is granted upon financial merit and not all classes of humans are yet eligible for scholarships although it is simple for a steady part-time employee to save enough for a degree from a community college and/or write for living making roughly $1,000 per month unless business investments or employment are exceedingly successful.

Education is administrated by government and private non-profit schools in order to promote academic achievement and literacy. Thanks to continuing education courses there are nearly an equal number of 25-34 year olds in college as there are high school students.

|All Ages |

|Educational Enrollment Rates, by Age |

|EDUCATION ENROLLMENT: Number of enrolled and not enrolled people ages 3 to 34 years old,by |

|level: October 1970-98 |

|[pic] |

| |

|NOTE: Prekindergarten includes only nursery schools. "Higher education" includes regular |

|programs in 2- and 4-year colleges and universities. Comparable data were not available for |

|children ages 3 and 4 in 1990 due to changes in survey procedures. In 1994,the survey |

|methodology for the Current Population Survey (CPS) was changed and weights were adjusted. |

|Enrollment estimates exclude the following:children ages 3-5 enrolled in elementary school or |

|higher; children ages 6-17 enrolled in prekindergarten, kindergarten, or higher education |

|institutions;and adults ages 18-34 enrolled in school below the higher education institution |

|level. These groups are included in the estimates for "not enrolled." |

| |

|SOURCE: U.S.Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. October Current Population Surveys, |

|1970-98. |

| |

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|Economic Outcomes [15] |

|Annual Earnings of Young Adults |

|ANNUAL EARNINGS: Ratio of median annual earnings of all wage and salary workers ages 25–34 |

|whose highest level of education was grades 9–11, some college, and a bachelor's degree or |

|higher, compared with those with a high school diploma or equivalent, by sex: March 1970–99 |

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| |

The level of a person’s academic achievement is the greatest factor contributing to the various degrees of wealth exhibited in our society. Through hard work and maturity it is a simple matter for any living human being to achieve a college diploma and/or professional income sufficient to support a family before they become too old to be marriageable. Females with college education make 1/3 more than their male counterpart’s, females with less than a high school education make ¼ less than their male peers.

The gainfulness of employment, is based primarily, but not exclusively, upon level of academic achievement, although income varies wildly by individual from the poverty line of $10,000 yearly, to middle class at $24,000 per year to $100,000 per year for the wealthy. The overall literacy rate in the USA is estimated at about 96% by the Dept. of Education.

In 1999, about half of all adults 25 and above reported reading regularly, defined as reading a newspaper once a week, at least one magazine regularly, and a book in the past 6 months[16]

Custody of Children

The single greatest demographic change that has occurred in the USA has been the

Dramatic increase of divorces that has exceeded 50% of marriages leaving 28% of

children in single parent homes. Between 1970 and 1998 the proportion of children

living in single-parent homes more than doubled —from 12% to 28%[17].

| |Percent of children |

|Children | |

|living with | |

| |1970 |1980 |1990 |1998 |

|[pic] |

|Both parents |  85% |   77% |   73% |   68% |

|Single-headed |  12 |   20 |   25 |   28 |

|   Mother |  11 |   18 |   22 |   23 |

|   Father |    1 |     2 |     3 |     4 |

|Other |    3 |     4 |     3 |     4 |

|[pic] |

|Note: Detail may not total 100% due to rounding. |

• About 3 in 10 children lived in single-parent homes in 1998.

• While most children (84%) in single-parent families lived with their mothers in 1998, an increasing proportion was living with their fathers. Between 1970 and 1997, the proportion of children in single-parent homes living with their fathers grew from 9% to 16%.

• A never-married parent is becoming more common in single-parent homes. Between 1970 and 1998, there was a five-fold increase in the proportion of children living with a never-married parent.

• In 1998, 1 in 10 children living with both parents lived below the poverty level compared to 4 in 10 living with only one parent.

• Children living only with their mothers were more than twice as likely to live in poverty than those living with only their fathers (47% vs. 20%).

•

The Annual number of Births has risen to 4,058,814[18], a Birth Rate of 14.7 per 1,000

Population and there is a Fertility Rate of 67.5 per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years[19]

Final 1990 data [20], when the U.S. first declared a 50% divorce rate, determined the median age of marriage to be 26.7 of women and men to be 28.7 for men. The median age at first marriage for women was 24 and for men were 25.8. The median age for remarriage after divorce for women was 34.2 and for men were 37.4[21].

In 1998 there were 2,256,000 marriages, a rate of 8.4 marriages per 1,000 populations[22]. The fertility rate of juveniles has declined in the past decade to 1980’s levels.

Provisional 2000 data showed the divorce rate to be 1,135,000, 4.2 per 1000 population,. Currently exactly 50% as many divorces as marriages in the USA. This is highest rate of divorce in the entire world[23]. The National Center for Health Statistics recently released a report which found that 43 percent of first marriages end in separation or divorce within 15 years. The study is based on the National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative sample of women age 15 to 44 in 1995[24].

Child Support 1997[25]

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The care of children is shared between families and the government to cope with the divorces and child support the Social Security Amendment 42USC(7)666 that grosses $19.9 billion yearly[26] .

Table 1. Child Support Payments Due and Actually Received, by Gender: 1997

(People 15 years and older with own children under 21 years of age present from an

absent parent as of spring 1998)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Custodial Custodial Custodial

parents mothers fathers

Characteristics

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Custodial parents due child support payments:

Total (thousands) 7,006 6,331 674

Mean payments (dollars):

Due $4,152 $4,172 $3,965

Received $2,440 $2,503 $1,856

Deficit $1,712 $1,669 $2,109

Aggregate payments (billions of dollars):

Child support due $29.1 $26.4 $2.7

Child support received $17.1 $15.8 $1.3

Aggregate child support deficit $12.0 $10.6 $1.4

Percent of aggregate due actually received 58.8 60.0 46.8

The HHS Office of Child Support Enforcement “State Profile Map” can be found at…

The juvenile poverty rate in 2000 was the lowest rate since 1979.[27]

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Child Health[28]

(Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children, 1997.)

Health Conditions 

[pic]Eleven percent of U.S. children under 18 years of age, or 8.1 million children have ever been diagnosed with asthma.

[pic]Twelve percent of U.S. children under 18 years of age suffered from respiratory allerties, 10% suffered from hay fever, and 10% suffered from other allergies in the past 12 months.

Attention Deficit Disorder and Learning Disabilities

[pic]An estimated 4.6 million children 3-17 years of age (8%) had a learning disability (LD), and an estimated 3.3 million children (6%) had Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).  The percent of boys with LD was almost double that for girls, and the percent of boys with ADD was more than triple that for girls.

Health Status

[pic]58 million children (82%) enjoyed excellent or very good health.  Two percent of children were in fair (1.2 million) or poor (0.2 million) health.

 

School Loss Days

[pic]Of the 51.6 million school age children (aged 5-17 years) in the U.S., 13 million or about one quarter never missed a day of school in the past 12 months due to illness or injury.  Six percent of all school aged children missed more than 10 days of school because of illness or injury in the past 12 months.

 

Usual Source of Medical Care

[pic]Among children with a usual source of medical care, 76% visited a doctor's office, 21% received care in a clinic, 2% used a hospital.

 

Dental Care

[pic]An estimated 3.8 million children had unmet dental needs because families could not afford dental care.

SOURCE:  Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children:  National Health Interview Survey

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Children's Health Insurance

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Table 1. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Children and Type of Coverage: 1995

(Numbers in thousands)

Total Covered by health insurance Not covered

Total Private Medicaid

# % # % # % # %

ALL CHILDREN

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