Note that -ir verbs that are “boot” verbs (stem-changers ...
What’s the deal with –IR boot verbs?
These verbs have special stem changes (E(I or O(U) in certain conjugations of certain tenses/moods. Let’s look at these forms and see where these special stem changes occur.
First, a note on terminology: by “boot verb” we mean a stem-changing verb that shows the classic “boot” pattern in the standard chart of the PRESENT INDICATIVE conjugations. In other words, if you draw a line around the conjugations that DO have the stem changes, you get a shape that looks like the outline of a shoe or boot with the toe pointing to the right.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
As you know, for all –AR and –ER boot verbs, the boot pattern we observe in the present indicative is maintained in the present subjunctive: “the boot stays a boot.” In this example, the conjugations highlighted in green HAVE the stem change, and those highlighted in red DON’T HAVE the stem change:
CERRAR: E(IE CERRAR: E(IE
in present indicative in present subjunctive
cierro cerramos cierre cerremos
cierras cerráis cierres cerréis
cierra cierran cierre cierren
For –IR boot verbs, the expected stem changes occur in the yo, tú, él/ella/usted, and ellos/ellas ustedes conjugations of the present subjunctive (those highlighted in green below), BUT there is ALSO a SPECIAL (and possibly different) stem change that occurs in the nosotros and vosotros forms (highlighted below in red but with additional blue highlights to show the special stem change). There are ONLY two possibilities for this special stem change, REGARDLESS of what type of stem change occurs in the other four conjugations: E(I or O(U. Examples:
PREFERIR: E(IE PREFERIR: E(IE (but E(I for red forms)
in present indicative in present subjunctive
prefiero preferimos prefiera prefiramos
prefieres preferís prefieras prefiráis
prefiere prefieren prefiera prefieran
MORIR: O(UE MORIR: O(UE (but O(U for red forms)
in present indicative in present subjunctive
muero morimos muera muramos
mueres morís mueras muráis
muere mueren muera mueran
PEDIR: E(I PEDIR: E(I (also E(I for red forms!)
in present indicative in present subjunctive
pido pedimos pida pidamos
pides pedís pidas pidáis
pide piden pida pidan
Note that for –IR boot verbs with the E(I stem change (such as pedir, servir, repetir, and seguir), the present subjunctive has the same stem change in all six forms, because the special stem change in the red forms is also E(I for such verbs. This means that they don’t show any kind of “boot” pattern in the present subjunctive.
The –IR boot verbs have the exact same special stem change (E(I or O(U) in CERTAIN instances of two other verb forms, and in ALL instances of yet another form.
PRETERITE INDICATIVE
As you know, –AR and –ER boot verbs do NOT have ANY stem changes in the preterite indicative. Example:
CERRAR: E(IE in CERRAR: NO stem change in
PRESENT indicative PRETERITE indicative
cierro cerramos cerré cerramos
cierras cerráis cerraste cerrasteis
cierra cierran cerró cerraron
However, –IR verbs that are boot verbs in the present indicative DO have the special stem changes in the preterite indicative, BUT ONLY in the 3rd person singular and plural conjugations. Note the blue highlights in these examples:
MORIR: O(U in 3rd person PREFERIR: E(I in 3rd person
of PRETERITE indicative of PRETERITE indicative
morí morimos preferí preferimos
moriste moristeis preferiste preferisteis
murió murieron prefirió prefirieron
IMPERFECT (PAST) SUBJUNCTIVE
Recall that “Step 1” of the three-step procedure to form the imperfect subjunctive is to take the ellos form (third person plural) of the preterite indicative. As we just saw, in the case of –IR boot verbs, this preterite form HAS the special stem change, which means that ALL forms of the imperfect subjunctive will have the special stem change, too. Example:
MORIR: O(U in 3rd pers. plural PREFERIR: E(I in 3rd pers. plural
of PRETERITE indicative (murieron) of PRETERITE indicative (prefirieron)
muriera muriéramos prefiriera prefiriéramos
murieras murierais prefirieras prefirierais
muriera murieran prefiriera prefirieran
EL GERUNDIO
The gerundio (gerund or present participle in English) is the –ando/–iendo/–yendo form that is mainly used to form the progressive tenses (I am eating, she was reading, etc.). It turns out that –IR boot verbs have the special stem change (once again, either E(I or O(U) in the gerundio. Note the highlighted vowels in these examples:
herir (E(IE boot in present indic.) ( hiriendo (“wounding”)
morir (O(UE boot in present indic.) ( muriendo (“dying”)
pedir (E(I boot in present indic.) ( pidiendo (“requesting, asking for”)
repetir (E(I boot in present indic.) ( repitiendo (“repeating”)
seguir (E(I boot in present indic.) ( siguiendo (“continuing, following”)
SUMMARY
-IR verbs that are boot verbs in the present indicative have special stem changes – either E(I or O(U – in the following forms:
• the nosotros and vosotros conjugations of the present subjunctive;
• the third person singular (él/ella/Ud.) and third person plural (ellos/ellas/Uds.) conjugations of the preterite indicative;
• ALL forms of the IMPERFECT (past) subjunctive (this fact flows from the preceding bullet point – recall that the three-step procedure to form the past subjunctive starts with the ellos form of the preterite indicative!);
• the gerundio or present participle (–ando/–iendo/–yendo forms)
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